Lasers PDF
Lasers PDF
Lasers PDF
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Characteristics
Monochromacity
High Intensity
Coherence
Directionality
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Lecture-2
Types of coherence
Temporal coherence
Spatial coherence
Temporal coherence measures the continuity of
a wave along its length.
Spatial coherence measures the maximum
seperation between any two points on the cross
section of the wavefront which maintain
correlation between them.
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Stimulated Absorption
Excitation of atoms from lower energy
state to higher energy state due to
interaction of radiation with matter is
known as Stimulated absorption.
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Spontaneous emission
When an electron in the excited level E2
falls spontaneously to lower energy level
E1 after its lifetime a photon is emitted.
The energy of the emitted photon is given
by E2-E1=h
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Stimulated emission
When an electron in the excited level E2 is
induced (stimulated) by a photon of
energy (E2-E1), the electron moves to
lower energy level E1 emitting another
photon of energy E2-E1. This process is
called stimulated emission.
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Both stimulated and stimulating
photons are in phase with each other.
Stimulated emission of radiation
(light) results in amplification of light
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Lecture-3
Population inversion
For light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation the population of
excited state must be greater than the
population of lower energy state. This
condition is called population inversion.
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Pumping mechanisms
The process of sending atoms from lower
energy state to higher energy state is
called Pumping.
Optical pumping
Electric discharge
Chemical reaction
Injection current through p-n junction
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Optical Feed back
To direct the amplified light to travel back
and forth through the active medium
many times two end mirrors are kept at
both the ends of the laser. These mirrors
provide necessary optical feed back.
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Threshold inversion density
Only if the population inversion density is
sufficiently large so that the loss is
compensated by the gain, lasing action
starts. The inversion density for which the
gain is just sufficient to compensate for
the loss is called threshold inversion
density.
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Lecture-4
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L
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RUBY LASER
c
t
t
u A ruby laser is a solid-state laser
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r
r
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2It uses a synthetic ruby crystal as its
2
gain medium.
It was the first type of laser invented,
and was first operated by Theodore
H. "Ted" Maiman at Hughes Research
Laboratories on 1960.
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The ruby laser produces pulses of visible
light at a wavelength of 694.3 nm, which
appears as deep red to human eyes.
Typical ruby laser pulse lengths are on
the order of a millisecond. These short
pulses of red light are visible to the human
eye, if the viewer carefully watches the
target area where the pulse will fire.
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Applications
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Helium-neon laser
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He –Ne Laser
A helium-neon laser, usually called a HeNe
laser, is a type of small gas laser.
HeNe lasers have many industrial and scientific
uses, and are often used in laboratory
demonstrations of optics.
Its usual operation wavelength is 632.8 nm, in
the red portion of the visible spect
The gain medium of the laser, as suggested by
its name, is a mixture of helium and neon gases,
in a 5:1 to 20:1 ratio, contained at low pressure
(an average 50 Pa per cm of cavity length ) in a
glass envelope.
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He-Ne Laser
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The true wavelength in air is 632.816 nm, so
633nm is actually closer to the true value.
For the purposes of calculating the photon
energy, the vacuum wavelength of 632.991 nm
should be used. The precise operating
wavelength lies within about 0.002 nm of this
value, and fluctuates within this range due to
thermal expansion of the cavithy.
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The laser process in a HeNe laser starts with
collision of electrons from the electrical
discharge with the helium atoms in the gas.
This excites helium from the ground state to the
23S1 and 21S0 long-lived, metastable excited
states. Collision of the excited helium atoms with
the ground-state neon atoms results in transfer
of energy to the neon atoms, exciting neon
electrons into the 3s2 level. This is due to a
coincidence of energy levels between the helium
and neon atoms.
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This process is given by the reaction
equation:
He(21S)* + Ne + ΔE → He(11S) + Ne3s2*
ΔE is the small energy difference between
the energy states of the two atoms, of the
order of 0.05 eV or 387 cm-1, which is
supplied by kinetic energy.
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SEMICONDUCTOR LASER
Lecture-5
L
e
c A semiconductor laser converts electrical energy
t
u into light. This is made possible by using a
r semiconductor material, whose ability to conduct
e
- electricity is between that of conductors and
2 insulators.
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SEMICONDUCTOR LASER
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HEAVILY DOPED p-n JUNCTION DIODE
(a)In equilibrium. (b)With forward
bias.
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DOUBLE HETEROJUNCTION SC LASER
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L Raw Materials
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t
u
The
r
conventional semiconductor laser consists of
e
a- compound semiconductor, gallium arsenide.
This
2 material comes in the form of ingots that are
then further processed into substrates to which
layers of other materials are added. The materials
used to form these layers are precisely weighed
according to a specific formula.
Other materials that are used to make this type
of laser include certain metals (zinc, gold, and
copper) as additives (dopants) or electrodes, and
silicon dioxide as an insulator.
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Lecture-6
APPLICATIONS OF LASERS
Lasers are uused in local area network to
transfer the data from the memory
storage of one computer to other
computer.
These are used to store large amount of
data in CD-ROM
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Lasers can be used to blast holes in
diamonds and hard steel.
They are used as a source of intense heat.
They are used to cut, drill, weld, and to
remove metal from surfaces.
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These are used in spacecrafts and
submarines.
They are also used in high speed
photocopiers and printers.
They are used in the field of 3-d
photography.
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Lasers can serve as a war weapon.
High energy lasers are used to destroy
enemy aircrafts and missiles.
These are used to produce certain
chemical reactions.
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Lasers are used in controlling
haemorrhage.
Lasers are used for elimination of
moles and tumors.
Lasers are used in the treatment of
glaucoma.
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Co2 laser is used in spinal and brain
tumor and kidney stone extrusion.
Lasers are used to correct a condition
called retina detachments by eye
specialist.
Argon and Co2 lasers are used in the
treatment of liver and lungs.
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