18.

01 Final Answers

1. (1a) By the product rule,

(x3 ex )0 = 3x2 ex + x3 ex = ex (3x2 + x3 ).

(1b) If f (x) = sin(2x), then

f (7) (x) = −128 cos(2x)

since:

f (1) (x) = 2 cos(2x)

f (2) (x) = −4 sin(2x)

f (3) (x) = −8 cos(2x)

f (4) (x) = 16 sin(2x)

f (5) (x) = 32 cos(2x)

f (6) (x) = −64 sin(2x)

f (7) (x) = −128 cos(2x)

2. (2a) The line tangent to y = 3x2 − 5x + 2 at x = 2 has a slope equal

to that of the curve at x = 2 and passes through the point (2, 4).
The slope of the line at x = 2 is y 0 (x = 2) = 6x − 5 = 6(2) − 5 = 7 = m.
The y-intercept of the line, b, is found by using the slope and the known
4−b
point: = 7 ⇒ b = −10.
2−0
The equation of the line is therefore

y = mx + b = 7x − 10.

(2b) If the curve had a horizontal tangent, then at some point the first
derivative of y with respect to x would be equal to zero.
The derivative of the equation xy 3 + x3 y = 4 is

1
 y 3 + x(3y 2 )y 0 + 3x2 y + y 0 x3 = 0 ⇒ y 0 (x3y 2 + x3 ) = −y 3 − 3x2 y.

−y 3 − 3x2 y
If y 0 were equal to 0, then = 0 ⇒ −y 3 − 3x2 y = 0. This
x3y 2 + x3
equation is valid when both x and y are zero or when y 3 = −3x2 y for nonzero
x and y.
The first case is not valid, because we are given that xy 3 + x3 y = 4, which
would not be possible if x and y were both zero.
The second case is also impossible, because y 3 = −3x2 y ⇒ y 2 = −3x2 (we
can divide by y because in this case it must be nonzero) and it is not possible
for the ratio of two squares (necessarily positive numbers) to be equal to a
negative number.
Therefore y 0 can never be zero and so the curve defined by xy 3 + x3 y = 4
has no horizontal tangents.

3. (3a)
 
d x f (t) − f (x)
= lim
dx x+1 t→x t−x
t x
t+1
− x+1
= lim
t→x t−x
t(x + 1) − x(t + 1)
= lim
t→x (t − x)(t + 1)(x + 1)
tx + t − tx − x
= lim
t→x (t − x)(t + 1)(x + 1)
t−x
= lim
t→x (t − x)(t + 1)(x + 1)
1
= lim
t→x (t + 1)(x + 1)
1
=
(x + 1)2

(3b)
tan−1 (x) − π/3
lim
√ √
x→ 3 x− 3
√
When x → 3, the numerator becomes π/3 − π/3 = 0 and as the de-
nominator also goes to zero, we can use l’Hospital’s rule to compute the
limit:

2
 (tan−1 (x) − π/3)0 1/(1 + x2 )
lim
√ √ = lim
√
x→ 3 (x − 3)0 x→ 3 1
1
= lim
√ 2
x→ 3 1 + x
1
= √
1 + ( 3)2
1
=
4

x
4. As shown in the graph below, y = has the following properties:
x2 +1
• Local maximum (y 0 = 0, y 00 < 0) at x=1
• Local minimum (y 0 = 0, y 00 > 0) at x=-1
• The function is increasing (y 0 > 0) when |x| < 1
• The function is decreasing (y 0 < 0) when |x| > 1
√
• The inflection points (y 00 = 0) are x = 0, ± 3
• The graph is symmetric about the origin
 
x
• The horizontal asymptote lim 2 is the line y = 0
x→∞ x + 1

• There is no vertical asymptote

5. The values x and y are defined as in the figure below:

3
 The area of printed type = 50 in2 , so xy = 50 and the total area of the
poster is (x + 4)(y + 8). To minimize the amount of paper used, we need to
minimize the total area of the poster.

(x + 4)(y + 8) = xy + 4y + 8x + 32 = 82 + 4y + 8x
since we know that xy = 50.
We can also substitute y = 50/x, so that we have an area equal to:

4(50)
82 + + 8x.
x
To find the minimum of this equation we set the first derivative with
respect to x equal to zero:
200
− + 8 = 0 ⇒ x2 = 25 ⇒ x = 5,
x2
taking only the positive root because x represents a physical quantity.
We can check that x = 5 corresponds to a minimum of the area by taking
the second derivative of − 200
x2
+ 8, which is 400
x3
. Since this is positive at x = 5,
the point does indeed correspond to a minimum.
If x = 5 then xy = 50 ⇒ y = 10. Thus the dimensions of the poster which
minimize the amount of paper used are a = x + 4 = 9 in and b = y + 8 = 18
in.

6. Let y be the total distance from the plane to the car, and let x be
the horizontal distance between the plane and the car. The question asks for
dc/dt, the car’s speed.

4
 √
From the Pythagorean theorem, y = x2 + 1, because the plane is a
distance one mile above the road. By definition, we also know that dc/dt =
dx/dt − 120, as the plane has speed 120 mph with respect
p to the√ ground. In
addition, since y = 3/2 at t = 0, we know that x = y 2 − 1 = 25 at t = 0.
We can then determine that:
 
dy 1 2 −1/2 dx
= (x + 1) (2x) = −136
dt 2 dt
√
and we can substitute x = 5/2 to obtain:
 
dx 3 408
= −136 √ ≈−
dt 5 2.2
From this we can calculate:
408
dc/dt = − 120 ≈ 65.5 mph
2.2

5
 7. (7a)
n r
√
  Z 2
X 2i 2
lim 1+ = 1 + x dx
n→∞
i=1
n n 0
2
2 
3/2 
= (1 + x) 
3 0
2 3/2 2
= (3) −
3 3
√ 2
=2 3−
3

(7b)
R 2+h
1 2+h sin(x2 )dx
Z
2
lim sin(x )dx = lim 2
h→0 h 2 h→0 h
By l’Hospital’s rule, this is equal to

lim sin((2 + h)2 ) = sin(4)

h→0

8. (8a)
Z π/4 Z π/4   Z π/4
2 sin x 1 sin x
tan x sec xdx = dx = dx
0 0 cos x cos2 x 0 cos3 x
du
Let u = cos x. Then = − sin(x). Substituting into the integral,
dx
Z π/4 Z x=π/4
π/4
sin x du 1 −2  1
1
cos(π/4)−2 − 1 = .

dx = − = cos(x)  =
0 cos3 x x=0 u3 2 0 2 2

(8b) Using integration by parts,

2 2
Z  Z 2
1 2 1
x ln xdx = x ln x − x dx
1 2 1 1 2
2
1 1 1 2 
= (4) ln(2) − ln(1) − x 
2 2 4 1
1 3
= 2 ln(2) − ln(1) −
2 4

9. Using the inverse trigonometric substitutions x = 3 sin θ, dx = 3 cos θdθ,

the integral becomes

6
 9 sin2 θ(3 cos θdθ)
Z Z
p =9 sin2 θdθ.
9 − 9 sin2 θ
We can then use the double angle formula sin2 θ = 12 (1 − cos 2θ) to obtain
Z
9
(1 − cos 2θ) dθ.
2
Evaluating the integral, we have
9 9
θ − sin 2θ + C,
2 4
where C is a constant of integration. Substituting x back in,
Z
x2 dx 9 x 1 √
√ = sin−1 − x 9 − x2 + C
9 − x2 2 3 2
*for reference, this is worked out in lec 25, fall 2005, p.4

10. In general, the volume of an area revolved around the y-axis can be
found by
Z b
V = 2π xf (x)dx
a
In this case, we are revolving the region as shown in the figure below:

7
 √ √
Applying the formula to the region between a2 − x2 , − a2 − x2 , x = a,
and x = a/2, we obtain:
Z a √
V = 2π x2 a2 − x2 dx
a/2

Substituting u = x2 and du/dx = 2x :

Z x=a √   x=a
2
2 2 3/2 

V = 2π a − udu = 2π − (a − u)
x=a/2 3 
x=a/2

Replacing u with x2 :

a

4π 2 2 3/2 
V =− (a − x )
3 
a/2
4π
0 − (a2 − (a/2)2 )3/2


=−
3
3/2
4π 3a2

=
3 4
√ 3
3πa
=
2

x
11. Let y(x) = ex . Using the two-trapezoid method, the picture should
be approximately as follows:

8
 The areas of the regions are then:
Region I: (3 − 1)y(1) = 2y(1) = 2(2.7) = 5.4
Region II: (5 − 3)y(3) = 2y(3) = 2(6.7) = 13.4
Region III: (.5)(3 − 1)(y(3) − y(1)) = y(3) − y(1) = 6.7 − 2.7 = 4
Region IV:(.5)(5 − 3)(y(5) − y(3)) = y(5) − y(3) = 29.7 − 6.7 = 23
And the total area is then 45.8 units2 .

12. (12a) It is given that the rate of radioactive decay of a mass of

Radium-226, dm/dt, is proportional to the amount m of Radium present at
time t. We can then write
dm
= Am,
dt
where A is a constant. Re-writing and integrating the equation,

Z Z
dm
= Adt
m
ln(m) = At + C 0
0 0
m = eAt+C = eAt eC
m = CeAt

9
 where C is a constant. We can find A and C by using the information
given in the problem. First, we know that there are 100 mg of Radium
present at t = 0, so that

m(t = 0) = C = 100 mg.

We also know that it takes 1600 years for m to decrease by half. Therefore:

(50/100) = .5 = e1600A
ln(.5) = 1600A
A = ln(.5)/1600.

Finally,

m = CeAt
= 100e(ln(.5)/1600)t
= 100(eln(.5) )t/1600
= 100(.5)t/1600 ,

where t is in years and m(t) is in mg.

(12b) When t = 1000 years, and using the approximation given in the
question,

m = 100(.5)1000/1600
= 100(2)−10/16
≈ 100(.65)
= 65mg.

13. The formula for arc length S of a curve defined by parametric equa-
tions x(t) and y(t) is:
Z bp
S= x0 (t)2 + y 0 (t)2 dt.
a

In this problem, x(t) is given as

Z t
cos(πu2 /2)du
0

10
 and Z t
y(t) = sin(πu2 /2)du.
0
Their derivatives are
πt2
 
0
x (t) = cos
2
 2
πt
y 0 (t) = sin
2

Substituting x0 (t), y 0 (t), and the appropriate limits into the formula for
arc length results in:

Z t0 q
S= cos2 (πt2 /2) + sin2 (πt2 /2)dt
Z0 t0
= dt
0t0

= t
0
= t0

14. (14a) The Taylor series of a function f (x) centered at x = a is

f 0 (a)(x − a) f (2) (a)(x − a)2 f (3) (a)(x − a)3 f (4) (a)(x − a)4
f (a)+ + + + +. . .
1! 2! 3! 4!
The Taylor series of ln(1 + x) centered at x = a is then

(1 + a)−1 (x − a) −(1 + a)−2 (x − a)2 2(1 + a)−3 (x − a)3 −(2)(3)(1 + a)−4 (x − a)4
ln(1+a)+ + + + +. . .
1! 2! 3! 4!
And the Taylor series of ln(1 + x) centered at a = 0 is therefore

x −x2 2x3 −(2)(3)x4 x −x2 x3 −x4

ln(1) + + + + + ... = 0 + + + + + ...
1! 2! 3! 4! 1 2 3 4
∞
X xn
= (−1)n+1
n=1
n

(14b) Using the ratio test,

11
  cn   (−1)n+1 n   n 
     
|x| <  = = .
cn+1   (−1)n+2 n + 1   n + 1 
Because n is the index of summation (an increasing integer), n + 1 is
always greater than n and therefore
 
 n 
|x| <  <1
n + 1
Thus |x| < 1 and the radius of convergence is −1 < x < 1.

(14c) ln(3/2) = ln(1 + .5) can be approximated by the first two non-zero
terms of the Taylor series found in (a):

x −x2
ln(1 + x) ≈ +
1 2
.25
= .5 −
2
3
=
8

(14d) The upper bound of the error in (c)’s approximation is found using
Taylor’s inequality for an approximation of n terms:

|xn+1 |
|Rn (x)| ≤ Mn ,
(n + 1)!
where x = 1/2 and n = 2. In addition,
2
Mn ≥ |f (n+1) (x)| ⇒ M2 ≥
(1 + x)3

for all |x| ≤ 1/2; the maximum of M2 in this range is for x = −1/2, which
gives M2 = 16. Putting these numbers into the above formula,

(.5)3 1
|Rn (.5)| ≤ 16 =
3! 3

15. We can prove the inequality by showing that the derivatives of the
terms satisfy the inequality for x > 0 and then by working backwards from
there:

2x2
 
x 1 1
d = − , d(tan−1 (x)) = , d(x) = 1
1 + x2 1 + x2 (1 + x2 )2 1 + x2

12
 1 2x2 1
⇒ 2
− 2 2
< < 1 for all x > 0
1+x (1 + x ) 1 + x2
Z t Z t Z t
2x2

1 1
− dx < dx < 1dx for all x > 0
0 1 + x2 (1 + x2 )2 0 1+x
2
0
t
< tan−1 (t) < t for all t > 0
1 + t2
x
2
< tan−1 (x) < x for all x > 0
1+x

13
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18.01SC Single Variable Calculus

Fall 2010

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