A. Define The Following Terminologies.: 2. Governance
A. Define The Following Terminologies.: 2. Governance
A. Define The Following Terminologies.: 2. Governance
1. Parties
According to The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, political parties is
defined as “an organization whose aim is to gain control of the government
apparatus, usually through the election of its candidates to public office”.
Additionally, political parties take many forms, but their functions are similar: to
supply personnel for government positions to organize these personnel around the
formation and implementation of public policy and to serve in a mediating role
between individuals and their government.
2. Governance
In an article by Tamaya (2014), he defined governance as the exercise of
power or authority by political leaders for the well-being of their country’s citizens
or subjects. It is a complex process whereby some sectors pf the society wield
power, and enact and promulgate public policies which directly affect human and
institutional interactions, and economic and social development.
3. Government
It is defined as the “establish form of rule and ultimate authority within a
society or a nation”. Additionally, the institution that has authority and that makes
decisions to resolve conflicts or allocate benefits and privileges. (Wilson &
Dilulio,2004)
4. State
As stated by Morada and Encarnacion Tadem (2006), states is “an
organization composed of numerous agencies led and coordinated by the state’s
leadership (executive authority ), which has the ability or authority to make and
implement the binding rules for all the people as well as the parameters of
rulemaking for other social organizations in a given territory, using force if
necessary” .
5. Nation
Barrington (1997) defines nation as a “named human population sharing an
historic territory, common myths, and historical memories, a mass public culture,
a common economy and common legal rights and duties for all members”.
6. Country
As stated by Jones,J.(1964), he defined country as as “ the region that is
identified as a distinct national entity in political geography”. He also added that a
country may be an independent sovereign state or a part of a larger state, as a
non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region
associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people
with distinct political characteristics.
7. Political Science
According to an article by Roskin (n.d), he defines political science as the
“systematic study of governance by the application of empirical and generally
scientific methods of analysis”. As traditionally defined and studied, political
science examines the state and its organs and institutions. The contemporary
discipline, however, considerably broader than this encompassing studies of all
the societal, cultural, and psychological factors that mutually influence the
operation of government and the body politic.
1. Sociology
Sociology studies social life and human interactions, from how groups form
to how large organizations run to how people interact with one another. Political
scientists make use of sociological studies and methods when examining, for
example, how small group dynamics affect the decision-making process, how
people acquire and maintain power, and how political culture shapes our attitudes.
2. Economics
Politics and economics often intersect. Studying government without also
studying economics, especially in free-market societies such as the United States,
is not possible. Political scientists examine such economic issues as the effects
government policy has on the economy, the role money plays in campaigns, and
how nations arrive at trade agreements.
3. Psychology
Psychology studies the way the human mind works, helping us to
understand why people behave the way that they do. Political scientists sometimes
use the insights of psychology to analyze a president’s or voter’s behavior or to
explain why some people are more prone to supporting certain governments and
ideologies.
4. Anthropology
Anthropology examines cultures within a society and theorizes about how
those cultures affect society. Anthropologists explore how people acquire cultural
values. Because culture often has a strong effect on behavior, political scientists
rely on anthropological studies and methods.
5. Law
Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or
governmental institutions to regulate behavior. It has been defined both as "the
Science of Justice" and "the Art of Justice".Law is a system that regulates and
ensures that individuals or a community adhere to the will of the state. State-
enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator,
resulting in statutes, by the executive through decrees and regulations, or
established by judges through precedent, normally in common law jurisdictions.
Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration
agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court
process.
6. History
History (from Greek ἱστορία, historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired
by investigation")is the study of the past as it is described in written
documents.Events occurring before written record are considered prehistory. It is
an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery,
collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these
events.
7. Geography
Geography (from Greek: geographia, literally "earth description")is a field of
science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena
of the Earth and planets. Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks
an understanding of Earth and its human and natural complexities—not merely
where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be.
8. Philosophy
Philosophy(from Greek, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom") is the study
of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence,
knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The term was probably coined by
Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BCE). Philosophical methods include questioning, critical
discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation.
8. Comparative Politics
Another subfield of political science is the Comparative Politics. This is the
subfields of political science that deals with the study of political institutions and
political culture of different states. Basically, its aim is to study these variables
deeply to compare these states. The reason for this is to come up with important
lessons that can be used, for example, by up with important lessons that can be
used, for example, by “developing nations” for them to achieve development.
Consequently, this subfield uses both quantitative (e.g. statistical treatment) and
qualitative method (e.g thick descriptions) in their comparison .This subfields is
helpful for policy-makers and government officials so that they can make the
situation better among their countries.
9.International Relations
The subfield of international relations focuses on the international system.
More specifically, it looks at the different state actors, non-state actors, and all the
interactions that happen in the international system. This subfield seeks to explain
the different phenomena happening in world as a whole. This subfield has another
related subfield called Political Economy and international political economy). This
aforementioned subfield focuses on the interplay of politics and economics in both
domestic and international society. Thus, this relatively new subfield arose
because of new developments in the world. This subfield is useful for foreign
policy-makers and ambassadors.
10. Law
Another subfield of political science is the study of law. This subfield focuses
on the formal rules established by society through a legislative or any other similar
institution. Apparently, this is one of the more important subfields of political
science. There was even a time that the study of law became equal to the study of
political science. This is the traditional-formal school in the discipline. Basically,
this subfield focuses on how laws affect human behavior and society as a whole.
This study is useful for lawyers and legal experts.
11.Public Administration
The subfield of Public Administration is always considered as political
science in practice. This is a study that focuses on the actual management and
governance done by the government. More specifically, this subfield looks at the
bureaucracy-specialized government agencies that deal with the actual
administration of society-as an important agent in managing the state. Public
administration gives emphasis on the different activities like planning, organizing,
staffing coordinating and budgeting. Consequently, this subfield helps in trying to
make the administration of different countries better. This subfield is most useful
for government officials and bureaucrats.
2.Territory
Territory is a geographical area under the jurisdiction of another
country or sovereign power or state. It must be a fixed territory which the
inhabitants occupy.
3.Government
Government is the totality of authorities which rule a society by
prescribing and carrying out fundamental rules which regulate the freedom
of its members. It is whole class of officeholders upon whom devolve the
executive, legislative, judicial, and administrative functions of the state.
4.Sovereignity
It is the supreme, absolute and uncontrollable power by which an
independent state is governed. It is the paramount control of the constitution
and the frame of government and its administration.
Quezon and Osmeña reconciled, and both were easily elected as president
and vice president respectively, in 1935. The Nacionalistas controlled the now
unicameral National Assembly for the entirety of the Commonwealth, with the
understanding that the Americans would grant independence in the near future.
Quezon pressed for constitutional amendments that would allow him to obtain a
second term, and the restoration of a bicameral legislature. Quezon did obtain both
amendments, with the newly restored Senate now being elected at-large instead
of per districts, as what was done during the pre-Commonwealth era. Quezon,
Osmeña and the Nacionalista Party as a whole both won the elections in 1941 in
much larger margins.
The Japanese invasion of 1941 at the onset of World War II delayed this
granting of independence, forced the Commonwealth government to go into exile,
and subjected the country to a puppet government. The KALIBAPI became the
sole legal political party, and Jose P. Laurel was declared president of the Second
Philippine Republic. This nationalist KALIBAPI government espoused anti-
American sentiment. Exiled leaders of the previous first Commonwealth
government, including Quezon and Osmeña, provided limited support to the U.S.
Despite the relationship with Japanese officials and opposition to U.S. control, the
nationalist KALIBAPI government of Laurel refused to declare war on the U.S.
However, the Americans reconquered the country in 1944, and Osmeña, who had
succeeded Quezon upon the latter's death, restored the Commonwealth
government. The first meeting of a bicameral Commonwealth Congress occurred.
The Nacionalistas were split anew in the 1946 presidential election, with
Manuel Roxas setting up what would later be the Liberal Party. Roxas defeated
Osmeña, and became the last president of the Commonwealth; the Americans
agreed to grant independence on July 4, 1946.
Marcos' infrastructure projects was the feature policy of his term, he was
the first president to be reelected, in 1969, although the election was tainted by
violence and allegations that Marcos used the treasury to fund his campaign.
However, significant protests, such as the First Quarter Storm, the communist and
Moro insurgencies, and civil unrest, heightened. This made Marcos in 1972
declare martial law and suspend the constitution. A new constitution calling for a
semi-presidential government was approved in 1973, but Marcos still ruled by
decree until 1978, when the Interim Batasang Pambansa was elected. However,
opposition groups, whose leaders mostly had already left in exile, boycotted the
election, and Marcos still allowed martial law to continue. Marcos did end martial
law in 1981, but opposition groups still boycotted the 1981 presidential election,
which Marcos easily won.
Opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. was slain upon his return to the
country in 1983. By this time, the government was marred by alleged rampant
corruption and allegations of human rights violations. The opposition participated
in the 1984 parliamentary election and won several seats, but not enough to topple
Marcos' KBL. To counter growing opposition, Marcos called a snap election in
1986, the opposition nominated Benigno's widow Corazon as their candidate.
Marcos was declared the winner, but the opposition refused to accept the result,
alleging that the election was rigged. The People Power Revolution drove Marcos
from power, and Aquino became president. Aquino ruled by decree in 1987 when
a new constitution restoring the presidential system was approved. In the ensuing
legislative election, the administration parties won most of the seats in Congress.
Estrada expanded the land reform program and the death penalty, and
refused to sign contracts with sovereign guarantees on public projects. Estrada
also wanted to amend the constitution but was again rebuffed by Aquino, the
Catholic Church and the left. The administration launched an "all-out war" against
the Moro Islamic Liberation Front that saw the government retaking Camp
Abubakar, the main rebel encampment. However, the administration was
embroiled in charges of cronyism and corruption; the Juetengate scandal led to his
impeachment by the House of Representatives. In the impeachment trial,
Estrada's allies in the Senate successfully prevented evidence to be presented;
this triggered massive protests. Days later, in what would be called the 2001 EDSA
Revolution, the Armed Forces of the Philippines withdrew their support to Estrada
and transferred their allegiance to Vice President Arroyo; the Supreme Court later
ruled the presidency as vacant, and Estrada left Malacañang Palace.
s
Arroyo was sworn in as president on January 20, 2001. Four months later,
Estrada's supporters lay siege to the presidential palace but were later expelled;
Arroyo's People Power Coalition won a majority of seats in the 2001 elections and
therefore consolidated power. In 2003, Arroyo put down a coup attempt in the
central business district. Arroyo faced Fernando Poe, Jr., a friend of Estrada, along
with three others in 2004, and won on a slim plurality. Months after Poe died on
December, it was exposed, via wiretapped conversations, that Arroyo rigged the
election. On a national address, Arroyo said that she was "sorry on a lapse of
judgment." The opposition did not let up, and she had to put down two more coup
attempts. The opposition united in the 2007 Senate election and won easily, but
Arroyo's allies still held the House of Representatives. At the end of her presidency,
Arroyo became the most unpopular president on record, with increases on taxes,
attempts to amend the constitution, and the alleged illegitimacy of her
administration as the reasons.
Before the 2010 election, Arroyo's party nominated Gilberto Teodoro for
president; however, some quarters suggested that Arroyo was secretly supporting
Manny Villar, who was the frontrunner. However, former president Aquino died,
and her son, Benigno Aquino III, overtook Villar in the polls. Estrada overtook Villar
in the polls, but still lost to Aquino. Aquino embarked on anti-corruption drive, saw
the economy grew and maintain high popularity. However, with natural calamities,
and scams on the use of pork barrel and other discretionary funds coming into
light, the Aquino administration had to contend with rising opposition.
In 2016, Aquino's handpicked successor, Mar Roxas, grandson of Manuel
Roxas, was decisively defeated by Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte in the 2016
Presidential Election. Duterte then implemented a massive War on Drugs.
References:
Morada, N.M. and Encarnacion Tadem, T.S. (2006). Philippine Politics and
Governance: An Introduction.COR ASP Inc.Philippines.