Enthalpy of gases

[10] Gas Tables, Keenan and Kayes

A. Enthalpy of air
A1.- EnthAirSI_tc Reference 25 [ºC] D. Enthalpy of oxigen
A2.- EntAirSI_tC Reference 0 [K] D1.- EnthO2SI_tc
A3.- EntAirSI_TK Reference 0 [K] D2.- EntO2SI_tC
A4.- EntAirImp_TR Reference 0 [R] D3.- EntO2SI_TK
D4.- EntO2Imp_TR
B. Enthalpy of Carbon dioxide
B1.- EnthCO2SI_tC Reference 25 [ºC] E. Enthalpy of water v
B2.- EntCO2SI_tC Reference 0 [K] E1.- EnthH2OSI_tC
B3.- EntCO2SI_TK Reference 0 [K] E2.- EntH2OSI_tC
B4.- EntCO2Imp_TR Reference 0 [R] E3.- EntH2OSI_TK
E4.- EntH2OImp_TR
C. Enthalpy of nitrogen
C1.- EnthN2SI_tc Reference 25 [ºC]
C2.- EntN2SI_tC Reference 0 [K]
C3.- EntN2SI_TK Reference 0 [K]
C4.- EntN2Imp_TR Reference 0 [R]
D. Enthalpy of oxigen
D1.- EnthO2SI_tc Reference 25 [ºC]
D2.- EntO2SI_tC Reference 0 [K]
D3.- EntO2SI_TK Reference 0 [K]
D4.- EntO2Imp_TR Reference 0 [R]

E. Enthalpy of water vapor

E1.- EnthH2OSI_tC Reference 25 [ºC]
E2.- EntH2OSI_tC Reference 0 [K]
E3.- EntH2OSI_TK Reference 0 [K]
E4.- EntH2OImp_TR Reference 0 [R]
 Application of functions for the enthalpy gases

SI system SI system
Enthalpy of gases at a temperature Enthalpy of gases at a temperature
t= 25 ºC T= 298.15
(h = 0 at a temperature 0 K) (h = 0 at a temperature
Input temperature in ºC h Input temperature in K
Output enthlpy value kJ/kmol kJ/kmol Output enthlpy value kJ/kmol
gas function gas function
B2 hCO2 EntCO2SI_tC #VALUE! B3 hCO2 EntCO2SI_TK
C2 hN2 EntN2SI_tC #VALUE! C3 hN2 EntN2SI_TK
D2 hO2 EntO2SI_tC #VALUE! D3 hO2 EntO2SI_TK
E2 hH2O EntH2OSI_tC #VALUE! E3 hH2O EntH2OSI_TK

SI system SI system
Enthalpy of air at a temperature Enthalpy of air at a temperature
t= 25 ºC T= 298.15
(h = 0 at a temperature 0 K) (h = 0 at a temperature
Input temperature in ºC h Input temperature in K
Output enthlpy value kJ/kg kJ/kg Output enthlpy value kJ/kg
A2 hair = EntAirSI_tC #VALUE! A3 hair = EntAirSI_TK
 SI system
gases at a temperature Enthalpy of gases at a temperature
K T= 25 ºC
emperature 0 K) (h = 0 at a temperature 25 ºC)
h Input temperature in ºC h
py value kJ/kmol kJ/kmol Output enthlpy value kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
gas function
EntCO2SI_TK #VALUE! B1 hCO2 EnthalpyCO2SI_tC #VALUE! B4

EntN2SI_TK #VALUE! C1 hN2 EnthalpyN2SI_tC #VALUE! D4

EntO2SI_TK #VALUE! D1 hO2 EnthalpyO2SI_tC #VALUE! D4

EntH2OSI_TK #VALUE! E1 hH2O EnthalpyH2OSI_tC #VALUE! E4

SI system
air at a temperature Enthalpy of air at a temperature
K T= 25 ºC
emperature 0 K) (h = 0 at a temperature 25 ºC)
h Input temperature in ºC h
py value kJ/kg kJ/kg Output enthlpy value kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
EntAirSI_TK #VALUE! A1 hair = EnthAirSI_tc #VALUE! A4
 rev.cjc.28.11.2017

Imperial system
Enthalpy of gases at a temperature
T= 536.7 R
(h = 0 at a temperature 0 K)
Input temperature in R h
Output enthlpy value Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol
gas function
hCO2 EntCO2Imp_TR #VALUE!
hN2 EntN2Imp_TR #VALUE!
hO2 EntO2Imp_TR #VALUE!
hH2O EntH2OImp_TR #VALUE!

Imperial system
Enthalpy of air at a temperature
T= 536.7 R
(h = 0 at a temperature 0 R)
Input temperature in R h
Output enthlpy value Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol
hair = EntAirImp_TR #VALUE!
 Gas data [11]

Gas MM HHV LHV

kg/kmol MJ/kg MJ/kg
Methane CH4 16.042 55.50 50.01
Ethane C2H6 30.069 51.90 47.79
Propane C3H8 44.096 50.35 46.36
Butane C4H10 58.122 49.50 45.75
Pentane C5H12 72.15 48.60 45.36
Hexane C6H14 86.18 44.75
Heptane C7H16 100.20 44.57
Octane C8H18 114.229 44.43
Nonane C9H20 128.26 44.31
Decane C10H22 142.28 44.24
Undecane C11H24 156.31 44.19
Dodecane C12H26 170.33 44.15
Hydrogen H2 2.016 141.800 119.64
Carbon monox. CO 28.01 10.09
Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01 0
Sulfur S 32.065 0
Hidrogen sulfide SH2 34.08 17.40
Sulfur dioxide SO2 64.06 0
Water H2O 18.01 0
Nirogen N2 28.01 0.00
Argon Ar 39.948 0
Oxygeb O2 32.00 0
Carbon C 12.01

General gas Conststant

Rg = 8314 J/(kmol*K)
Standard ambient pressure
P= 101325 Pa
Constants
g= 9.80665 m/s²
Kelv = 273.15 K
Rank = 459.7 R

Rair = Rg / Mair
Rair = 286.99 [J/(kg*kmol)
 Volumetric nitrogen-oxigen ratio of dry air
O2in air = 21.0070373575 % vol
VN2/O2 = (100-O2in air)/O2in air
VN2/O2 = 3.7603 m³N2 / m³O2

Mass nitrogen-oxigen ratio of air

O2in air = % mass
mN2/O2 = (100-O2in air)/O2in air
mN2/O2 = kgN2 / kgO2

Note. Considering oxigen on one side and the rest

as nitrogen

Note that there is no difference between the lower and

higher heating values for the combustion of carbon,

carbon monoxide and sulfur since no water is formed in

combusting those substances.
C ----> CO2
CO ----> CO2 No water is formed
S ----> SO2

Heat of formation Hc [12]

at 25 ºC MM
kg/kmol
CO2 (g) [12], page 2-188 44.01
SO2 (g) [12], page 2-194 64.06

Properties of Various Ideal Gases (at 300 K)

Specific Heat
Gas Formula Molar Mass Gas constant
Gas Formula Molar Mass Gas constant
at Const. Press.
M[kg/kmol] R[kJ/kg.K] Cp[kJ/kg.K]
Air -- 28.97 0.287 1.005
Argon Ar 39.948 0.2081 0.5203
Butane C4H10 58.124 0.1433 1.7164
Carbon Dioxide CO2 44.01 0.1889 0.846
Carbon Monoxide CO 28.011 0.2968 1.04
Ethane C2H6 30.07 0.2765 1.7662
Ethylene C2H4 28.054 0.2964 1.5482
Helium He 4.003 2.0769 5.1926
Hydrogen H2 2.016 4.124 14.307
Methane CH4 16.043 0.5182 2.2537
Neon Ne 20.183 0.4119 1.0299
Nitrogen N2 28.013 0.2968 1.039
Octane C8H18 114.231 0.0729 1.7113
Oxygen O2 31.999 0.2598 0.918
Propane C3H8 44.097 0.1885 1.6794
Steam H2O 18.015 0.4615 1.8723

Adapted from TEST (The Expert System for Thermodynamics) <www.thermofluids.net> by S.Bhattacharjee, San Diego

https://www.ohio.edu/mechanical/thermo/property_tables/gas/idealGas.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_combustion

http://www.liquisearch.com/heat_of_combustion/lower_heating_value_for_some_organic_compound

Lower heating value for some organic compounds (a

Fuel MJ/kg MJ/L
Paraffins
Methane 50.009 —
Ethane 47.794 —
Propane 46.357 —
Butane 45.752 —
Pentane 45.357 -
Hexane 44.752 -
Heptane 44.566 -
Octane 44.427 -
Nonane 44.311 -
Decane 44.24 —
Undecane 44.194 —
Dodecane 44.147 —
Isoparaffins
Isobutane 45.613 —
Isopentane 45.241 —
2-Methylpentane 44.682 —
2,3-
44.659 —
Dimethylbutane
2,3-
44.496 —
Dimethylpentane
2,2,4-
44.31 -
Trimethylpentane
Naphthenes
Cyclopentane 44.636 —
Methylcyclopenta
44.636 —
ne
Cyclohexane 43.45 —
Methylcyclohexan
43.38 —
e
Monoolefins
Ethylene 47.195 —
Propylene 45.799 —
1-Butene 45.334 —
cis-2-Butene 45.194 —
trans-2-Butene 45.124 —
Isobutene 45.055 —
1-Pentene 45.031 —
2-Methyl-1-
44.799 —
pentene
1-Hexene 44.426 —
Diolefins
1,3-Butadiene 44.613 —
Isoprene 44.078 -
Nitrous derivated
Nitromethane 10.513 —
Nitropropane 20.693 —
Acetylenes
Acetylene 48.241 —
Methylacetylene 46.194 —
1-Butyne 45.59 —
1-Pentyne 45.217 —
Aromatics
Benzene 40.17 —
Toluene 40.589 —
o-Xylene 40.961 —
m-Xylene 40.961 —
p-Xylene 40.798 —
Ethylbenzene 40.938 —
1,2,4-
40.984 —
Trimethylbenzene
Propylbenzene 41.193 —
Cumene 41.217 —
Alcohols
Methanol — —
Ethanol 28.865 —
n-propanol 30.68 —
Isopropanol 30.447 —
n-Butanol 33.075 —
Isobutanol 32.959 —
Tertiobutanol 32.587 —
n-Pentanol 34.727 —
Ethers
Methoxymethane 28.703 —
Ethoxyethane 33.867 —
Propoxypropane 36.355 —
Butoxybutane 37.798 —
Aldehydes and ketones
Methanal 17.259 —
Ethanal 24.156 —
Propionaldehyde 28.889 —
Butyraldehyde 31.61 —
Acetone 28.548 —
Other species
Carbon (graphite) 32.808 —
Hydrogen 120.971 —
Carbon monoxide 10.112 —
Ammonia 18.646 —
Sulfur (solid) 9.163 —

Note that there is no difference between the lower and higher heating values for the combus

http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/encyclopedia/index.php/Heat_of_Combustion

Higher Calorific Value

Fuel
(Gross Calorific Value - GCV)

kJ/kg Btu/lb
Acetone 29000
Alcohol 96% 30000
Anthracite 32500 - 34000 14000 - 14500
Bituminous coal 17000 - 23250 7300 - 10000
Butane 49510 20900
Carbon 34080
Charcoal 29600 12800
Coal (Lignite -
15000 - 27000 8000 - 14000
Anthrasite)
Coke 28000 - 31000 12000 - 13500
Diesel fuel 44800 19300
Ethane 51900
Ethanol 29700 12800
Ether 43000
Gasoline 47300 20400
Glycerin 19000
Hydrogen 141790 61000
Kerosene 46200
Lignite 16300 7000
Methane 55530
Methanol 23000
Oil, heavy fuel 43000
Oil, light distillate 48000
Oil, light fuel 44000
Oils vegetable 39000 - 48000
Paraffin 46000
Peat 13800 - 20500 5500 - 8800
Pentane
Petrol 48000
Petroleum 43000
Propane 50350
Semi anthracite 26700 - 32500 11500 - 14000
Sulfur 9200
Tar 36000
Turpentine 44000
Wood (dry) 14400 - 17400 6200 - 7500
kJ/m3 Btu/ft3
Acetylene 56000
Butane C4H10 133000 3200
Hydrogen 13000
Natural gas 43000 950 - 1150
Methane CH4 39820
Propane C3H8 101000 2550
Town gas 18000
kJ/l Btu/Imp gal
Gas oil 38000 164000
Heavy fuel oil 41200 177000
Kerosene 35000 154000

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-calorific-values-d_169.html

Gross Heating Value

Gas

(Btu/ft3) (Btu/lb)
Acetylene
(ethyne) - C2H2 1,498 21,569

Benzene 3,741 18,150

Blast Furnace gas 92 1,178
Blue water gas 6,550
Butane - C4H10 3,225 21,640
Butylene (Butene) 3,077 20,780
Carbon to CO2 14,150
Carbon to CO 3,960
Carbon monoxide
323 4,368
- CO
Carburetted Water
550 11,440
Gas
Coal gas 149 16,500
Coke Oven Gas 574 17,048
Digester Gas
(Sewage or 690 11,316
Biogas)
Ethane - C2H6 1,783 22,198
Ethyl alcohol
saturated with 1,548 12,804
water
Ethylene 1,631 21,884
Hexane 4,667 20,526
Hydrogen (H2) 325 61,084
Hydrogen
672 7,479
Sulphide

Landfill Gas 476

Methane - CH4 1,011 23,811
Methyl alcohol
saturated with 818 9,603
water
Naphthalene 5,859 17,298
950 19,500
Natural Gas
- -
(typical)
1,150 22,500

Octane saturated
6,239 20,542
with water

Pentane 3,981 20,908

Producer gas 2,470
Propane - C3H8 2,572 21,564

Propene
(Propylene) - C3H6 2,332 20,990

Propylene 2,336 21,042

Sasol 500 14,550
Sulphur 3,940
Toluene 4,408 18,129
Water Gas
261 4,881
(bituminous)
Xylene 5,155 18,410
Specific heat
Cp=A+B*T*(9/5)+C*T*T*(81/25)
Gas temperature (ºC) 15 ºC Cp=4.1869*(A+B*T*(9/5)+C*T*T*(81/
288.15 K A=a

a b c A
Methane 16.042 3.42 9.91 1.28 3.42
Ethane 30.069 1.38 23.25 4.27 1.38
Propane 44.096 0.41 35.95 6.97 0.41
n-Butane 58.122 2.25 45.4 8.83 2.25
Nitrogen 28.0134 6.946 -0.196 -0.4757 6.946
Oxigen 31.998 6.117 3.167 1.005 6.117
Water (v) 18.01488 7.136 2.64 0.0459 7.136
Carbon dioxide 44.01 6.339 10.14 3.415 6.339
Sulfur dioxide 64.063 6.945 10.01 3.794 6.945

Air 28.970 6.386 1.762 0.2656 6.386

For hidrogen cph = ah + bh*T + ch/T^.5

ah bh ch
Hydrogen 2.01588 11.937 0.002156 30.897

Cp = a + b*TC/100 + cTC^2 / 1e5

A B C D
a b*100 c*E+5 d*E+9
Carbon monox. 28.01 6.89 0.1436 -0.02387
Pentane 72.15 39.66
Sulfur 32.065 3.63 0.64
SH2 34.08 1105
Ar 39.948
C8H18 (gas)
see also [4], Table A,9, page 699

[11] "NIST Chemistry WebBook". webbook.nist.gov

Fuel HHV LHV Relation between HHV and LH
(25 ºC) MJ/kg MJ/kg ( Nazaroff, 2007 )
Hydrogen 141.8 119.96 N
Methane 55.5 50
HHV=LHV+h fg,water⋅ H2O,out
N fuel,in
Ethane 51.9 47.622
Propane 50.35 46.35 hfg,water :heat of vaporization of w
Butane 49.5 45.75 N H2O,out :number of moles of wa
Pentane 48.6 45.35 N fuel,in :number of moles of fuel
http://nist.gov/data/PDFfiles/jpcrd628.pdf
 Mixing
Gas [5]
ratio
(mol/mol)
Nitrogen (N2) 0.78000 N2
Oxygen (O2) 0.21000 0.99967 O2
Argon (Ar) 0.00930 Ar
Carbon dioxide(CO2) 0.000365 CO2

Neon (Ne) 1.80E-06

Ozone (O3) 1.00E-05
Helium (He) 5.20E-06
Methane (CH4) 1.70E-06 2E-05
Krypton (Kr) 1.10E-06 [5]
Hydrogen (H2) 5.00E-07

Nitrous oxide (N2O) 3.20E-07 Gas

0.999686

Nitrogen
(N2)
Oxygen
(O2)
Argon (Ar)
(CO2)

Hc Hc Hc Hc
kCal/mol kJ/mol kJ/kmol kJ/kg
94.052 393.78 393,777 8947.7
70.94 297.01 297,012 4636.2

00 K)
Specific Heat Specific Heat
 at Const. Vol. Ratio
Cv[kJ/kg.K] k = Cp/Cv
0.718 1.4
0.3122 1.667
1.5734 1.091
0.657 1.289
0.744 1.4
1.4897 1.186
1.2518 1.237
3.1156 1.667
10.183 1.405
1.7354 1.299
0.6179 1.667
0.743 1.4
1.6385 1.044
0.658 1.395
1.4909 1.126
1.4108 1.327

net> by S.Bhattacharjee, San Diego State Universi

value_for_some_organic_compounds_at_154%C2%B0c

ganic compounds (at 15.4°C)

BTU/lb kJ/mol
Paraffins
— 802.34
— 1437.17
— 2044.21
— 2659.3
— 3272.57
— 3856.66
— 4465.76
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
oparaffins
— —
— —
— —
— —

— —

— —
aphthenes
— —
— —
— —
— —
onoolefins
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
 — —
— —
— —
Diolefins
— —
— —
us derivated
— —
— —
cetylenes
— —
— —
— —
— —
Aromatics
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
Alcohols
—
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
Ethers
— —
— —
— —
— —
des and ketones
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
her species
 — —
— —
— —
— —
— —

her heating values for the combustion of carbon, carbon monoxide and sulfur since no water is formed in combusting those sub

_of_Combustion

Lower
Calorific
Value
(Net
Calorific
Value -
NCV)
kJ/kg

45750

43400
47800

44400

121000
43000

50000

41500
 45350

46350

LHV of sulfur

d_169.html

Net Heating Value

(Btu/ft3) (Btu/lb)

1,447 20,837

3,590 17,418
92 1,178

2,977 19,976
2,876 19,420
14,150
3,960
323 4,368
 508 10,566

514 15,266

621 10,184

1,630 20,295

1,530 20,525
4,315 18,976
275 51,628

910 21,433

850 17,500
- -
1,050 22,000

3,170 10,444

3,679 19,322

2,371 19,834

2,181 19,630

2,185 19,683
443 13,016

4,206 17,301
239 4,469
Cp=A+B*T*(9/5)+C*T*T*(81/25) kcal(kmol*K)
Cp=4.1869*(A+B*T*(9/5)+C*T*T*(81/25)) kJ(kmol*K)
B = b E-3 C = -c E-6

Cp Cp
B C kJ/Kmol K J/kg K
0.00991 -1.28E-06 34.40 2144
0.02325 -4.27E-06 51.46 1711
0.03595 -6.97E-06 71.94 1631
0.04540 -8.83E-06 98.07 1687
-0.00020 4.76E-07 29.19 1042
0.00317 -1.01E-06 31.36 980
0.00264 -4.59E-08 35.56 1974
0.01014 -3.42E-06 44.71 1016
0.01001 -3.79E-06 46.54 727

0.00176 -2.66E-07 30.26 1045

14378

TC/100 + cTC^2 / 1e5

6.91 1033
39.66 2301
5.47 715
1105
532
658

elation between HHV and LHV

Nazaroff, 2007 )
N
HV=LHV+h fg,water⋅ H2O,out
N fuel,in
g,water :heat of vaporization of water

H2O,out :number of moles of water vaporized

fuel,in :number of moles of fuel combusted

 Vol
% %
0.780261 78.0261388
0.210070 21.0070374
0.009303 0.93031165

0.000365 0.03651223
78.9930 21.0070374

Inert/O2 = 3.7603

Mixing
ratio

kmoli/kmo
lda kgi/kmoli kgi/kmolda

0.78000 0.78026 21.859803

28.016

0.21000 0.21007 32 6.722

0.00930 0.00930 39.944 0.37160369

0.000365 0.00037 44.01 0.01606903
0.99967 1.00000 28.9697
Mda = 28.9697 kgda/kmolda
s formed in combusting those substances.
HV of sulfur LHV = 9.2 MJ/kg
 1 Btu/lb = 0.002326 MJ/kg

LHV = HHV 7,479 (Btu/lb)

17.40 MJ/kg
[11] http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/encyclopedia/index.php/Heat_of_Combustion#References

Heat of Combustion
The heat of combustion (ΔHc0) is the energy released as heat when a compound undergoes complete
The chemical reaction is typically a hydrocarbon reacting with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water a

energy/mole of fuel (J/mol)

energy/mass of fuel
energy/volume of fuel

The heat of combustion is traditionally measured with a bomb calorimeter. It may also be calculated a
formation (ΔfH0) of the products and reactants.

Contents
[hide]

1 Heating Value
2 Heat of Combustion Tables
3 Lower heating value for some organic compounds (at 15.4°C)
4 References
5 External Links

Heating Value
The heating value or calorific value of a substance, usually a fuel or food (see food energy), is the am
specified amount of it. The calorific value is a characteristic for each substance. It is measured in unit
such as: kcal/kg, kJ/kg, J/mol, Btu/m³. Heating value is commonly determined by use of a bomb calor

The heat of combustion for fuels is expressed as the HHV, LHV, or GHV:

The quantity known as higher heating value (HHV) (or gross calorific value or gross energy or up
products of combustion back to the original pre-combustion temperature, and in particular conde
thermodynamic heat of combustion since the enthalpy change for the reaction assumes a comm
combustion, in which case the water produced by combustion is liquid.

The quantity known as lower heating value (LHV) (or net calorific value) is determined by subtrac
from the higher heating value. This treats any H2O formed as a vapor. The energy required to va

Gross heating value (see AR) accounts for water in the exhaust leaving as vapor, and includes liq
This value is important for fuels like wood or coal, which will usually contain some amount of wate

Relation between HHV and LHV

A common method of relating HHV to LHV is: (Nazaroff, 2007 )
N
HHV=LHV+h fg,water⋅ H2O,out
N fuel,in
hfg,water :heat of vaporization of wat
 Relation between HHV and LHV
(Nazaroff, 2007 )
N
HHV = LHV + hv x (nH2O,out/nfuel,in) HHV=LHV+h fg,water⋅ H2O,out
N fuel,in
hfg,water :heat of vaporization of wat
N H2O,out :number of moles of water
N fuel,in :number of moles of fuel com
where hv is the heat of vaporization of water, nH2O,out is the moles of water vaporized and nfuel,in i

Most applications which burn fuel produce water vapor which is not used and thus wasting its heat co
is the applicable measure. This is particularly relevant for natural gas, whose high hydrogen content p
for gas burnt in condensing boilers and power plants with flue gas condensation which condense the
would otherwise be wasted.

Both HHV and LHV can be expressed in terms of AR (all moisture counted), MF and MAF (only wate
commonly used for indicating the heating values of coal:

AR (As Received) indicates that the fuel heating value has been measured with all moisture and
MF (Moisture Free) or Dry indicates that the fuel heating value has been measured after the fuel
ash forming minerals.
MAF (Moisture and Ash Free) or DAF (Dry and Ash Free) indicates that the fuel heating value ha
forming minerals.

Heat of Combustion Tables

NIST Chemistry
Higher (HHV) and Lower (LHV) Heating values Lower heating v
of some common fuels (NIST Chemistry)

Fuel HHV MJ/kg HHV BTU/lb HHV kJ/mol LHV MJ/kg Fuel
Butane 49.5 20,900 2,877 45.75 Para
Coal (Anthracite) 27 14,000 Methane
Coal (Lignite) 15 8,000 Ethane
Diesel 44.8 19,300 Propane
Diesel 44.8 19,300 Butane
Ethane 51.9 22,400 1,560 47.8 Pentane
Ethane 51.9 22,400 1,560 47.8 Hexane
Gasoline 47.3 20,400 44.4 Heptane
Gasoline 47.3 20,400 44.4 Octane
Hydrogen 141.8 61,000 286 121 Nonane
Hydrogen 141.8 61,000 286 121 Decane
Kerosene 46.2 43 Undecane
Methane 55.5 23,900 889 50 Dodecane
Paraffin 46 19,900 41.5
Paraffin 46 19,900 41.5 Isopar
Peat (damp) 6 2,500 Isobutane
Peat (dry) 15 6,500 Isopentane
2-
Pentane 45.35 2,3-
Methylpentane
Propane 50.35 21,700 2,220 46.35 Dimethylbutan
2,3-
e
Wood 15 6,500 Dimethylpenta
2,2,4-
ne
Trimethylpenta
ne
Heat of Combustion for some common
fuels (higher value) Monoo
Fuel kJ/g]] kcal/g]] BTU/lb Ethylene
Hydrogen 141.9 33.9 61,000 Propylene
Gasoline 47 11.3 20,000 1-Butene
Diesel 45 10.7 19,300 cis-2-Butene
trans-2-
Ethanol 29.8 7.1 12,000 Butene
Propane 49.9 11.9 21,000 Isobutene
Butane 49.2 11.8 21,200 1-Pentene
2-Methyl-1-
Wood 15 3.6 6,000 pentene
Coal (Lignite) 15 4.4 8,000 1-Hexene
Coal
27 7.8 14,000 Diole
(Anthracite)
1,3-
Natural Gas 54 13 23,000
Butadiene
Isoprene
Nitrous d
Nitrometh
ane
Nitropropa
ne
Acety
Acetylene
Methylace
tylene
1-Butyne
1-Pentyne

roma
Benzene
Toluene
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Ethylbenz
ene
1,2,4-
Trimethylb
enzene
Propylben
zene
Cumene
Alco
Methanol
Ethanol
n-propanol

Isopropan
ol
n-Butanol
Isobutanol
 Tertiobuta
nol

n-Pentanol
Eth
Methoxym
ethane
Ethoxyeth
ane
Propoxypr
opane
Butoxybut
ane
Aldehydes a
Methanal
Ethanal
Propionald
ehyde
Butyraldeh
yde
Acetone
Other s
Carbon
(graphite)
Hydrogen
Carbon
monoxide
Ammonia
Sulfur
(solid)

or the combustion of carbon, carbon monoxide and sulfur since no water is formed in combusting those substances.

References
Engineering, CE 218A, W. Nazaroff and R. Harley,

University of California Berkeley, 2007

NIST Chemistry WebBook

kipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_combustion - wikipedia.com

External Links
NIST Chemistry WebBook
ASTM Standard Testing

uted encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_combustion
Higher (HHV) and lower (LHV) heating values
of some common fuels[4]
LHV
Fuel HHV MJ/kg
MJ/kg
Hydrogen 141.8 119.96
Methane 55.5 50
Ethane 51.9 47.622
Propane 50.35 46.35
Butane 49.5 45.75
Pentane 48.6 45.35
mpound undergoes complete combustion with oxygen under standard conditions.
orm carbon dioxide, water and heat. It may be expressed with the quantities:

. It may also be calculated as the difference between the heat of

(see food energy), is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a
tance. It is measured in units of energy per unit of the substance, usually mass,
ined by use of a bomb calorimeter.

value or gross energy or upper heating value) is determined by bringing all the
ure, and in particular condensing any vapor produced. This is the same as the
reaction assumes a common temperature of the compounds before and after

ue) is determined by subtracting the heat of vaporization of the water vapor

r. The energy required to vaporize the water therefore is not realized as heat.

ng as vapor, and includes liquid water in the fuel prior to combustion

ontain some amount of water prior to burning.

between HHV and LHV

, 2007 )
N
HV+h fg,water⋅ H2O,out
N fuel,in
at of vaporization of water
between HHV and LHV
, 2007 )
N
HV+h fg,water⋅ H2O,out
N fuel,in
at of vaporization of water
umber of moles of water vaporized
mber of moles of fuel combusted
ater vaporized and nfuel,in is the number of moles of fuel combusted.(Nazaroff, 2007)

and thus wasting its heat content. In such applications, the lower heating value
ose high hydrogen content produces much water. The gross calorific value is relevant
nsation which condense the water vapor produced by combustion, recovering heat which

d), MF and MAF (only water from combustion of hydrogen). AR, MF, and MAF are

sured with all moisture and ash forming minerals present.

een measured after the fuel has been dried of all inherent moisture but still retaining its

at the fuel heating value has been measured in the absence of inherent moisture and ash

NIST Chemistry

Lower heating value for some organic compounds (at 15.4°C)

MJ/kg MJ/L BTU/lb kJ/mol

Paraffins tref = 15.4 ºC
50.009 — — 802.34 tref = 59.72 ºF
47.794 — — 1437.17
46.357 — — 2044.21 tref = 60 ºF
45.752 — — 2659.3 tref = 15.56 ºC
45.357 - — 3272.57
44.752 - — 3856.66
44.566 - — 4465.76 Octane
44.427 - — — LHV = 44.427 MJ/kg
44.311 - — —
44.24 — — —
44.194 — — —
44.147 — — —

Isoparaffins
45.613 — — —
45.241 — — —
44.682 — — —
44.659 — — —
44.496 — — —
44.31 - — —
 Monoolefins
47.195 — — —
45.799 — — —
45.334 — — —
45.194 — — —
45.124 — — —
45.055 — — —
45.031 — — —
44.799 — — —
44.426 — — —
Diolefins
44.613 — — —
44.078 - — —
Nitrous derivated
10.513 — — —

20.693 — — —
Acetylenes
48.241 — — —
46.194 — — —
45.59 — — —
45.217 — — —

romatics
40.17 — — —
40.589 — — —
40.961 — — —
40.961 — — —
40.798 — — —
40.938 — — —

40.984 — — —

41.193 — — —
41.217 — — —
Alcohols
— — —
28.865 — — —
30.68 — — —

30.447 — — —
33.075 — — —
32.959 — — —
 32.587 — — —

34.727 — — —
Ethers
28.703 — — —

33.867 — — —

36.355 — — —

37.798 — — —
Aldehydes and ketones
17.259 — — —
24.156 — — —
28.889 — — —

31.61 — — —
28.548 — — —
Other species
32.808 — — —
120.971 — — —
10.112 — — —
18.646 — — —
9.163 — — —

g those substances.
 of_combustion
V) heating values
els[4]
[10] Gas Tables
Thermodynamic properties of air, products of
combustion and component gases
Josedph H. Keenan & Joseph Kaye
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1948

[11] NIST Chemistry

http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/encyclopedia/index.php/Heat_of_Combustion#References

[12] Perry' Chemical Engineer's Hanbook