Permutations & Combinations: Permutation

Permutations & Combinations
11. PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS
Permutation:
Each of the different arrangements which can be made by taking some or all of a number of
things is called a permutation.
Combination:
Each of the different groups of selections which can be made by taking some or all of a
number of things (irrespective of order) is called a combination.
Fundamental Theorem:
If there are m ways of doing a task and for each of the m ways there are associated n ways of
doing a second task then the total number of ways of doing the two things will be mn.
Important results:
(i) Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time.
n!
n
Pr   n  n-1 n-2 ..... n-r+1.
 n-r !
n! = n (n – 1). (n – 2)! Etc.
Note:
In the above formula repetition was not allowed
Now if repetition is allowed, then
n.n.n.n….r times = nr ways.
(ii) Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken all at a time.

n
Pn = n(n – 1) (n – 2)…………..[n – (n – 1)]
=n(n – 1) (n – 2)…………….3.2.1 = n!
(iii) Number of combinations of dissimilar things taken r at a time is

n
n! P
n
Cr =  r
 n -r !r! r!
(iv) Number of combinations of n dissimilar things taken all at a time is

n! 1
n
Cn =  1
n! n -n ! 0!
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135
Numerical Ability
(v) If out of n things p are exactly alike of one kind, q exactly alike of second kind and r
exactly alike of third kind and the rest all different, then the number of permutations of
n!
n things taken all at a time is
p!.q!.r!
(vi) Number of circular permutations of a different things taken all at a time is (n – 1)!
Particular Case: Necklace:

Number of arrangements of n beads all different, to form a necklace or on a circular wire
will be
1
(n – 1)!
2
(vii) If some or all of n things be taken at a time, then the number of combinations will be
2n – 1.
(viii) nCr = nCn-r

(a)
n
C r1 = n Cr2  r1= r2 or r1 + r2 = n
n
(b) Cr + nCr-1 = n+1Cr
(ix) Number of combinations of dissimilar things taken r at a time when P particular things
always occur = n-pCr-P
(x) Number of combinations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time when P particular

things never occur = n-PCr.
(xi) Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time when P particular

things always occur = n-pCr-p r!
(xii) Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time when P particular

things never occur = n-pCr r!
Division into groups:

(i) The number of ways in which m + n things can be divided into two groups containing
m and n things respectively =

 m  n !
m!n!
(ii) If n=m, i.e., the groups are of same size, and the number of different ways of diving
subdivision into two equal groups.
2m!
=
m!m!2!
Remark: In the above, in order to avoid repetitions result is divided by 2!.
136
(iii) But if 2m things are to be divided equally between two persons, then the number of
2m!
divisions =
m!m!
(iv) Similarly the number of divisions of m + n + p things into un equal groups of m,n and p
things respectively =
 m + n + p !
m! n! p!
(v) If 3m things are divided into three equal groups, then the number of divisions =
 3m !
m!m!m!3!
(vi) But if 3m things are to be divided among three persons, then the number of divisions =
 3m !
m!m!m!
(p) Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time when each

thing can be repeated once, twice,….. upto r times = nr.
(q) Selection out of identical things.

n different things then the number of selections of r things will be nCr.
But for non-empty selection it will be 2n – 1 (1 corresponds to nC0)
n n
Cr n-r+1 Cr n
 n
 or n-1

Cr-1 r Cr-1 r

137
Numerical Ability
EXERCISE-11(A)
1. If n P4 = 3024, then find n. 10. Find the number of ways of arranging 7
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 8 (D) 7 boys and 6 girls, in a row so that
(i) all the boys sit together (ii) no two girls
2. If n C 3 = 120, then find n. sit together
(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 9 (A) (7!)2; 7! x 6! (B) 7! x 7! x 7P6
(C) (7!)2; 8! x 7P6 (D) (7!)2 ; 8P6 x 7!
3. If n C7 = n C 8 , then find n.
(A) 1 (B) 15 (C) 7 (D) 8 11. Find the number of ways of arranging the
letters of the word PASCAL, so that the
4. If n P8 = 336 n P5 , then find n. relative positions of vowels and consonants
(A) 11 (B) 14 (C) 12 (D) 13 are not disturbed.
(A) 48 (B) 120 (C) 24 (D) 56
5. If 15Pr-1 : 14Pr-1 = 15 : 7, then find r.
(A) 6 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 11 12. Find the number of distinct 5 digit numbers,
that can be formed using the digits 1, 3, 5,
6. In a colony, there are 45 basketball players. 6,8, 9. How many of them are divisible by
On Republic day, every player posts a (i) 2 (ii) 5 (iii) 4
greeting card to all the players. How many (A) 720, 240, 120, 120
greeting cards were posted by them? (B) 720, 640, 240, 120
(A) 990 (B) 890 (C) 2080 (D) 1980 (C) 720, 240, 120, 240
7. Find the number of 5 letter words can be (D) 120, 720, 840, 220
formed by using the letters of the word
GATEFORUM, that 13. How many four digit numbers can be
(i) begin with A formed by using the digits 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
(When repetition is not allowed)?
(ii) end with R
(iii) begin with A and end with R. (A) 120 (B) 60 (C) 240 (D) 300
(A) 1680, 1680, 420 (B) 3360, 3360, 210
(C) 1680, 1680, 210 (D) 1680, 840, 210 14. How many 4 digit numbers greater than
2000, can be formed by the digits 0, 1, 2, 3,
8. Find the number of 4 letter words that can 4, 5?
be formed, using the letters of the word (A) 180 (B) 240 (C) 120 (D) 720
GATEFORUM in which at least one letter is
repeated. 15. Find the number of ways of arranging 5
(A) 511 (B) 94 9 P4 boys and 6 girls around a circular table, such
that
(C) 9 P4 (D) 94
(i) all the girls sit together
9. Find the number of ways of arranging the (ii) no two boys sit together
letters of the words DANGER, (A) 86400, 14400 (B) 14400, 76800
so that no vowel occupies odd place. (C) 86400, 86400 (D) 76800, 86400
(A) 36 (B) 48 (C) 144 (D) 96
138
16. Find the number of ways of arranging 20 18. How many numbers less than 4000, can be
political leaders around a circular table. formed using the digits 1, 2,3,5,7, if each
(A) 20! (B) 18! digit can be used any number of times?
1 (A) 525 (B) 626 (C) 530 (D) 375
(C) (19!) (D) 19!
2
19. How many 6 digit numbers can be formed
17. Find the number of ways of arranging 25 using the digits 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3?
colored beads in a necklace. (A) 90 (B) 120 (C) 48 (D) 75
1
(A) 24! (B) (24!) 20. Find the number of rectangles and squares in
2
1 a 8 by 8 chess board respectively.
(C) 25! (D) (25!) (Do not take square as rectangle)
2
(A) 1296, 204 (B) 1092, 204
(C) 204, 1092 (D) 204, 1296

139
Numerical Ability
ANSWER KEYS
1 A 2 C 3 B 4 D 5 B 6 D 7 C
8 B 9 C 10 D 11 C 12 A 13 D 14 B
15 C 16 D 17 B 18 C 19 A 20 B
EXPLANATIONS
n
1. P4 = 3024 15!
 n P4 = 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 15-  r-1 ! 15
 
 n(n-1) (n-2) (n-3) = 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 14! 7
n = 9 14-  r-1  !
15! 15-r !  15 r = 9
 x 
2. Given, n C3 = 120 16-r ! 14! 7
n  n -1 n -2 
 =120
3.2.1 6. First player can post greeting cards to the
 n(n–1) (n–2) = 720= 10 x 9 x 8 remaining 44 players in 44 ways Second
 n = 10 player can post greeting card to the 44
players in 44 ways. Similarly with the rest of
3. Given, n C7 = n C8 the players.
 The total number of greeting cards posted
 n = 7 + 8 ( n Cr = n Cs  n = r + s) = 44 + 44 + 44 + 44 + 44 +……………… +
 n = 15 44 (45times)= 44 x 45 = 1980
4. Given, n P8 = 336 n P5 7. The given word is GATEFORUM

n Number of 5 letter words that can formed =
P8
 n
= 336 9
P5 = 15120
P5
(i) A
n  n-1 n-2  n-3 ..........  n-7 
  336
n  n-1 n-2  .........  n-4  Now first place is fixed, so the rest of four
 (n  5)(n  6)(n  7)  8 x 7 x 6 places can be filled by remaining 8 letters in
8
 (n-5) = 8  n = 13 P4 ways i.e., 1680 ways.
 Number of 5 letter words that begin with
15 A is 1680.
Pr-1 15
5. Given 15Pr-1:14Pr-1 = 15 :7  14

Pr-1 7 (ii) R
140
Last place is fixed, so the rest of four places  The total number of arrangements
can be filled by the remaining 8 letters in 8P4 = 7! X 7! = (7!)2
i.e., 1680 ways (ii) As no two girls sit together, then girls
 Number of 5 letter words that end with R and boys should be arranged in alternate
is 1680. positions.
(iii) A R We arrange boys first.
7 boys can arrange themselves in 7! ways
Here, first and last places are fixed, so the _B_ B_ B_ B_ B_ B_ B_
remaining 3 places can be filled by
Now, there are 8 places for girls.
remaining 7 letters in 7P3 ways i.e, 210
 6 girls can be arranged in 8 places
ways
in 8P6 ways
8. We know that, the number of ways of  The total number of arrangements
arranging n objects of which at least one = 8P6 x 7!
object is repeated is
 The number of words 11. The given word is PASCAL i.e., CVCCVC.
Number of vowels = 2
= n r  n Pr  94  9 P4
Number of consonants = 4
9. The given word is DANGER Now, two vowels can be arranged in 2
Number of letters is 6 2!
places in Ways i.e., 1 way.
Number of vowels is 2(i.e., A,E) 2!
Number of consonants is 4(i.e., D,N,G,R) 4 consonants can be arranged in 4 places in
As the vowels cannot occupy odd places, 4! ways i.e., 24 ways
 The total number of arrangements
they can be arranged in even places
= 1 x 24 = 24
X  X  X 
12. The given digits are 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9. i.e., 6
 Two vowels can be arranged in 3 even
digits.
places in 3P2 ways i.e., 6
Forming a five digit number is nothing but
Rest of the consonants can arrange in the arranging the given six digits in five places
remaining 4 places in 4! ways. which can be done in 6P5 ways i.e., 720.
 The total number of arrangements
(i)
= 6 x 4! = 144
A number is divisible by 2 if its last digit is
10. Number of boys = 7 even
Number of girls = 6  The last place can be filled by 6 or 8
(i) As all the boys sit together, consider i.e., in 2 ways
them as one unit and 6 girls as 6 units i.e., a The remaining 4 places can be filled by 5
total of 7 units. digits in 5P4 ways i.e., 120 ways.
These 7 units can arrange themselves in 7!  The number of 5 digit numbers that are
Ways. divisible by 2 = 2 x 120 = 240
Also 7 boys can arrange themselves in 7! (ii) A number is divisible by 5, if the last
ways digit is either 0 or 5
141
Numerical Ability
 The number of numbers that are greater

than 2000 is 4 × 60 = 240
 The last place can filled only by 5 i.e., in
1 way. The remaining 4 places can be filled 15. Numbers of boys = 5
by the remaining 5 digits in 5P4 ways i.e., Number of girls = 6
120 ways (i) As all the girls sit together, consider
 The number of numbers that are them as 1 unit and 5 boys as 5 units i.e., a
divisible by 5 = 1 x 120 = 120 total of 6 units
(iii) A number is divisible by 4, if its last These 6 units can be arranged around a
two digits are divisible by 4. circular table in (6-1)! i.e., 5! = 120 ways.
Also the 6 girls can arrange themselves in 6!
i.e., 720 ways
1 6  The total number of arrangements = 120 x
3 6 720 = 86400
5 6 (ii) As no two boys sit together, first of all
6 8 we have to arrange the position of girls.
9 6  Six girls can be arranged around a
 The last two places can be placed by 16 circular table in (6 – 1)! i.e, 5! Ways
or 36 or 56 or 68 or 96 i.e., in 5 ways. Now, there are six places for 5 boys, these 5
The remaining 3 placed can be filled the boys can be arranged themselves in 6P5
remaining 4 digits in 4 P3 ways i.e., 24 ways  The total numbers of arrangements
 The number of 5 digit numbers that are = 5! X 6P5 = 120 x 720 = 86400
divisible by 4 = 5 x 24 = 120
16.  The number of arrangements
13. The given digits are 0,2,3,4,5,6 i.e., 6 digits. = (n-1)! =(20 – 1) = 19!
As we need a four digit number, first place
cannot be filled by zero, so it can be filled 17. Number of beads = 25
by remaining 5 digits in 5 ways The number of arrangements
1 1
= (n-1)! = (24)!
2 2
The remaining 3 places can be filled by 5 18. The given digits are 1, 2, 3, 5, 7
digits in 5 P3 ways i.e., 60 ways Number less than 4000, can be a single digit
Required number of four digit numbers is or two digits or three digits or a four digit
60 x 5 = 300. number.
The number of single digit numbers less
14. The given digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. than 4000, formed by the given digits is 5
As the number must be greater than 2000, The number of two digit numbers = 5 ×5 =52
first place cannot be filled by 0 or 1. i.e., it The number of three digit numbers =
can filled by 2,3,4,5 i.e., in 4 ways 5 × 5 × 5 =53
The remaining 3 places can be filled by 5 For the four digit numbers less than 4000,
digits in 5P3 i.e., 60 ways. first digit must be 1, 2, 3 i.e., first place can
be filled in 3 ways.
142
The remaining these places can be filled in 5 20. Chess board consists 9 horizontal 9 vertical
ways each. lines
The number of 4 digits number = A rectangle can be formed by any two
3 × 53 = 375 horizontal and two vertical lines.
Therefore the total number of numbers less Number of rectangles  9C .9C  1296
2 2
than 4000 is 5+25+125+375=530
For squares, there is one 8 by 8 square, four
7 by 7 squares, nine 6 by 6 squares and like
19. In the given six digits, we have two 1’s, two
this we get,
2’s and two 3’s
Number of square of a chess board
The number of 6-digit numbers
8.9.
6!  12  22  32  ....  82   204
=  90 6
2!.2!2! Only rectan gles  1296  204  1092

143
Numerical Ability
EXERCISE-11(B)
1. Find the number of ways of arranging the (A) 183450 (B) 259980
letters of the word ELECTRONICS. In how (C) 266640 (D) 6600
many of them
(i) 2E’s come together? 7. How many distinct 4 digit numbers can be
(ii) the 2C’s do not come together? formed using the digits 3,3,5,5,5,8,8,8,8
(11)! (10)! 9!10P2 which are greater than 5000?
(A) , , (A) 54 (B) 51 (C) 56 (D) 60
(2!)2 (2!) (2!)(2!)
(11)! 9!10P2
(B) (10)!, 8. There are 6 different books each 7 copies. In
(2!) (2!)(2!) how many ways these books can be
arranged in a single row in a shelf?
(11)! (10)! 10P2
(C) , ,
(2!)3 (2!) (2!)(2!) (A)
 35! (B)
(42)!
 7! (6!)7
6
(D) None
7! (42)!
(C) (D)
 6!
7
2. How many 5 digit numbers can be formed (7!)6
using the digits 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (when
repetition is allowed)? 9. How many four letter words can be formed
(A) 65 (B) 56 (C) 54 (D) 45 from the letters of the word DESKTOP, in
which at least one letter is repeated?
3. Find the number of 4 digit numbers that can (A) 1296 (B) 1561 (C) 936 (D) 1656
be formed using the digits 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 8,
9.If each digit can be used any number of 10. A number lock has 4 rings and each ring has
times? 0, 1, 2, ………., 9. How many unsuccessful
(A) 74 (B) 6 x 73 attempts, can be made to open the lock?
(C) 6 x 7 x 52 (D) None (A) 9999 (B) 10,000 (C) 999 (D) 1000
4. How many 4 digit numbers greater than 11. If n Pr  3024 and n cr  126 then find n and r.
3000, can be formed by using the digits 1, 3, (A) 9, 4 (B) 10, 3 (C) 12,4 (D) 11,4
5, 6, 7(when repetition is allowed)?
(A) 625 (B) 500 (C) 625 (D) 725 12. In a class of 40 students each student hand -
shakes with the other. Find the total number
5. Find the sum of all four digit numbers that of hand-shakes.
can be formed by using the digits 1, 3 ,4, 5, (A) 1560 (B) 780 (C) 1280 (D) 1296
6 without repetition.
(A) 497784 (B) 487321 13. How many distinct straight lines can be
(C) 506616 (D) 525664 formed by 20 non collinear points in a
plane?
6. Find the sum of all 4 digit numbers, that can (A) 380 (B) 245 (C) 190 (D) 228
be formed by the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4?
144
14. There are 20 points in a plane, how many 17. Eleven persons are seated around a circular
triangles can be formed by these points, if 5 table. In how many ways can we select two
are collinear? persons, who are not seated adjacent to each
(A) 1130 (B) 550 (C) 1129 (D) 1140 other?
(A) 55 (B) 66 (C) 44 (D) 77
15. How many parallelograms can be formed by
20 parallel lines intersect another 25 parallel 18. In how many ways can we select 6 people
lines? out 10, of which a particular person is not
(A) 45 C 2 (B) 20 C 2  25 C 2 included?
(C) 45
C4 (D) 20
C4  25C4 (A) 10 C 5 (B) 9 C 5 (C) 9 C 6 (D) 9 C 4
16. A double decker travels from Hyderabad to 19. Find the numbers of ways of selecting a
Charminar with 48 passengers has 28 seats committee of 10, out of 7 men and 6
in the upper deck and 20 seats in the lower women, of which at least 4 men are
deck. In how many ways can students be included.
arranged, if 10 students refuse to go to the (A) 231 (B) 25200 (C) 325 (D) 286
upper deck and 8 students wish to travel
only in the upper deck? 20. Find the number of ways of distributing 4
(A) 30C10  28! 20! (B) 48C10 28!20! identical prizes among 5 students, if each
student can be given any number of prizes.
(C) 28! 20! (D) 48C2 (28!) (A) 70 (B) 80 (C) 60 (D) 5

145
Numerical Ability
ANSWER KEYS
1 A 2 A 3 B 4 B 5 C 6 B 7 B
8 D 9 B 10 A 11 A 12 B 13 C 14 A
15 B 16 A 17 C 18 C 19 D 20 A
EXPLANATIONS
1. The given word is ‘ELECTRONICS’. 3. The given digits are 0,1,3,4,5,8,9.

Total number of letters is 11 As we need a four digit number, first digit
Therefore the number of ways of arranging cannot be zero i.e. it can be any of the
11! remaining 6 digits, so the first digit can be
them =
2! 2! arranged in 6 ways.
(i) As two E’s come together, consider The remaining 3 digits can be filled in 7
them as one unit and rest of 9 letters as 9 ways each ( the repetition is allowed)
units i.e. a total of 10 units Therefore total number of 4 digits number is
Therefore 10 units can be arranged 6 x 73
10!
in ways 4. The given digits are 1, 3, 5, 6, 7
2!
The required number must be greater than
Also 2 E’s can arrange themselves
3000; first place can be filled by 3,5,6,7
2!
in Ways i.e. in 4 ways.
2!
The remaining 3 places can be filled in 5
Therefore the total number of arrangements
ways each ( the repetition is allowed)
10! 10!
= 1  Therefore the total number of numbers
2! 2! = 4 x 53 = 500
(ii) As 2 C’s are not together, first we
9! 5. The given digits are 1, 3, 4, 5, 6
arrange the remaining 9 letters in ways
2! Formula:
_E_L_E_T_R_O_N_I_S_ (n 1)
Sum of r digit number = P(r 1)
These 2C’s can be arrange in 10 places (sum of all n digits) x (11111… r times)
P2 10 n is the number of non zero digits.
(blanks) in ways Here, n = 5, r = 4
2!
Therefore the total number of permutations  The sum of 4 digit numbers
9! 10 P2 = 4 P3 (1 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) (1111) = 506616

=
2!.2!
6. The given digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
2. The number of 5 digits numbers that can be Formula: If there a zero digit, then
formed by the 6 digits is 6x6x6x6x6 i.e. 65 The sum of r digits =
146
 n 1  sum of all   n!
 Pr 1      111.......(r times)  n
P 3024 (n  r)!
  n digits   n r    24
Cr 126 n!
  sum of all   (n  r)!r!
  n 2 Pr 2      111.....(r times) 
  n digits    r! = 24 = 4  3  2  1=4!  r=4
 The sum of 4 digit numbers Now,n P4  3024
 4

P3   0+1+2+3+4  1111 n(n  1)(n  2)(n  3)  9.8.7.6  n  9
-  P   0+1+2+3+4  111
3
2 12. Number of students = 40
= 266640 – 6660 = 259980 Every time for hand shake, two students are
selected.
7. There are two possibilities to fill first digit Therefore the total number of selections
i.e., 5 or 8. = 40
C 2 = 780
Now for the remaining 3 digits we can
choose any of the digits 3, 5 or 8 i.e., 3ways 13. Number of points = 20
for each of the 3 places. Therefore the number of straight lines
Total= (5)3  3  3  (8)3  3  3  54ways = 20
C 2  190
 
8. The total number of books = 6 x 7 = 42

14. Number of points in plane n=20
There are seven copies each of 6 different
Number of collinear points m= 5
books i.e., 6 sets of seven copies.
Number of triangles from by joining n
Therefore the number of arrangements
points of which m are collinear is
(42)!
= n
C3  mC3
(7!)6
Therefore the number of triangles
9. The given word is DESKTOP = 20
C3  5C3  1140  10  1130
The number of permutations of n dissimilar
things taken r at a time with at least one
15. If m parallel lines are intersecting n parallel
repetition is nr - nPr = 74 - 7 P4 = 1561 lines, then the number of parallelograms
formed = m C2  n C2
10. Given, each ring has 10 digits, i.e., each ring Therefore the required number of
can be rotated in 10 ways parallelograms = 20C  25C 2 2
Therefore the total number of ways of
rotating 4 rings = 104 = 10000
Out of 10000 attempts only one attempt is 16. First of all allow 10 students to the lower
successful. deck and 8 to the upper deck
Therefore total number of unsuccessful Now we are left with 10 seats in lower deck
attempts is =10000– 1 =9999 and 20 in upper deck i.e. a total of 30 seats.
Now select 10 students for lower deck in
30
11. Given, n Pr = 3024, n
Cr = 126 C 10 ways. The remaining 20 will go the
upper deck.
147
Numerical Ability
Also 28 students in the upper deck and 20 in Therefore the required number of ways
the lower deck can be arranged in 28! And = 55 – 11 = 44
20! ways respectively.
Hence the total number of arrangements is 18. One particular person is not included, we
30C10  28!  20! have to select 6 persons out of 9, which can
be done in 9 C 6 ways
17. Let the 11 persons P1, P2, P3,………, P11 are
arranged around the circular dining table as
19. Men Women Number of ways
shown in the figure below.
Number of ways of selecting two persons 4 6 7C4  6C6  35
= 11
C 2  55 5 5 7C5  6C5  126
From the figure pair of persons sitting 6 4 7C6  6C4  105
adjacent to each other are
7 3 7C7  6C3  20
P1P2, P2P3, P3P4, -----, P11P1
Therefore the total number of ways
= 35+126+105+20=286
P
P
P 6
5
7
P
20. Let xi be the no. of prizes read by ith
P
8 student, than x1  x 2  x 3  x 4  x 5  4
4 P
P
P 9 x i  0 integer.
3
P
P P 1 The non negative integral solution to this
2 0
1 1
equation are n  5,r  4
1
n  r 1
Cn 1 541 C51
That is a total of 11 pairs
Therefore the number of ways of selecting  8C4  70
two persons of 11, who are adjacent to each
other, is 11.

148
Probability
12. PROBABILITY
1. The Sum Rule

If a first task can be performed in n1 ways, while second task can be performed in n2
ways, and the two tasks cannot be performed simultaneously, then performing either
task can be done in any of n1+n2 ways.
Ex: If a library has 10 books on maths, 15 books on physics, a student can select a
book from library in 10+15 = 25 ways.
2. Product Rule
Suppose that a procedure can be broken down into two successive tasks. If there are n1
ways to do the first task and n2 ways to do the second task after the first task has been
done, then there are n1.n2 ways to do the procedure.
Ex: If a person has 4 shirts and 5 ties then, he can select a shirt and tie in 4  5  20
ways.
3. Sample space:
The set S of all possible outcomes of an experiment (or observations) is called a sample
Space.
Note:
1. If a coin is tossed n times (or) n coins tossed at a time total number of outcomes are 2n.
2. If dice is thrown n times (or) n dice are thrown at a time then total number of outcomes
are 6n.
Ex: Tossing a coin two times
S = {HT, TH, TT, HH}
4. Event:
An event is a subset of a sample space and events are denoted by A,B,C….or E1 , E2 , E3 .....
151
Numerical Ability
5. Favorable Cases
Number of outcomes which cause the occurrence of an event E is called Favorable cases.
Ex: Suppose E1 is the event of getting one head in the case of tossing a coin two times.
So, E = {HT, TH}
6. Mutually Exclusive Events

Events are said to be mutually exclusive, if the happening of any one of them precludes the
happening of all the others. i.e. two events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive if
A∩B=  .
Ex: In the case of tossing a coin the events getting head and tail are mutually exclusive
events.
7. Independent Events
Events are said to be independent if the happening or non happening event is not affected by
the happening or non happening of the other events.
Ex: In case of tossing a coin the event of getting head in the first toss is independent of
getting a head in the second toss.
8. Equally likely events

Events are said to be equally likely when there is no reason to expect any one of them rather
than any one of the others.
Ex: In throwing a die, all the six faces are equally likely to come.
9. Probability: If a random experiment results in n exhaustive, mutually exclusive and equally

likely outcomes, out of which m are favorable to the occurrence of an event E, then
probability of occurrence of E is
Number of favourable cases m
p  P E  
Total number of exhaustive cases n
Ex: A coin is tossed 2 times
E1 = Event of getting two heads
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
E1 = {HH}
P(E1) = ¼
152
Probability
10. Results:
1. For any event E, 0≤P(E)≤1
2. Probability of impossible event  is zero i.e P(  ) = 0
3. Probability of certain event is 1.
4. EC = not happening E (read as complement of E) = 1-P(E)
5. If A  B then P(A)≤P(B)
11. Addition theorem of Probability

1. For any two events A and B in sample spaces, P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∪B)
2. Similarly for A, B, C, P(A∪B∪C) = P(A)+P(B)+P(C)-P(A∩B)-P(B∩C)-
P(A∩C)+P(A∩B∩C)
3. If A and B are mutually exclusive then
P(A∪B) = P(A)+P(B) (∵ P(A∩B) = P(  ) = 0)
Similarly, P(A∪B∪C) = P(A)+P(B)+P(C)
12. Conditional Events:

If A and B are events of a sample spaces and, if B occurs after the occurrence of A, then the
event of occurrence of B after A is denoted by B/A read as B given that A. Similarly A/B
read as A given that B.
Ex: 1) Two coins are tossed, the event of getting two tails given that there is at least one tail.
Definition: If A,B are two events in s, then
P  A  B
P  A B  and where P(B)  0
P  B
P  A  B
P B A  and where P  A   0
P A
13. Multiplication theorem of Probability

For two events A, B in S,
P(A∩B) = P(A). P(B/A), where P(A)>0 or
= P(B). P(A/B), where P(B)>0
14. Independent Events

If the occurrence of B is not affected by the occurrence or non occurrence of A, then B is said
to be independent of A and P(B/A) = P(B).
Similarly, P(A/B) = P(A),then A is independent of B
153
Numerical Ability
1. A is independent B  B is independent of A
2. Instead of saying A is independent of B or B is independent of A, we may say that A and
B are independent.
3. A and B are independent  P(A∩B) = P(A). P(B)
4. A and  are always independent
5. A and S are always independent
6. If A and B are independent then
(a) AC and B are independent
(b) A and BC are independent
(c) AC and BC are independent
7. Three events A,B,C are said to be independent if
(a) P(A∩B) = P(A) P(B)
P(B∩C) = P(B) P(C)
P(A∩C) = P(A) P(C)
(b) P(A∩B∩C) = P(A). P(B). P(C)
15. Baye’s Theorem

E1, E2,…..En are mutually exclusive events in sample space S with P(Ei) > 0
(i = 1,2,……..n) and A is any other event in S intersecting with every Ei such that P(A)>0.
If Ei is any of the events E1,……..En where P(E1), P(E2),……..P(En) and P(A/E1),
P(A/E2),……P(A/En) are known then
P  Ei  P  A Ei  P  Ei  P  A Ei 
P  Ei A    or 
n
P A
 P E  P A E 
i 1
i i
n
Where P  A    P  Ei  P  A Ei  is called total probability
i 1

154
Probability
EXERCISE-12(A)
1. Seven people are seated in a row. 5 37 5 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Probability that two particular persons A and 42 42 9 37
B are seated at the ends is 8. Three cards are drawn at random from a
1 1 1 2 pack of cards numbered from 5 to 21. The
(A) (B) (C) (D)
14 21 84 15 probability that their sum is a prime number
less than 22 is
2. The probability that a leap year contains 53 6 1 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Sundays is 17 560 680 8
1 2 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 7 366 366 9. The numbers 0,0,1,2 are arranged in all
possible ways. Then the probability of
3. From a set of two packs of cards, the finding a number greater than 2000 is
probability of drawing a king from both the 1 3 1 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
packs is 4 4 8 8
1 4 7 14
(A) (B) (C) (D)
169 1339 1339 1339 10. A bag contains 1 white and 1 black ball. If
the result of the draw is white, it is replaced
4. Two dice are rolled simultaneously then the back along with another white ball. If the
probability that the product of numbers on result is black it is not replaced. Then the
the dice is 12 is probability of getting a black ball in the
1 1 2 1 second draw is
(A) (B) (C) (D)
18 3 3 9 1 1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 6 5 3
5. A bag contains 3 white, 2 black and 6 red
balls. Three balls are drawn at random. 11. A box contains 15 glassware pieces with 3
Probability that a white, a black and a red defective in it, is opened for examination.
ball is drawn is Then the probability that 6 th draw contains
12 4 1 3 the last broken piece is
(A) (B) (C) (D)
55 81 14 11 1 1 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 6 5 91
6. Probability that a card drawn from a pack of
cards is either a spade or an ace is 12. In a class of 100 students, 60 passed in
1 17 4 3 Maths, 60 pass in statistics and 30 in both.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
52 52 13 8 Probability that a student selected has passed
only in one subject.
7. A bag contains 4 white and 5 black balls of 3 9 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
which 3 are drawn at random. What are the 5 10 10 5
odds in favour of being all black?
155
Numerical Ability
13. If the probability of solving a problem in 17. If 4 people are selected at random, then the
2 1 probability that no two of them were born on
statistics by A is , by B is and by C is
5 5 the same day of the week is
3 1 6 120 60
, then the probability that the problem will (A) (B) (C) (D)
7 7 7 343 269
be solved is
12 23 48 127 18. If a random coin is tossed 11 times, then
(A) (B) (C) (D) what is the probability that for 7th toss head
175 35 175 175
appears exactly 4 times?
14. A coin is tossed, if the result is head a pair 5 15 35
(A) (B) (C) (D) None
of dice are rolled and the sum of it is noted 32 128 128
and if is a tail then a card is drawn from a
pack of cards numbered 1 to 12. Find the 19. Probability of drawing a king, a queen and a
probability that the number is either 7 or 8. Jack from a pack in three consecutive draws
17 17 17 1 without replacement is
(A) (B) (C) (D) (A) 8/4875 (B)8/16575
36 144 72 2
(C)2/48758 (D)1/16425
15. From 200 tickets, numbered 1 to 200 a ticket
is drawn, then the probability that the 20. The probability of getting 3, at least once
number on the ticket drawn is divisible by 5 with a single die in two trials is
or 7 is 25 11 1 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
63 1 17 17 36 36 6 6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
200 40 25 50
16. From a set of numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. The

probability of selecting a four digit number,
from all possible numbers that can be
formed using these digits is
5 24 1 21
(A) (B) (C) (D)
31 65 161 161

156
Probability
ANSWER KEYS
1 B 2 B 3 A 4 D 5 A 6 C 7 D
8 B 9 A 10 B 11 D 12 A 13 D 14 C
15 A 16 B 17 C 18 C 19 B 20 B
EXPLANATIONS
1. 4 1
A B  Probability of getting 12 is 
36 9
Number of ways 5 people can be arranged 3
C1 x 2C1 x 6C1 12
is 5! 5. 11

C3 55
A & B can be arranged in 2!
13
 Total is 5! x 2! 6. Probability that the card is a spade is
Now total number of arrangements of 7 52
persons is 7! Probability that the card is an ace is
Probability of A & B seated at ends is 4 1
=
5! x 2! 2 1 52 13
  Probability that the card is a ace with spade
7! 42 21
1
=
2. In case of leap year to have 53 Sundays 52
either the year should start by Sunday or Probability that the card is either a spade is
Saturday. 13 1 1 16 4
an ace is    
2 52 13 52 52 13
Hence probability of having 53 Sunday is
7
7. Total number of ways is 9 C3
3. Drawing a king from the first pack is
4
All of them being black is 5 C3
C1 4 1
  5
C3 / 9 C3 5

52
C1 52 13 Odds in favour is 5
C3 37
Drawing a king from second pack is 1- 9
4
C3
C1 4 1
52
 
C1 52 13 8. Prime numbers between 5 to 21 are 5, 7, 11,
1 1 1 13, 17, and 19.
 Probability is x  The only possibility is to get 19 with the
13 13 169
sum of three numbers is (5 + 6 + 8)
4. Numbers on the two dice should be (2,6), 1 1
 The required probability is 17 =
(3,4), (4,3), (6,2) C3 680
157
Numerical Ability
9. Number of ways of arranging the given Probability of passing in both is

numbers to obtain number greater than 2000 30 3
 = P  A  B
is 2 __ __ __ (0,0,1) can be arranged in 100 10
three vacant places in
3! 3x 2
 = 3 ways  P  A  B = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)=
2! 2
3 3 3 9
Hence probability of getting a number + - =
5 5 10 10
3 3x 2 1
greater than 2000 is  = 9 3 3
4! 4 x 3x 2 4 P  A  B  P  A  B   =
10 10 5
2!
10. If the first pick is black definitely the second 13. Probability of problem not being solved by
pick will be white 3 4 4 48
any of them is = x x =
1 5 5 7 175
Hence the first pick has to be white 
2  Probability of being solved is
 There will be 3 balls now (2 white + 1 48 127
1- =
black) 175 175
1
The probability of drawing a black ball is 1
3 14. Probability of getting head = ;
2
1 1 1
Hence the required probability    1
2 3 6 Probability of getting tail =
2
11. 6th draw consists of last defective piece 11
Probability of getting 7 or 8 on dice is
implies 5 draws contain 2 defective and 3 36
good pieces Probability of getting 7 or 8 on card is
15
Total chances = C5 2 1
= [cards are numbered 1 to 12]
Chances of getting 2 defective & 3 good 12 6
pieces is 3C2 x12C3  Probability of getting 7 or 8 is
1 11 1 1 11 1 11+6 17
 Probability of getting the above result is x + x =  = 
2 36 2 6 72 12 72 72
3C2 x12C3 20
=
15C5 91
15. Probability that it is divisible by 5
From the remaining 9 good pieces and 1 40
is = P(A)
defective piece, probability of getting the 200
1 20 2 Probability that it is divisible by 7
defective piece is x =
10 91 91 28
is = P(B)
200
12. Probability of passing in Maths
Probability that it is divisible by 5 and 7
60 3
=  = P(A) 5
100 5 is = P  A  B
200
Probability of passing in Statistics
 Probability that the number is divisible by
60 3
=  = P(B) either 5 or 7
100 5
158
Probability
i.e. P  A  B = P(A) + P(B) – P  A  B 7 6 5 4 120

17. x x x =
40 28 5 63 7 7 7 7 343
 - =
200 200 200 200
7
1 35
18. 7
C4   
16. Number of 5 digit number can be formed 2
  128
is = 5!
Number of 4 digit number can be formed 4 4 4 8
5 19. x x =
= P4 52 51 50 16575
Number of 3 digit number can be = 5 P3
20. Probability of not getting 3 in first and
Number of 2 digit number can be formed
5 5
= 5 P2 second trial is x
6 6
Number of 1 digit number can be formed Probability of getting 3 at least once is 1 -
= 5 P1 5 5 11
x 
 Probability of selecting a four digit 6 6 36
number is
5! 120 24
5 5
= =
5P1 +5P2 + P3 + P4 +5! 325 65

159
Numerical Ability
EXERCISE-12(B)
1. A speaks truth in 60% cases and B in 25% girls. A student is choosen at random, the
cases. Probability that they are likely to probability of choosing a girl or a A+ student is
contradict each other is 11 1 19 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(A) 15% (B) 85% (C) 55% (D) 45% 15 10 30 6
2. Three tube lights bulbs are required to light 8. In a party, of 100 people 25% of the people
a room. Out of 15 tube lights 6 are defective. are wearing tie. Three people are choosen at
Probability that the room will be lightened is random. Then the probability that all the
3 2 4 53 three were wearing tie is
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 91 65 (A) 0.014% (B) 1.42%
(C) 14.2% (D) 0.142%
3. From a set of first twelve natural numbers,
two numbers are drawn, then the probability 9. A basket consists of green and red balls in
that their sum is divisible by 3 is the ratio of 1: 5. Equal number of green and
7 1 2 4 red balls was added, then the probability of
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12 3 3 3 1
getting a green ball now is . Then the ratio
3
4. Consider a sphere of radius r. P is a point in of total number of balls added to the original
the sphere chosen randomly. Then the odds number of balls originally present is
are favour of the point to be closer to the (A) 1 : 3 (B) 3 : 1 (C) 1 : 9 (D) 1 : 1
centre than to the surface.
(A) 1 : 7 (B) 7 : 1 (C) 1 : 8 (D) 8 : 1 10. There are two 6 seater cars with 2 seats in
the front and 4 seats behind. There are 3
5. Spades were removed from a set of cards. girls and 8 boys. Find its probability that all
From the remaining cards one card is drawn the girls always sit together.
without replacement. Then the probability (A) 0.003 (B) 0.018 (C) 0.045 (D) 0.005
that a king is drawn in the 3rd draw is
630 63 1 1 11. Two persons A and B draw cards from a
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9139 741 11050 13 pack without replacement. Then the
probability that A gets a king in the second
6. If x is any natural number less than 101, pick prior to B is
 x-40 x -10 (A) 0.1319 (B) 0.0604
then the probability that < 0
 x-20 (C) 0.1209 (D) 0.0659
is 12. If two numbers are chosen from

27 17 7 13 {1,2,3,4,5,6}, consecutively without
(A) (B) (C) (D)
100 100 25 100 replacement. Then the probability that the
least number selected is less than 4 is
7. Class of 30 students (17 girls and 13 boys). 4 1 1 2
Five are A+ students and three of them are (A) (B) (C) (D)
5 2 5 5
160
Probability
13. A bag consists of 6 white and 3 red balls. A 1 1 1 1

(A) (B) (C) (D)
ball is selected at random and replaced by 5 100 28 10 50
more balls of the same colour in the bag.
Then the probability of drawing a white ball 17. A player plays a set of games such that his
in the second draw is chance of winning the next game is 2 to 1 in
10 26 6 10 favour of the result of the previous game. In
(A) (B) (C) (D)
39 39 13 13 a set of 5 games with winner in the first
game, what is the probability that he wins at
14. A basket consists of 30 Apples and 20 least 3 out of the next 4 games?
Oranges of which 6 Apples and 2 Oranges, 4 2 3 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
are spoiled. If a person takes 2 fruits at 9 9 9 9
random. What is the probability that either
both are Apples or both are unspoiled fruits? 18. Two cards are selected at random from a
204 1 201 1 pack of cards numbered 1 to 100. The
(A) (B) (C) (D)
295 28 260 250 probability that the product of two numbers
selected is divisible by 3 is
15. A company manufactures bolts using 2 (A) 0.45 (B) 0.15 (C) 0.55 (D) 0.75
machines A and B. A manufactures 60% and
B 40% of the total bolts. 10% of the bolts 19. From a pack of cards, two cards are drawn at
produced by A and 5% of B are defective. random. Probability that one is a club and
If a bolt drawn is found to be defective then other is not a queen is
the probability that it is manufactured by (A) 0.47 (B) 0.61 (C) 0.85 (D) 0.5
machine B is
3 1 3 1 20. Out of 21 tickets numbered from 1 to 21,
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 6 5 4 three tickets are drawn randomly. Then the
probability that the numbers on the cards
16. Natural numbers from 1 to 100 are written drawn forms an AP is
on pack of cards and shuffled. The 10 11 10 11
(A) (B) (C) (D)
probability that two cards chosen at random 133 133 120 163
are consecutive numbers is

161
Numerical Ability
ANSWER KEYS
1 C 2 D 3 B 4 A 5 A 6 C 7 C
8 B 9 D 10 B 11 D 12 A 13 B 14 A
15 D 16 D 17 A 18 C 19 A 20 A
EXPLANATIONS
1. Probability that A speaks truth is 22 22x 2 1

 The required probability is 12
 =
60 3 2 C2 12x 11 3
= and false =
100 5 5 4. A selected point will be nearer to the centre
Probability that B speaks truth is if it is in the volume range of radius
 
25 1 3 r
= and false =
100 4 4  2  i.e., if the radius is greater than r 2 ,
 
They contradict, if A speaks truth and B the point lies in the second half volume
false (or) if B speaks truth and A false which is the away from the centre
 The required probability  Points closer to the centre be within the
3 3 2 1 11
= x  x 
3
= 55% 4 r
5 4 5 4 20 volume    .
3 2
2. Probability that room will not be lighted is 4 r
3

C1  6 C2 9 C2  6 C1 12 3  2  1
6C3 9
+ 15 + 15 = Probability = =
15C3 C3 C3 65 4 3 8
r
Probability that the room will be lighted 3
12 53 1
1- = 1
65 65  Odds is favour is 8 =
1 7
1
3. The sum must be 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 or 21 8
[1, 2] 5. Left over cards is 39 (consists of 3 kings)
[(1,5), (2,4)] Probability of king not appearing in the first
[(1,8), (2,7), (3,6), (4,5)]
3 36 12
[(1,11), (2,10), (3,9), (4,8), (5,7)] draw 1- = =
39 39 13
[(3,12), (4,11), (5,10), (6,9), (7,8)]
Probability of king not appearing in the
[(6,12), (7,11), (8,10)]
3 35
[(9,12), (10,11) second draw 1- =
Possibilities having sum divisible by 3 is 22 38 38
12 Probability of king appearing in the third
Total number of ways is C2
3
draw
37
162
Probability
 The probability of getting a king is 3rd 2y y

to the original is = =1
12 35 3 630 6x 3x
draw is x x =
13 38 37 9139 i.e., 1 : 1
 x - 40  x  10  10. Since all the girls have to sit together, they

6. Let, P =
 x  20  can sit only behind
 in the two cars the number of seats
If x > 40, the P > 0 available is 3 + 6 = 9
If 20 < x < 40 (P<0) (number of possibility The three girls can be arranged as (1,2,3) or
are 19) (2,3,4) and they can be arranged in 3! Ways.
10 < x < 20 (P>0) Therefore total number of arrangement for
1 < x < 10 (P<0) (number of possibility girls is 2 x 3! ways.
are 9) Now 8 boys are arranged in 9 seats in 9P8
28 7
Probability is  ways
100 25  Total number of ways of arranging them
is 2[2x 3 ! × 9P8 ] = 2[362892]
17 Total number of arrangements is 12P11
7. Probability that the student is a girl is
30 = 479001600
5  The probability is 0.0015
Probability of getting is A+ student =
30
3 11. Probability of not getting a king in first
Probability of choosing a A+ girl = 48
30 attempt is
17 5 3 19 52
The required probability=  - = 48
30 30 30 30 Probability of not getting a
52
8. Let the total number of people in party Probability of not getting a king in first
be100 47
attempt by B is
25
C 25 x 24 x 23 51
Probability= 100 3 = = 1.42% 4
C3 100 x 99 x 98 Probability of a drawing a king is
50
1
9. Given , G : R = 1 : 5 Probability that B draw a card first is
2
Let the number of green and red balls be x
Probability of not getting a king in first
and 5x respectively.
Let y number of green and red balls be 48
attempt by B is
added 52
 The total number of balls is 6x + 2y. Probability of not getting a king in first
Probability of getting a green ball is 47
attempt by A is
x+y 1 51
=  3x = y Probability of not getting a king in first
6x + 2y 3
 The ratio of total number of balls added
46
attempt by B is
50
163
Numerical Ability
4 2 10 1 6 26
Probability of a drawing a king is  Total probability = x + x =
49 3 13 3 13 39
 Probability that A draw a king in second
draw is 14. Total number of events = 50C2
1  48 47 4 48 47 46 4  Probability of getting both apples is
x x + x x x
2  52 51 50 52 51 50 49  30C2 /50C2
1 48 x 47 x 4  46  Probability of getting both un spoiled fruits
= x 1
2 52 x 51x 50  49  is 42C2 /50C2
1 48 x 47 x 4 95 Probability of getting un spoiled apples is
= x x = 0.0659
2 52 x 51x 50 49 24C2 / 50 C2
 Probability of getting either both apples
6 or both good is
12. Total number of outcomes = C2 = 15
Let one of the number on dice be 1 and the
other can be 2,3,4,5,6. 30C 2  42C2  24C2
Clearly 1 is less than 4 and number of ways 50C2
of getting above combination is 5. 30 x 29 + 42 x 41-24 x 23 204
Also one of the numbers can be 2 and the = =
50 x 49 245
rest 3,4,5,6.
Number of ways = 4
15. Probability that the bolt it is manufactured
One of the number can be 3 and rest 4,5,6
60 40
Number of ways = 3 by A is by B is
Total number of favourable outcomes = 12 100 100
Probability that the defective piece is
12 4
 The required probability = = 60 10
15 5 produced by A is x by B
100 100
40 5
13. Probability of selecting a white ball in the is x
100 100
6 2
first draw is  Required probability
9 3
40 5
So 5 more white balls are added, that is now x
100 100 40 x 5 1
we have 10 white and 3 red balls is = 
60 10 40 5 60 x10 + 40 x 5 4
10 x  x
 Probability is 100 100 100 100
13
Probability of selecting a red ball first
16. The number of possible consecutive
3 1 numbers is 99
is =
9 3 Total number of ways of selecting two cards
Now the number of white balls will be 100
at random is C2
6 and red 7
 Probability of selecting a consecutive
 Probability of drawing a white ball now
99 99 2 1
6 number is 100
 x =
is C 2 100 99 50
13
164
Probability
17. For 3 winnings, the options available are 2 x 33x 34 33

= + (97 + 1)= 2739 else
(a) w, w, l (b) w,l, w, w 2 2
(c) l, w, w, w
In first case
(d) w, w, l, w
 33

C1 67 C1 33 C2  2739
2 2 2 8 1 8 2739
(a) Probability is x x =   P(E) = = 0.55
3 3 3 27 3 81 4950
2 1 1 2 4 19. Numbers of ways of drawing a card is 52 C2

(b) Probability is x x x =
3 3 3 3 81 Numbers of ways of drawing a club is 13
C1
1 1 2 2 4
(c) Probability is x x x = Numbers of ways of drawing a queen is 4 C1
3 3 3 3 81
48
2 2 1 1 4 Not drawing a queen is C1
(d) Probability is x x x =  The required probability is =
3 3 3 3 81
13
For four wins the options are w,w,w,w. C1 x 48C1 13x 48x 2
52
 = 0.47
2 2 2 2 16 C2 52 x 51
Probability     
3 3 3 3 81
36 4 20. Total number of ways of drawing 3 tickets
 Total probability of winning is =
81 9 21 21x 20 x19
C3 = = 1330
3x 2
18. Total number of ways of selecting 2 If three tickets are drawn then the maximum
100
numbers is C2 = 4950 common difference in the tickets possible is
If the least number chosen is 1, then the 10 i.e. the numbers can be (1, 11, 21)
other number must be 3,6,9……99 Number of ways 3 tickets can be drawn with
(33 numbers) d value ‘10’ is 1
If the lowest chosen is 2, then again 33 Number of ways 3 tickets can be drawn with
numbers are favourable d value ‘9’ is 3 i.e., (1, 10, 19), (2,11,20) and
If 3 is chosen, then any between 4-100 will (3, 12, 21)
satisfy is Number of ways 3 tickets can be drawn with
If 4 is chosen then 6,9…………..99 d value ‘8’ is 5
(32 numbers) Number of ways 3 tickets can be drawn with
If 5 chosen then 6,9………………99 d value ‘1’ is 19
(32 numbers)  total no of ways is
If 6 chosen numbers between 7 to 100 i.e., [1 + 3 + 5 + -----+ 19]=100
94 numbers.  The required probability is
 Total number of favorable ways will be 100 10
=
= 2[33 + 32 + 31 + 32 + ------+1] + 1330 133
[97 + 94 + ------ 4 + 1]

165
Mathematical Operations and Symbols
13. MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS AND SYMBOLS
There are four basic operations which are used in practice and they are addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. We also use greater than, less than, equal to, not equal to etc. To
solve a mathematical expression, we use BODMAS which means Brackets, orders(powers
and roots), Division, Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction for hierarchy of operations.

169
Numerical Ability
EXERCISE-13(A)
1. If + means –, (A) 9x8y10z4u36  4

 means ,  means + and  means  (B) 2y3z4u10x2=2
then what is the value of (C) 20z10x2y2y20=10
29  30  48  24  4  3 (D) 10u20x3y4z5=10
(A) -1411 (B) -1216 (C) 35 (D) 45
7. In the following question, different letters
2. If stands for different symbols:
 means , - means ,  means +,  means - A – Addition, B – Subtraction,
then what is the value of C – Multiplication, D – Division, E – Equal
24  2  3  4  6  3  9 to, F – Greater than, G – Less than. Which
(A) 50 (B) 51 (C) 30 (D) 20 of the following is correct?
(A) 15D5F3A2C3 (B) 15A5D3E2A3
3. If Addition is denoted by A, Subtraction is (C) 15D5A3E2C3 (D) 15B5C3F2A3
denoted by S, Multiplication by M and
Division by D, then the value of Common Data for Questions: 8 to 10
24A6S20M25D10A50M1 is
(A) 55 (B) 30 (C) 75 (D) 85 In the following questions, there are
combinations of operations and an operand
 denotes <,  denotes >, - denotes =, a  means  2  e means  2
4. If
^ denotes , + denotes , < denotes -,
 b  means  3  f  means  3
> denotes +
c  means  4  g  means  4
then choose one of the correct statement
d  means  5  h  means  5
(A) 31  1  2  4  6 ^ 7 8. Select the right choice to replace the
(B) 18  12  4  7  8 ^ 2 question mark in the following question:
(C) 32  6  2  6  7 ^ 2 15  3  4  8  2 ?  8  5  16  2  2
(D) 29  18  6  36  6 ^ 4
(A) only b (B) only c (C) only d (D) only a
5. If ^ denotes -, V denotes +,  denotes =,
9. Select the right choice to replace the
 denotes , / denotes , question mark in the following question:
then which of the following is true? 8  8  8  8  8  33  10 ?
(A) 56 ^ 5V40 10 100 / 10 (A) both a and b (B) only b
(B) 56V5V40 10  100 / 10 (C) b, c (D) c, d
(C) 56V6 ^ 40 10 100 / 10
(D) 56 ^ 6V50 10  100 / 10 10. Replace the ? mark
12  2  6  3  8 ?  175
6. If x denotes , y denotes , z denotes +, (A) (f) followed by (d)
u denotes -, = denotes = then which (B) (e) followed by (d)
of the following is true? (C) (g) followed by (a)
(D) (h) followed by (b)
170
Common Data for Questions: 11 & 12 If P  QvR then
If + means greater than, - means equal to,  (A) P  RvQ (B) Q  P  R

means not less than,  means less than, ^ (C) P  Q ^ R (D) R ^ Q  P
means not equal to and v means not greater (E) Q  P  R
than; then which of the following
alternatives is correct for 17. If * denotes not less than,
 denotes not greater than,
11. a + 4b and 4b  c
(A) a v c (B) a + c (C) a - c (D) a x c + denotes less than,
 denotes greater than,
12. 2a ^ b and b-3c - denotes not equal to,
(A) a ^ c (B) 2a^c
 denotes equal to.
(C) a v c (D) 2a ^ 3c
Then choose the correct statement in each of
Common Data for Questions: 13 to 15 the folloiwng
In the following questions, the symbols +     

means greater than,  means either greater (A)     (B)     
than or equal * means less than,  means (C)      (D) None of these
either smaller than or equal to and = means
equal to. Now in each of the following 18. In the following question, if  means not
questions, assuming that the statements are equal to,  means less than,  for greater
true, find which of the conclusions I and II than,  for equal to, then choose the right
are true. Give answer option from the following:
(A) if only conclusion I is true If a  b  c then
(B) if only conclusion II is true (A) a  b  c (B) a  b  c
(C) if either I or II is true
(C) a  b  c (D) None
(D) if both I and II is true
13. Statement: A * B, C=D, D  B 19. From the above question xyzt  a 2 x , yzxt
Conclusion: I. D+A II. C  B and y 2 xa then
14. Statement: A  B, C  A, A  D (A) xz 2 ax (B) x 2 z 2 ax
Conclusion: I. C=D II. C+D (C) a 2 y 2 a 2 x (D) None
15. Statement: A  B, C  D, B+D

Conclusion: I. C=A II. B+C 20. In each of the following questions, if the
given interchanges are made in signs and
16. If  denotes >,  denotes =, numbers, which one of the equations is
correct?
+ denotes not less than,
Given interchange + with  and numbers 2
- denotes not equal to
with 3 and vice versa
(A)  2  4  3  5 (B)  9  2  3  7
v denotes <, ^ denotes not greater than .
Choose the correct statement from the
following. (C) 12  2  3  6 (D)  3  4   3  2
171
Numerical Ability
ANSWER KEYS
1 A 2 A 3 B 4 A 5 D 6 C 7 C
8 D 9 B 10 A 11 B 12 D 13 D 14 B
15 B 16 C 17 D 18 D 19 A 20 D
EXPLANATIONS
1. Substituting the proper signs in the given 6. Consider A, 9x 8y 10z 4u 36

expression, we get 4
29  30  48  24  4  3  29 
=9  8  10+4-36=9   4  36  4
5
1440  6  3  35  1446   1411 Consider B, 2y 3z 4u 10z2 = 2 
2
2. Given, 24+2-3  4  +3-9=  24  2  3  4 3+4-10+2=   4   2
3
  6  3  9  36  4  18  50 Consider C, 20z10x2y2u20
=20+10   2  2   20  20  10  1  20  10
3. Given 24A6S20M25D10A50M1 This is True
=24+6-20  25  10+50  1
Consider D, 10u20x3y4z5
25
= 24 + 6 -20 x  50 =10-20  3  4+5
10
3
= 30 – 50 + 50 = 30 =10-20   5  10  15  5  0
4
4. Consider A, 31+1-2<4+6  7  30<46 is true
7. From C, 15D 5A 3E 2C3=15  5+3=2  3
Consider B, 18+ 12  4   7  8  2
 3+3=6 which is true
 21  23 is false
Consider C, 32+6  2<6-7  2 8. Consider LHS 15  3  4  8  2 ?  23?
 35<-8 which is false Consider RHS
Consider D, 29-18  6<36  6  4 = 8  5  16  2  2  8  5  8  2  40  8  2  46
 26<24 which is false So 23?=46 only when ? is replaced by  2
so that 23  2 = 46
5. From A, 56-5+40=10=100  10 which is false
From B, 56+5+40=10 100  10
9. Consider LHS
which is false 8  8  8  8  8  8  8  1  8  57
From C, 56+6-4=10=100  10 Consider RHS
which is false 33  10?  27  10?
From D, 56-6+50=10  100  10 For RHS to be equal to LHS, ?
 100=100 which is true Should be replaced by 3
172
10. Consider LHS From A, P  RvQ

12  2+6  3+8?=6+  6  3  8?  P=R<Q  But Q<R  So A is false
 6  18  8?  32? From B, Q+P  R
RHS  175  Q  P  R, But P>R So B is false
RHS  175  35  5   32  3  5 From C, P+Q^R
So first 'f' and then 'd'.  P < Q, Q > R So C is true
From D, R > Q, Q < P
11. a  4b  a  4b and 4b  c=4b < c  4b  c
 a>4b, 4b  c  a>c  a+c and From E, Q < P=R
12. 2a ^ b  2a  b; b-3c 17.     means ><

 b=3c  2a  3c  2a^3c From A     means  ><
From B +   means <>
13. In the given statement
From C,      means     
A*B  A<B, C=D  C=D, D  B  D  B
In conclusion I, A<B  B>A, D  B 18. Given a  b  c  a  b  c
 D  B, B>A  D  A  D  A From A, a bc  a<b<c ; A is false
So conclusion I is true. From B, abc  a>b>c; B is false
In conclusion II, From C, abc  a=b=c; C is false
C  B i.e. C  B which is clearly true, Thus D is true
since C=D, D  B; C  B
C  B 19. Given xyzt  a 2 x
Hence conclusion II is also true.  xyzt=a 2 x and yz>xt; y2  xa
Thus I and II are true From A, xz2 ax  xz2  ax
14. Given A  B  A  B; From B, x 2 z 2  ax and from C, ay2  a 2 x
C  A  C  A; A  D  A  D; We Know that
yz  xt  y 2 z  yxt  xaz  yxt
since C>A and A  D
So C>D  C+D; Hence conclusion II  az  yt  yt  az
is true and I is false a 2 x  xyzt  xzyt  xzaz  yt  az   xaz 2
So II is true and C=A and I is false.  ax  xz 2  xz 2  ax Thus A is true
15. Given A  B  A  B; C  D 20. From A  2  4  3   3  4   2
 C  D;B  D  B  D; 7
  5 which is false
Since B>D, C  D  B>D, 2
 D>C  B>C  B+C From B,  9  3  2  5  7
So II is true and C = A 15
From C, 12+3  2   6
cannot be determined, So I is false 2
From D,  2+4   3  6  2  3
16. Given P  QvR  P>Q and Q<R which is true
173
Numerical Ability
EXERCISE-13(B)
1. In each of the following question, alphabets (A) 38 (B) 35 (C) 36 (D) 31
are used to represent various symbols.
Greater than is represented by A, less than 7. If @ means square root, * means
by B, equal to by C, addition by D, multiplication – means subtraction, then
subtraction by E, multiplication by F, which of the following statements is correct.
division by G. Identify the correct option (A) 5@25*@625  @625  @625  575
according to the given symbols. (B) 5@5*@625  @625  500
(A) 2D3E4G2B1F2 (C) 4@4*@4-@64=24
(B) 6G2D1D1C16F1
(D ) 4@4*4  4  4  32
(C) 8D2F12G10C18G9
In the following questions, the symbols @,
(D) 8G4F1E2C16E16
*,  , =, $ are used with the following
meaning.
2. From the above question
@ means smaller than, * means smaller than
(A) 5G5F5D5A5F2 (B) 2G1D10F1B6F4
or equal to, = means equal to, $ means
(C) 1DG1E1A3G1 (D 3D2D10G2C10F2
greater than and  means greater than or
3. If > denotes +, < denotes -, V denotes  and equal to
^ denotes  , then choose the correct Assuming that the given statement is true,
statement in each of the following find which of the conclusion I and II is true.
(A) 18  2  24  9 ^ 3V4  2
8. Statement: A $ B, B = C
(B) 40 ^ 4  20  2 ^1  8  18  24
Conclusion: (I) A $ D (II) B * D
125
(C) 28 ^ 6  2  9  15V2  (A) I is true (B) II is true
3
(C) I and II is true (D) I and II is false
(D) 20 ^ 5V4  8  20V2  84
9. As per the above passage
4. What is the value P * Q, R @ P, R $ S
@ @ +25 - + + @ 16; where @ denotes Conclusion: (I) Q = R (II) P $ S.
square and + denotes square root. (A) I is true (B) II is true
(A) 625 (B) 624 (C) 622 (D) 621 (C) I and II is true (D) I and II is false
5. If  represents additions, @ represents 10. As per the above passage

subtraction, / represents division, then the Statement: A @ B * C, B $ D = E
value of 2 1/ 2 1/ 2@1/ 2 is Conclusion (I) A = D (II) E * A
3 5 5 2 (A) I is true (B) II is true
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 2 19 (C) I and II is true (D) I and II is false
6. If % means division, @ means addition, * 11. If * stands for /, / stands for -, + stands for *
means subtraction, # means Multiplication, and – stands for +, then 9/8*7+5-10=?;
then find 21%3@4*2@9#2@8 9/15*9+2-9=?
174
44 93 93 44 and decide which of the conclusions are

(A) , (B) ,
3 7 3 7 correct.
93 44 44 93 I. A@B@C, D@C$E
(C) , (D) , Conclusions: I. E*D II. A@E
7 3 7 3
(A) Only I is true (B) Only II is true
12. If * means /, - means +, + means *, / means - (C) I and II are true (D) I and II are false
then which of the following is true?
16. A=B, B@C, C*D
(A) 8*16 / 4  40  8  2
Conclusion I. D=B II. C*A
(B) 16 / 18* 4  40  8  33.2 (A) Only I is true (B) Only II is true
(C) 18  8 / 4  40  8  8 (C) I and II are true (D) I and II are false
(D) 16*4/18+16-8=-10.1
17. If P  Q  R  S, T+S>R+Q, R+S=2P in
13. If – means addition, + means multiplication, which the mathematical symbols carry the
*means division, and division means usual meaning. Then choose the right option
subtraction, then which of the following is from the following.
true. (A) T  S  P  R (B) T+S>P+Q
(A) 36 / 12* 4  50  8  106 (C) P+S>R+Q (D) T+P>2S
(B) 12*8 / 4  50  8  45.5
(C) 36* 4 / 12  36  8  407 18. If  means greater than,  means lesser
(D) 8*36 / 4  50  8  300 than,  means equal to,  means not equal to
 means a little more than,  means a little
14. If * stands for -, / stands for +, + stands / less than, Then choose the correct option
and – stands for * then which of the from the following:
following is true? If PQ  RS and PR  SQ then
1. 12*16 / 6  90  12  3.2
(A) R  Q (B)R  P (C) P  Q (D) None
2. 16*6 / 8  16  2  4.1
3. 8*12 / 6  90  12  7.2 19. In each of the following questions, an
4. 16/8*6+90-12=23.2 equation becomes incorrect due to the
Give Answer interchange of two signs. One of the four
(A) if 1 and 2 are true alternatives under it specifies the
(B) if 1 and 3 are true interchange of sign in the equation, which
(C) if 1 and 4 are true when made will make the equation correct.
(D) if 3 and 4 are true Find the correct alternative.
14+2/7 x 8 = 63
15. In the following questions (15 &16) the
(A) % and  (B)  and 
mathematical operations are # means either
(C)  and  (D) None
smaller than or equal, * means smaller than,
$ means equal to, % means greater than or 20. If $ represents double and % represent
equal to B and @ means greater than. In reciprocal, find the value of $%$6-%$%6
each of the questions, two statements 6 6 17 17
followed by two conclusions I and II are (A)  (B) (C) (D)
17 17 6 6
given. Assuming that the statement are true
175
Numerical Ability
ANSWER KEYS
1 D 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 B 6 B 7 A
8 D 9 B 10 D 11 C 12 C 13 A 14 C
15 C 16 C 17 A 18 D 19 C 20 D

176
Data Sufficiency
14. DATA SUFFICIENCY
Directions for solving

The question can be answered using a particular statement or the statements only if the
answer is unique.
Example 14.1:
What is the value of x?
I. x 2 = 4
II. x is positive
Solution:
Statement I alone is not sufficient as the value of x is not unique. Statement II alone is
also not sufficient. But combining the statements, unique value of ‘x’ exists i.e. x = 2
The answer to the question can be ‘YES’ or ‘NO’, but it should be definite.
Example:
Is x = 2?
I. x = 2
II. x = 4
Solution:
Statement I alone is sufficient, and the answer is ‘YES’
Statement II alone is also sufficient and here the answer is ‘No’
The answer in either of the cases is definite
There is no need to solve the question in detail. It is enough, if we figure out whether
the question can be solved or not.
Example:
What is the simple interest?
I. p = 300, r = 10%pa, t = 3 years
II. p = 300
Solution:
Statement I alone is sufficient to solve for simple interest uniquely.
Here, there is no need to solve for the numerical value of S1 .
177
Numerical Ability
 Analyze each statement independently before combining both the statements
 Don’t carry forward information given in one statement to the other while analyzing the
statements separately.
 And most importantly, read the directions given at the beginning of the question very
carefully to understand the answering rules.
Data Sufficiency Flow Chart:

 For the set of directions given below, use the following flow chart for a better
understanding of the concept of Data Sufficiency questions.
 Choose A; if the question can be answered by using one of the statements alone, but
cannot be answered using the other statement alone.
 Choose B; if the question can be answered by using either of the statements alone
 Choose C; if the question can be answered by using both the statements together, but
cannot be answered using either of the statements alone.
 Choose D; if the question cannot be answered even by using both the statements
together.
Analyze Statement 1
Yes No
Analyze Statement II Analyze Statement II
Yes No Yes No
Combine Statements I & II
Yes No
Ans: Choice 2 Ans: Choice 1 Ans: Choice 3 Ans: Choice 4
178
Data Sufficiency
EXERCISE-14(A)
Directions: Each question is followed by 6. In an objective test consisting of 50

two statements, I and II. Answer each questions, with each correct answer carrying
question using the following instructions: one mark and with a penalty for every
Choose A; if the question can be answered wrong answer, how many did Arun answer
by using one of the statements alone, but incorrectly?
cannot be answered using the other (I) His net score was 24.33
statement alone. (II) He attempted 26 questions
Choose B; if the question can be answered
by using either of the statements alone 7. What is the sum of length, breadth and
Choose C; if the question can be answered height of a cuboid?
by using both the statements together, but (I) T.S.A of cuboid is 94 cm
cannot be answered using either of the (II) A longest needle that can be inserted in
statements alone. the cuboid is 7.07 cm
Choose D; if the question cannot be answered 8. What is the value of a?
even by using both the statements together (I) –(a + b) = a – b
1. If x + 2y + 1 = y – x, what is the value of x? (II) a + b = 2
(I) y2 = 9 (II) y = 3 9. What is Reena’s rank in the class?
2. A person bought a radio for ‘a’ percent less (I) There are 26 students in the class.
than its MRP and then sold it for ‘b’ percent (II) There are 9 students who have scored
less than its MRP. What was the MRP of less than Reena
the radio? 10. A box contains 20 white socks and 10 black
(I) a = 20 (II) a – b = 10 socks. If 8 socks are removed, how many
3. If x is an integer, then x is divisible by how white socks remain in the box?
many positive integers? (I) The ratio of the two types of socks left
(I) x is product of two different prime behind in the box is 6:5
numbers (II) The ratio of white socks to black socks
(II) x and 8 are each divisible by the same in the 8 socks which are removed is 1:1
number of positive integers 11. What day is the fourteenth of a given
4. If a and b are positive integers, is (a + b)2 month?
divisible by 3? (I) The last day of the month is a
(I) a is divisible by 3 Wednesday.
(II) b is divisible by 3 (II) The third Saturday of the month was
seventeenth.
5. How long will it take to fill a tub with
water? 12. Among four friends A, B, C and D, who is
(I) Water will flow in at the rate of the heaviest?
100litres per minute (I) B is heavier than A, but lighter than D
(II) The tub is 2 m long and 1 m wide (II) C is the lighter than B
179
Numerical Ability
13. If it is 8.00 p.m. now, when can Harish get 17. If x, y and z are integers, is x = y = z?
the next bus for Vellore from Chennai? (I) xz = yz
(I) Buses for Vellore leave every 30 (II) yx = yz
minutes, till 10 p.m.
(II) A bus left for Vellore fifteen minutes 18. If x is an integer, is x + 3 a prime number?
ago. (I) x is a prime number
(II) x + 1 is not a prime number
14. How long will A, B and C together takes to
complete the work? 19. How long will it take a sum to become 81
(I) The ratio of capacities of A, B and C is times of itself?
3:4:6 (I) The sum it triples every 4 years at C.I
(II) C can complete certain work in 24 days (II) Rate of interest is 50% per annum at
15. In a class of 50 students, how many of them S.I.
drink tea?
20. What is the average speed of Ashok on a
(I) 40 students take at least one of the two
journey from A to D, with stops at B and C?
drinks.
(I) The average speed of Ashok for AB, BC
(II) 15 students drink both tea and coffee.
and CD is 20kmph, 30kmph and
16. In a triangle ABC, what is the length of side 40kmph respectively.
AB? (II) The total distance is between A and D is
(I) Side AC is 6cm and side BC is 3cm 100 km
(II) The triangle ABC is isosceles

180
Data Sufficiency
ANSWER KEYS
1 A 2 D 3 B 4 C 5 D 6 C 7 C
8 A 9 D 10 B 11 A 12 C 13 C 14 C
15 D 16 C 17 D 18 C 19 B 20 D
EXPLANATIONS
1. Given x  2y  1  y  x (Where a and b are different prime numbers)

2x  2y  1  0 then ‘ x ’ is divisible by 1, a, b, ab there are
To find ‘ x ’ we need ‘y’ four positive divisors of ‘ x ’.
Hence sufficient
Statement I: y2 = 9 => y =  3
Statement II: Divisors of ‘8’ are 1,2,4,8
7 5
=> x =  or Number of divisors of x = 4
2 2 Hence sufficient.
The value of ‘ x ’ is not ‘unique’. Hence
statement 1 alone is not sufficient 4. Statement I: Given, 2(lb+bh+hl)=94
Statement II: y = 3 => x = -7/2 Not sufficient as we cannot get l+b+h
Hence sufficient.
Statement: II l2  b2  h 2  7.07
2. Let the M.R.P be Rs ‘ x ’  l2  b2  h 2  49.9849
ax Clearly statement II alone is not sufficient
CP = x - a % of x = x -
100 Now combining both the statements and
 100  a  using the formula, (l+b+h)2=l2+b2+h2+-
 CP  x  
 100  2(lb+bh+hl), we can find l+b+h.
 100  b 
S.P = x - b % of x = x   5. Statement I:
 100 
Rate of flow = 100 lit/min but capacity of
80
Statement I: a = 20 => CP = .x tub is not known. Hence not sufficient
100
Statement II:
Not sufficient to find the value of ‘ x ’ as CP
Clearly not sufficient
is not known Combining statements is also not sufficient
Statement II: a – b = 10 as height of the tub is not known.
Not sufficient as CP and S.P are not known.
Combining the statements also is not 6. Statement I: is not sufficient as we do not
sufficient. know the penalty for every wrong answer
3. Given ‘ x ’ is an integer Statement II: is not sufficient as we again do
Statement I: x = a  b not know the penalty for every wrong answer.
181
Numerical Ability
Combining the two statements - If c is the No of white socks = 12

number of correct answers and w is the Hence sufficient
number of wrong answers, c + w = 26 and Statement II: Ratio of white socks to black
c– kw = 24.33, where k is the penalty for socks in the removed = 1:1 i.e. 4 white & 4
every wrong answer. Now, c can have only black Number of white socks remaining
one value i.e. 25. Therefore, w = 1. Hence = 20 – 4 = 16 Hence sufficient
both statements together are sufficient.
Ans. Choice C 11. Statement I: Not sufficient as the number
of days in the month is not known
7. Statement I: x = y + 4 => x - y = 4
Statement II:
Hence sufficient
Wed Thus Fri 3rd Sat
Statement II: (x  y) = 16=> x  y = 4
2
14 15 16 17
(not unique) Hence sufficient
Hence not sufficient
12. Statement I: D>B>A not sufficient as C’s
8. Statement I: (a  b)  a  b => a = 0 position is not known.
Hence sufficient Statement II: B>(C) Not sufficient as A
Statement II: a + b = 2 and D’s positions are not known
Unique value of ‘a’ cannot be found Combining, D>B>A and B>C,
Hence not sufficient we can conclude that D is the heaviest
9. Statement I: not sufficient 13. Statement I: not sufficient as starting time

Statement II: not sufficient as how many of the first bus is not mentioned
scored more than Reena is not known Statement II: not sufficient as duration
Combining: We do not know if two or more between the buses is not known
students have scored the same marks; hence Combining
ranks could be same. Hence we cannot The next bus will be at 8.15 pm.
conclude about Reena’s rank. 14. Statement: I
Ratio of capacities of A:B:C = 3 : 4 : 6
10. Statement I: It is not specified whether 6:5
is the ratio of white socks: black socks or
 Ratio of number of days taken by A,B
black socks: white socks. But then, even if 1 1 1
and C = : : = 4 : 3 : 2
the 8 socks removed are white, the number 3 4 6
left behind would still be greater than the Therefore A,B and C can complete the work
number of black socks left behind (D) in 4x, 3x and 2x days respectively. Now,
Hence 6:5 has to be the ratio of white socks: from only statement I, we cannot answer as
black socks. we know only ratio of number of days.
Ratio of white socks to black = 6:5 From only statement II we cannot answer as
After ‘8’ socks are removed there is no information about B and A.
6k + 5k = 30-8 = 22  k = ‘2’ Now combining statements I and II we have
2x  2x=24  x=12
182
Data Sufficiency
There by we can find the number of days Hence not sufficient

taken by A,B and C together. Hence option Statement II: not sufficient
C follows Combining: AB can be 3 or 6 as  ABC is
isosceles. But side AB cannot be equal to 3
15. Given, the total number of students in the as sum of two sides should be greater than
class is 50. the third side. Hence AB = 6
We have to find a+c
Statement I: 17. Statement I: x z = yz
Given a+b+c+n=50 ……………(1)
=> z ( x -y) = 0 => z = 0 or x = y
Not sufficient
a+b+c=40 ………….............…..(2) Statement II: y x = yz
=> y ( x -z) = 0 => y = 0 or x = z
Tea Coffee μ=50 Not sufficient
Combining:
x z y (or) x = y = z
a c b
Any value 0 0
n
18. Statement I:‘ x ’ is a prime number

From (1) and (2) we get n=10
Consider two values of x which are prime
As there is no information about b, we
x x +3
cannot answer the
2 5 which is prime
question by only Statement: I
3 6 which is not prime
Statement II:
c=15 ……...............................…(3)
Statement II: x + 1 is not a prime number
From (1) and (3),
Consider two values of x + 1, which are
we have a+b+n=35 …….....……(4)
non prime
Clearly statement II, alone is not sufficient
x +1 x +3
to answer
3 5 which is prime
Now combining both the statements I and II
4 6 which is not prime
we have n=10, c=15 and a+b=25
As there is no information about a or b, we
Combining:
cannot find a+c.
If ‘ x ’ is prime and ‘ x + 1’ is not a prime
A then ‘ x ’ must be an odd number.
16.
=> x + 3 is an even number which means
x + 3 is not a prime number
Hence both statements together are
B C sufficient
Statement I: AC = 6; BC = 3 => 3<AB<9 19. Statement: I

Given the sum triples every 4 years at C.I.
183
Numerical Ability
Let 20. Statement I:

Not sufficient to calculate average speed as
Initi After After After After
the distances of AB, BC and CD are not
al 4 8 12 16
known.
sum years years years years
Statement II:
100 300 3(300) 3(900) 3(2700) 
= = = AD = 100 km
900 2700 8100 Not sufficient as total time of travel is not
known.
Therefore statement I alone is sufficient to Combining; not sufficient
answer.
Statement II:
As the rate of interest is 50% we can easily
find the time taken by using A
 TR 
= P 1+ 
 100 
Therefore statement (II) alone is sufficient to
answer.

184
Data Sufficiency
EXERCISE-14(B)
1. If x2-2x+y=x(x-3), then what is the value of 8. Is S15 > 100?
x? (I) tn=2n+7
(I) |y|=4 (II) Sn+2=2n2+5n+3
(II) y2=9
9. In a class of 80 students, each student drinks
2. A person bought a radio at a discount of x % either coffee or tea. How many of them
and sold it for y% less than its MRP. What drink tea?
was the MRP of the radio? (I) 60 students drink at least one of them i.e.
(I) x+y=20 tea or coffee
(II) x=20 and the cost price of the radio is (II) 15 students drink only coffee
Rs. 600
10. By what percent volume of the cube
3. 
Is x x  z +
 divisible by 11? increases?
(I) Surface area of a cube increases by 44%
(I) The sum of the digits of x in even and
(II) Length of the cube increases by 15%
odd places are equal
(II) Sum of the digits of x is an even number
11. In a triangle PQR, what is length of side
PQ?
4. In an objective test consisting 60 questions,
(I) Side PR is 10 cm and side QR is 4 cm
with each correct answer carrying one mark
(II) The triangle PQR is isosceles
and with a penalty for every wrong answer,
how many questions did Amit answer
12. What is Vishal’s rank in the class?
incorrectly?
(I) There are 35 students in the class.
(I) His net score is 43.33
(II) There are 10 students who have scored
(II) He attempted 45 questions
less than Vishal.
5. What is the length of the train?

13. What is the difference of the two numbers?
(I) The train crosses a pole in 5 sec.
(I) HCF of the numbers is 3
(II) It crosses a platform of length 200m in
(II) Product of the numbers is 585
6 sec.
14. If it is 9:30 a.m. now, when can Amit get the
6. If x is an integer, is x+5 a perfect number?
next bus for Hyderabad from Bangalore?
(I) x is a prime number less than 10
(I) Buses for Hyderabad leave every 1 hour
(II) x is neither composite nor a prime
till 12:00 p.m
number
(II) A bus left for Hyderabad 10 minutes ago
7. If x, y and z are non-negative integers, is 15. One end of a ladder is touching the top of a
x=y=z? building and the other is grounded at a
(I) x2=y2 distance of 20 m from the foot of the
(II) yz=xy building. What is the length of the ladder?
185
Numerical Ability
(I) If the ladder skips down by 5 meters 19. How many 2 legged animals are there in the
along the wall, the angle of elevation zoo?
changes to 45O. (I) Total number of legs is 130 and total
(II) The angle of elevation initially was 60O. number of heads is 45.
(II) There are 10 horses in the zoo
16. Is x+y > 25?
(I) LCM of x and y is 60 20. How many divisors does x have?
(II) The product of x and y is 180 (I) x is a product of two prime numbers
(II) x has infinite number of multiples
17. What is the value of x?
(I) -(x-y)=2(y-x)
(II) x+y=3
18. How many apples do Anand have?

(I) If Anand gives 10 apples to Bimal, then
he will be left with half the number of
apples as Bimal had initially.
(II) The ratio of the apples with Anand and
Bimal is 3:2

ANSWER KEYS
1 D 2 A 3 D 4 D 5 A 6 B 7 A
8 A 9 C 10 A 11 B 12 D 13 A 14 B
15 C 16 C 17 A 18 B 19 D 20 C

186
Data Interpretation
15. DATA INTERPRETATION
EXERCISE-15(A)
Common Data for Questions: 1 to 3

The table below shows the offence statistics
for four cities – A, B, C and D Answer The table below shows the financial figures
questions 1 to 3 based on this information. of company XYZ from the year 1999 to
2003. Answer questions 4 to 6 based on this
2006 Data 1999 information.
Data 199 200 200 200 200
City Population Number Number Number 9 0 1 2 3
(in thous- of 18-28 of offen- of offen- Total
ands) ders ders
year reven
olds (in ue
56.1 61.4 60.5 60.8 61.8
thousan (Rs
ds) Millio
A 129.2 20.4 380 396 n)
B 118.0 16.9 392 380 Overa
C 72.4 7.3 273 214 ll Cost
D 25.1 6.3 166 176 per
12.6 12.6 12.4 12.3 12.6
sale
1. Which city had the highest percentage of 18- (in
28 year olds in 2006? Rs)
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D Numb
er of 4,10 4,30 4,60 4,50 4,70
2. Relative to population, which city had the sales 0 0 0 0 0
lowest rate of offenders in 2006? (‘000)
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D Cash
Balan
3. Which city had the largest % decrease in ce (Rs 1.2 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.6
number of offenders between 1999 and Millio
2006? n)
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
4. What was the overall profit as a percentage
of revenue for 2002?
(A) 4.2 % (B) 5.2% (C) 6.5% (D) 9.0%
187
Numerical Ability
5. What was Cash Balance as a percentage of inflation index from the year 1996 to 2007.
total costs for 2001? Answer questions 10 to 12 based on this
(A) 3.5% (B) 3.6% (C) 3.7% (D) 3.8% information.
Annual percentage change in inflation

1.8
6. In which year was the largest percentage 1.5
increase in number of sales reported? 1.2
0.9
(A) 2000 (B) 2001 (C) 2002 (D) 2003 0.6
0.3
0
Common Data for Questions: 7 to 9 -0.3
-0.6
The graph below shows the sales and -0.9
-1.2
consumption figures of shoes from February 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
to July. Answer questions 7 to 9 based on

10. If in 1998 inflation was 2.6%, what was it in
this information.
2003?
(A) 2.53% (B) 2.56%
(C) 2.58% (D) 2.62%
11. Between 1997 and 2007, how many times

did the inflation not vary from the previous
year?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3
(D) Cannot be determined
12. Between 1999 and 2007, which year

7. What was the excess production of shoes in
experienced the largest proportional increase
April that were not sold?
in inflation?
(A) 500 (B) 1,000 (C) 1,500 (D) 2,000
(A) 2003 (B) 2004 (C) 2005 (D) 2006
8. In which month was total production from

both factories combined the lowest?
(A) March (B) April (C) May (D) June The pie charts below shows the distribution
of energy consumption in office ABC for
9. The shoes that are produced but not sold the years 2001 and 2009. Answer questions
each month are stored for when sales exceed 13 to 15 based on this information
Distribution of Energy-200 (Total=17000 Kwh)
production. From the period February to
July, what was the net number of shoes
stored? Print
Room
PC Room
(A) 500 (B) 1,000 (C) 1,500 (D) 2,000 15%
12%
Kitchen
Common Data for Questions: 10 to 12 20%
Office
Space
The graph below shows the change in 41% Meeting
Rooms
12%
188
Data Interpretation
Distribution of Energy – 2009 (Total=1500Kwh

Sales of Chocolates in 2008
Vendor D
Print Room PC Room Q1

12% 21% Vendor C
Q2
Q3
Vendor B
Q4
Kitchen
14%
Office Space Vendor A
39%
Meeting
Rooms 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
14%
16. What was the percentage decrease in sales

for Vendor C between the third and fourth
13. Between 2001 and 2009, what was the quarter of 2008?
increase in energy use for the PC Room, (A) 16.7% (B) 25%
Meeting Rooms and Office Space (C) 33.3% (D) 36.7%
combined?
(A) 50 kWh (B) 184 kWh 17. What was the ratio of Q4 sales to Q2 sales
(C) 188 kWh (D) Cannot Say for Vendor B?
(A) 1:3 (B) 1:2 (C) 1:4 (D) 1:5
14. If the total energy usage today has reduced
by 6% compared to that of 2009, by how 18. Which quarter consistently had the highest
much has today’s usage reduced when number of sales for all four vendors?
compared to 2001? (A) Q1 (B) Q2 (C) Q3 (D) Q4
(A) 82.9% (B) 17.1%
(C) 17.8% (D) Cannot Say Common Data for Questions: 19 to 21
The bar graph below shows the sales figures
15. Which space experienced the smallest
of PCs for four shops, A, B, C and D from
change in energy use between 2001 and
January to April. Answer questions 19 to 21
2009?
based on this information.
(A) Kitchen (B) Print room
(C) Meeting room (D) PC room
Common Data Questions: 16 to 18

Given below is the sales data for chocolates
for four vendors A, B, C and D for the four
quarters Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 of the year
2008. Answer the questions that follow
based on this.
189
Numerical Ability
19. For all the shops combined, which month 21. If the average profit made on each PC sold
showed the largest decrease in PC sales over by D over all four months was
the previous month? Rs 6200, what was the total profit over the
(A) Jan (B) Feb (C) Mar (D) Apr four months for this shop?
(A) Rs. 3,14,400 (B) Rs.3,78,200
20. Approximately what percentage of A’s sales (C) Rs. 3,85,700 (D) Data insufficient
were made in April?
(A) 21% (B) 22% (C) 24% (D) 28%

190
Data Interpretation
ANSWER KEYS
1 D 2 A 3 D 4 D 5 A 6 B 7 A
8 A 9 C 10 A 11 B 12 D 13 A 14 B
15 C 16 C 17 A 18 B 19 D 20 C 21 B
EXPLANATIONS
1. Highest percentage of 18 – 28 year old in 4. In 2002

2006. Total Cost = No of sales  overall cost per
20.4
City A:  100  15.78% sale  4500 103 12.3  55.35 Million
129
16.9 Total revenue = 60.8 million
City B:  100  14.32% Profit % =
118
7.3 Total Revenue -
City C:  100  10% Profit Total Cost
72.4  100   100
6.3 Revenue Total Revenue
City D:  100  25%
25.1 60.8  55.35
City ‘D’ has highest % of 18.28 years old in =  100 = 8.9% ~ 9%
60.8
2006
2. ‘A’ has lowest rate of offenders in 2006. 5. Cash balance as a percentage of total
380 Cash balance
City A:  100  0.29% Cost for 2001 =  100
129.2  103 Total Costs
392 Cash balance = 2 106

City B:  100  0.332%
118  103 Total Costs = 12.4  4600 103
273 2  106
City C:  100  0.377% =  100  3.5%
72.4  103 12.4  4600  103
166
City D:  100  0.661%
25.1 103 6. Largest percentage increase in number of
sales is reported in 2001.
3. Largest decrease in the number of offenders 200
between 1999 and 2006. Year 2000:  100  4.87%
4100
16
A:  100  4% Year 2001:
300
 100  6.97%
396 4300
B: increase Year 2002:Decrease
C: increase 200
Year 2003:  100  4.44%
10
D:  100  5.6% 4500
176
191
Numerical Ability
7. In April which we can see because this is the only

Output from factory A = 5000; Output from year between 1999 and 2007 that
factory B = 1500 experienced a positive change.
Total men’s shoes sold = 3500; Total
13. Percentage energy use for the PC Room,
women’s shoes sold = 2500
meeting rooms and office space combined in
Total output from factory A and B = 6500
2001 = 12% + 12% + 41% = 65%
Total No of shoes sold= 6000
Percentage energy use in 2009 = 21 + 14 +
Excess production of shoes that were not
39 = 74%
sold
= Total output - Total no of shoes sold 65% of 17000  11050
Energy use in kwh= 
= 6500 – 6000= 500 74% of 15000  11100
Increase in energy use from 2001 to 2009 is
8. Total production from both factories 11100 – 11050 = 50 kwh
combined is lowest in ‘March’. 14. Energy usage in 2009 = 15000 kwh
Output Output Total Today’s usage reduced by 6% present usage
A B = 15000 – 6% of 15000
March: 4500 1500 6000 = 14100 kwh
April: 5000 1500 6500 Energy usage in 2001 = 17000 kwh
May: 5000 1500 6500 % reduction in energy usage when compared
June: 5000 2000 7000
17000  14100
to 2001 =  100  17%
17000
Total production from February to July
Feb Mar April 15. Smallest change in energy use between 2001
Production: 6500 + 6000 + 6500 and 2009 is
Sold: 6000 + 6500 + 6000 2001 2009
May June July Kitchen: 3400 - 2100 = 1760
Production: 6500 + 7000 + 7000 Print room: 2550 - 1800 = 750
Sold: 6000 + 6500 + 7000 Meeting room: 2040 - 2100 = 60
Total PC Room: 2040 - 3150 = 1110
Production: 39,500 Smallest change is in the case of the meeting
Sold: 38000 room
Unsold Items = Production – Sold items
16. For Vendor C
= 39500 – 38000 = 1500
Sales in Q3= 90-75=15
Sales in Q4= 100-90=10
10. 2.6% x 99.7% x 99.4% x 99.4% x 99.1% x
% decrease from Q3 to Q4
99.7% = 2.53%
15  10
=  100 = 33.33%
11. Count how many times the graph is at 0%, 15
since this is the ‘Annual percent change’.
17. For Vendor B
Once in 2004 and once in 2007
Sales in Q4= 15
12. There was only one year between 1999 and Sales in Q2= 45
2007 in which the inflation increased: 2006, Ratio of sales in Q4 to Q2 = 15 : 45 = 1 : 3
192
Data Interpretation
18. Based on observation, it is in Q2 20. Percentage of A’s sales in April

Jan Feb Mar April
A’s sales:
19. A B D C 8 10 13 10
Sales in April 10
Jan: 8 + 20 + 10 + 5 =  100 =  100  24.4%
= 43 Total Sales 41
Feb: 10 + 20 + 4 + 14
= 48 21. For D:
Mar: 13 + 18 + 6 + 18 Jan Feb Mar April
= 55
April: 10 + 16 + 8 + 19 10 + 14 + 18 + 19 = 61
= 53 Average profit on each pc sold by ‘D’
Decrease in Feb = 48 – 43 = 5 (increase) = 6200
Mar = 55 – 48 = 7 (increase) Total Profit = 6200  61 = Rs 3, 78,200
April = 53 – 55 = -2(decrease)

193
Numerical Ability
EXERCISE-15(B)
Common Data for Questions: 1 to 5 Common Data for Questions:6 to 10
The table shows the number of seat belts The pie-chart shows the percentage of
produced (P) (in lakhs) by four different people in a city A working in night shifts
companies and the percentage defect (%D) from various industries.
over the years. (all answers are in lakhs) Total number of people working in night
shift is 60000
Company Company Company Company
Year
A B C D
Industry
P %D P %D P %D P %D
B  14% CI  16%
2004 28 2 40 2.5 42 1.5 25 0.5
2005 35 1.5 36 2.0 45 1.5 28 0.5 S  8%
2006 24 1 32 2.2 48 1.8 26 1.0 IT  12%

2007 40 2.5 45 1.8 50 1.7 30 1.2
CC  32%
2008 30 3 48 1.9 52 1.6 32 0.8 G  18%
2009 36 2 50 2.0 55 1.9 33 0.7
The table shows the percentage of females

1. What is the difference in the average
working in night shifts for the respective
production of company A and the average
industries
production of company B?
(A) 0.966 (B) 9.66 (C) 96.6 (D) None Industry Females
IT 20%
2. What is the number of good seat belts Gaming (G) 20%
produced by Company A over the years? Call Centre (CC) 45%
(A) 18.9055 (B) 189.055 Sales (S) 60%
(C) 1890.55 (D) None
Banking (B) 40%
3. What is the number of defective seat belts Chemical Industry (CI) 15%
produced by all the companies together in
the year 2007? 6. How many women are working in night
(A) 3.02 (B) 30.2 (C) 3.5 (D) 10.43 shifts considering all the industries together?
(A) 15,420 (B) 18720 (C) 20000 (D) 17750
4. What is the ratio of the total number of seat
7. What is the ratio of total number of men
belts produced by company C and company
working in night shifts in the Gaming
D over the years?
Industry to the total number of men working
(A) 3:4 (B) 5:6 (C) 7:9 (D) None
in night shifts in the Banking Industry?
(A) 15:19 (B) 11: 9 (C) 12:7 (D) 19:23
5. Which company has shown the maximum
percentage increase in the production of seat 8. The total number of men working in night
belts over the years? shifts is approximately what percent of the
(A) Company A (B) Company B total number of people working in night
(C) Company C (D) Company D shifts?
(A) 60% (B) 70% (C) 65% (D) 74%
194
Data Interpretation
9. In which of the industries is the number of 11. Which city has the least number of children?
women working in night shifts more than (A) City A (B) City B
the average number of women working for (C) City C (D) City D
any industry in night shifts?
12. What is the ratio of the number of men from
(A) Call centre (B) Sales
City B and the number of women from City D?
(C) Banking (D)All of these
(A) 2:3 (B) 3:5 (C) 5:7 (D) 7:9
10. Which of the following statements is/are
13. What is the total number of women and
true?
children from city E?
(i) The number of women working in night
(A) 19.8 millions (B) 25.8 millions
shifts in IT and Chemical Industry are the
(C) 29.9 millions (D) 27.8 millions
same.
(ii) The number of women working in night 14. Population of City D increases by 10% in
shifts in the Chemical Industry is 50% of the the next year and the percentage of children
number of women working in night shifts in remains the same. What is the difference in
Sales. the number of children in these two
(iii) Gaming and Call Centre consist of 50% years?
of the night shift workers. (A) 9 lakhs (B) 8.5 lakhs
(A) Only(i) (B) Only(ii) and (iii) (C) 10 lakhs (D) 9 millions
(C) Only (i) and (iii) (D) All
15. The population of city E is what percent of
Common Data Questions: 11 to 15 the total population of all the cities together?
(A) 28% (B) 30% (C) 18% (D) 22%
The table shows the percentage of men,
women and children in these cities Common Data for Questions: 16 to 20
City Men Women Children The bar graph shows the production of
A 38 36 26 Wheat (W) and Rice(R)( in lakh tones) over
B 45 30 25
the years.
C 47 31 25
WR
300
D 35 45 20 R
W R
E 54 28 18 WR W
200 R W R
W
F 53 25 22
100
The bar graph shows the population of 0

various cities in millions 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
70
60 series1 16. For which of the following pairs of years,
50 the total production of wheat and rice
together is the same?
40
(A) 2004 and 2008 (B) 2006 and 2007
30
(C) 2004 and 2009 (D)2004 and 2007
20
10 17. What is the ratio of the total production of
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 wheat and rice over the years?
0 A B C D E F G (A) 2:3 (B) 11:15 (C) 17: 24 (D) None
195
Numerical Ability
18. For how many years the production was 21. In the year 2006, the expenditure of
above average production of rice? company A was Rs. 20 crores, what was the
(A) 4 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 income of company A in the same year (Rs.
In crores)
19. What is the approximate percentage change (A) 30 (B) 36 (C) 24 (D) 32
in the production of rice over the years?
(A) 8% increase (B) 15% increase 22. In the year 2008, the ratio of incomes of the
(C) 11% increase (D) None companies A and B was 3:4, what was their
20. Which year shows the maximum percentage ratio of expenditures of the same year?
change in the production of wheat from its (A) 18:25 (B) 15:17 (C) 19:21 (D) 21:25
previous year?
(A) 2006 (B) 2005 (C) 2009 (D) 2008 23. In the year 2009, the expenditures of the two
companies were equal, then what was the
Common Data Questions: 21 to 25 ratio of their incomes in the same year?
These questions are based on the following (A) 15:17 (B) 23:30 (C) 17:20 (D) 23:25
line graph.
Percentage of profit made by two companies 24. For how many years, the expenditure of
A and B from 2004 to 2009. company A was more than that of company
30 B
B (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3
20
(D) Cannot be determined
10 A
25. For how many years was the profit
0
percentage of company B not more than that
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
of A?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 1
Income  Exp
Percentage of profit =  100
Exp
ANSWER KEYS
1 B 2 B 3 A 4 D 5 D 6 A 7 C
8 D 9 D 10 D 11 B 12 D 13 C 14 A
15 D 16 B 17 D 18 D 19 C 20 A 21 C
22 A 23 D 24 D 25 B

196
|GA| Numerical Ability
DIRECTION SENSE
In direction sense, there are four directions–East, West, North and South and four cardinal
directions North-East, South-East, North-West, South-West as shown below.
NW NE
90 90
W E
90 90
S W SE
Concept of Left (or) Right:

From the given question in which direction person is facing accordingly we should take care
of either which is left or right.
Type-I: Concept of Pythagoras theorem:

The Pythagoras theorem is useful to calculate the shortest distance from the initial point
(starting point) to ending point (final point).
Example:
Akash drives 10 km towards South from his house and turns left and drives another 15
km. He again turns left and drives 40km straight then he turns right and drives for another
5 km to reach his office where he works. How much far is his office from his house ?
(A) 5 13km (B) 10 13 km (C) 15 13 km (D) 20 13 km
1
Solution:
HI  30 km; IO  15  5  20 km
I 15 5km
O
office
H
House 40
10km
15km
From Pythagoras theorem;
HO   HI    I0    30    20   1300  10 13
2 2 2 2
Type-II: Concept of moving in angle:

Example:
A man facing north first he moves 45° clock wise then 135° anti-clockwise.
He repeated the process for 50 times. Now in which direction he is facing now ?
Solution:
After the first step, person would be 90° anti-clock wise
135
(i.e., after 1st step person facing north direction). 45
After 4 steps, he will be at starting point.
After 48 steps  4 12 , he will be at starting point.
After 50 steps, he will be facing south.
2
Type-III: Concept of Shadow

Morning time (Dawn): Sun
1. At the time of sunrise if a man stands facing the east, his

shadow will be towards west.
2. At the time of sunrise if a man stands facing the north, his

shadow will be towards his left. shadow
East
3. At the time of sunrise if a man stands facing the south then
his shadow will be towards his right.
Evening time (Dusk):

Sun
4. At the time of sunset the shadow of an object is always in
the east.
5. At the time of sunset if a man stands facing the north, his

shadow will be towards his right. shadow
6. At 12:00 noon, the rays of the sun are vertically down ward
West
hence there will be no shadow.
Example:
In morning time a shadow of a person is falling to his right. In which direction person
is facing? Sun
Solution:
At the time of sunrise, if the man is facing north
then shadow is to his left.
But given shadow of person is falling to his right.
shadow
So he is facing in south.
East



Permutations & Combinations: Permutation

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Permutations & Combinations

11. PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS

(ii) Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken all at a time.

(iii) Number of combinations of dissimilar things taken r at a time is

(iv) Number of combinations of n dissimilar things taken all at a time is

Particular Case: Necklace:

(viii) nCr = nCn-r

(x) Number of combinations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time when P particular

(xi) Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time when P particular

(xii) Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time when P particular

Division into groups:

m and n things respectively =

(p) Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time when each

(q) Selection out of identical things.

4. Given, n P8 = 336 n P5 7. The given word is GATEFORUM

 The number of numbers that are greater

1. The given word is ‘ELECTRONICS’. 3. The given digits are 0,1,3,4,5,8,9.

9! 10 P2 = 4 P3 (1 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) (1111) = 506616

8. The total number of books = 6 x 7 = 42

1. The Sum Rule

6. Mutually Exclusive Events

8. Equally likely events

9. Probability: If a random experiment results in n exhaustive, mutually exclusive and equally

11. Addition theorem of Probability

12. Conditional Events:

13. Multiplication theorem of Probability

14. Independent Events

15. Baye’s Theorem

16. From a set of numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. The

9. Number of ways of arranging the given Probability of passing in both is

i.e. P  A  B = P(A) + P(B) – P  A  B 7 6 5 4 120

is 12. If two numbers are chosen from

13. A bag consists of 6 white and 3 red balls. A 1 1 1 1

1. Probability that A speaks truth is 22 22x 2 1

 The probability of getting a king is 3rd 2y y

 x - 40  x  10  10. Since all the girls have to sit together, they

17. For 3 winnings, the options available are 2 x 33x 34 33

2 1 1 2 4 19. Numbers of ways of drawing a card is 52 C2

13. MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS AND SYMBOLS

1. If + means –, (A) 9x8y10z4u36  4

Common Data for Questions: 11 & 12 If P  QvR then

If + means greater than, - means equal to,  (A) P  RvQ (B) Q  P  R

In the following questions, the symbols +     

15. Statement: A  B, C  D, B+D

1. Substituting the proper signs in the given 6. Consider A, 9x 8y 10z 4u 36

10. Consider LHS From A, P  RvQ

12. 2a ^ b  2a  b; b-3c 17.     means ><

5. If  represents additions, @ represents 10. As per the above passage

44 93 93 44 and decide which of the conclusions are

14. DATA SUFFICIENCY

Directions for solving

 Analyze each statement independently before combining both the statements

Data Sufficiency Flow Chart:

Analyze Statement II Analyze Statement II

Combine Statements I & II

Ans: Choice 2 Ans: Choice 1 Ans: Choice 3 Ans: Choice 4

Directions: Each question is followed by 6. In an objective test consisting of 50

1. Given x  2y  1  y  x (Where a and b are different prime numbers)

Combining the two statements - If c is the No of white socks = 12