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Manual Mini Mental

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

442 views195 pages

Manual Mini Mental

yuioñ

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thobaa

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TRAINING

SLIDES FOR:
INTERPRETING THE MMPI-‐2-‐RF

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials
are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.
CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

1
MMPI Background
• Developed in 1930s by
Hathaway and McKinley
• Intended to funcRon as a
diﬀerenRal diagnosRc instrument
• Clinical scales designed to assess common
“Kraepelinian” syndromes
– Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria,
Psychopathic Deviate, Paranoia, Psychasthenia,
Schizophrenia, Hypomania
• Published in 1943

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI Background
• TheoreRcal FoundaRons:
1. Kraepelinian descripRve nosology
2. Items as sRmuli for behavioral responses, the
aggregates of which may have certain empirical
correlates, including diagnosRc group membership
3. RejecRon of content-‐based test interpretaRon as
overly suscepRble to misleading responding
4. #3 notwithstanding, test takers do aZend to item
content and may intenRonally or unintenRonally
respond in a misleading manner

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

2
MMPI Background
• Scale Development:
– Follows methodology used by Strong to develop
his VocaRonal Interest Blank
– Responses (to an assembled pool of items) of
eight criterion groups diagnosed with the
targeted disorders (n=20-‐50) contrasted with
those of a “normal” group
– Result: Eight original Clinical Scales
• Later augmented by Masculinity/Femininity and
Social Introversion scales

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Hathaway & McKinley 1944, p. 155

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

3
Hathaway & McKinley 1944, p. 155

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Hathaway & McKinley 1944, p. 170

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

4
MMPI Background
• By mid-‐1940s, clear that the scales did not
work as intended
– Non-‐discriminaRng proﬁles (i.e., mulRple
elevaRons)
– Excessive False PosiRves
• Paradigm Shi= 1-‐ Code Types:
– Focus shies to paZern of scores
– Scales names replaced with numbers to
facilitate code typing
– Empirical studies conducted to idenRfy code-‐
type correlates

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI Background
• Paradigm Shi= 2 – Content-‐Based
Assessment
– Item content largely ignored in Clinical Scale
construcRon
– Began to play role in interpretaRon with several
developments in the 1950s:
• Welsh Factor Scales
• Harris-‐Lingoes subscales
• Weiner-‐Harmon subscales
– Content used by Wiggins to construct a set of
scales in the 1960s

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

5
MMPI Background
• Appraisals and Thoughts about Revision:
– By late 1950s, MMPI becomes most widely
used and studied objecRve measure of
personality
– Scholarly appraisals are more negaRve
– Including Hathaway himself:

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI Background
Hathaway (1960)
Our most opRmisRc expectaRon was that the
methodology of the new test would be so
clearly effecRve that there would soon be
beZer devices with refinements of scales and
general validity. We rather hoped that we
ourselves might, with five years experience,
greatly increase its validity and clinical
usefulness, and perhaps even develop more
solidly based constructs or theoreRcal
variables for a new inventory.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

6
MMPI Background
Hathaway (1972)
If another twelve years were to go by
without our having gone on to a beZer
instrument or procedure for the pracRcal
needs [it fulﬁlls,] I fear that the MMPI, like
some other tests, might have changed
from a hopeful innovaRon to an aged
obstacle.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI Background
• Appraisals and Thoughts about Revision:
– In 1970, Fi5h Annual MMPI Research
Symposium, convened in honor of Hathaway,
devoted to discussion of whether and, if so,
how to revised the MMPI
• Produces book: Objec>ve Personality Assessment:
Changing Perspec>ves (Butcher, 1972)
• Includes chapters by conference aZendees
• Jackson (1971) also weighs in
• Meehl responds in ﬁnal chapter (his last word on
the MMPI)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

7
Jackson (1971, p. 232)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Jackson (1971, p. 232)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

8
Norman (1972, p. 60)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Norman (1972, p. 64)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

9
Norman (1972, p. 82)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Meehl (1972, p. 150)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

10
Meehl (1972, p. 155)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Meehl (1972, p. 157)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

11
Meehl (1972, pp. 170-‐171)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2 (1989)

• New Norms
• Clinical Scales lee intact
• New items introduced via Content Scales
• New Validity Scales
• IniRal SkepRcism
• RelaRvely quick acceptance by clinicians
• Disappointment by (some of) the scholarly
community

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

12
CHAPTER 2:
RESTRUCTURED CLINICAL
(RC) SCALES

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

13
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Why Restructure the Clinical Scales?

• While they contain compelling informaLve items,
it has long been recognized that as aggregate
measures the Clinical Scales are not
psychometrically opLmal:
– Excessive intercorrelaLons
– Item overlap
– Over-‐inclusive content (including “subtle”
items)
• Pre-‐RC Scale SoluLons:
– Code types
– Subscales
– Supplementary Scales

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

14
Developing the RC Scales
• Step 1: Deﬁning and Capturing
DemoralizaLon
it is generally the case that correlaLons between
measures of adjustment tend to be substanLal,
giving rise to a large—someLmes very large—
general demoralizaLon or subjecLve discomfort
factor in such inventories as the MMPI. . . . One
challenge in developing new self-‐report scales is
to ﬁnd ways of not measuring this general factor.
(Tellegen, 1985, p. 692)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Developing the RC Scales

• Step 1: Deﬁning and Capturing DemoralizaLon
– Tellegen’s concept of DemoralizaLon similar to that
of Jerome Frank:
• only a small proporLon of persons with psychopathology
come to therapy; apparently something else must be added
that interacts with their symptoms. This state of mind,
which may be termed “demoralizaLon,” results from
persistent failure to cope with internally or externally
induced stresses. . . . Its characterisLc features, not all of
which need to be present in any one person, are feelings of
impotence, isolaLon, and despair. ( Frank, 1974 p. 271)
– Capturing DemoralizaLon guided by Tellegen’s
research on Mood

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

15
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

16
Developing the RC Scales
• Step 1: Defining and Capturing DemoralizaLon
– Factor analysis of items of Clinical Scales 2 and 7
(measures of depression and anxiety) leads to
idenLficaLon of a set of items that load on a
common factor
– IdenLfied items denote features of demoralizaLon:
• Unhappiness
• Poor self-‐concept
• Feeling overwhelmed
• Desire to give up
– Consistent with Tellegen’s and Frank’s
conceptualizaLons

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Developing the RC Scales

• Step 2: IdenLfying Clinical Scale Core
Components
– AssumpLon: Each clinical scale includes at least one
major disLncLve core component
– Method: Factor analyses of the items of each of the
ten Clinical Scales along with the DemoralizaLon
markers idenLﬁed in Step 1
– Outcome: Subset of Clinical Scale items marking a
major disLncLve core component of each scale of
the ten scales (2 sets for Scale 5)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

17
Developing the RC Scales
• Step 3: Deriving Seed Scales
– Goal: OpLmize internal coherence and mutual
disLncLveness of eventual RC Scales
– Method:
• Only items with highest loading on the component
marker for which they were designated are retained
(yields 11 non-‐overlapping provisional seed scales)
• DeleLon of items that did not correlate suﬃciently, or
consistently highest with designated provisional seed
scale
• AddiLon of 12th seed scale represenLng DemoralizaLon
(deleLng 4 weakest items from demoralizaLon markers
used in Step 2)
– Outcome: 12 Seed Scales made up of relaLvely small,
mutually exclusive subsets of original Clinical Scale
items
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Developing the RC Scales

• Step 4: Deriving the Final RC Scales
– Goal: Build on structural changes agained in Steps 1-‐3 by
recruiLng addiLonal items from the enLre MMPI-‐2 pool
(including new MMPI-‐2 items)
– Method:
• Calculate correlaLons between the 12 Seed Scales and 567
MMPI-‐2 items in four samples
• Add item to Seed Scale if:
– CorrelaLon with that seed higher than the 11 others
– CorrelaLon with that seed was “high enough”
– CorrelaLons with the remaining seeds were “low enough”
• Calculate correlaLons between resulLng items and
available external criteria for some scales (small number
deleted at this point)
– Outcome: 9 RC Scales (Seeds for Clinical Scales 5 and 0
not used to derive ﬁnal RC Scales)
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

18
DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs
• RCd – DemoralizaLon
– Happy/Unhappy Pleasant/Unpleasant dimension of
mood
– Dohrendwend: Analogous to taking paLent’s
temperature in medicine (i.e., indicates a problem
and its severity, but not eLology)
– Items reflect dysphoric affect, distress, self-‐agributed
inefficacy, low self esteem, and a sense of having
given up
– Associated with increased risk for suicidal ideaLon
and recent suicide agempt

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs

• RCd – DemoralizaLon
– Considerable phenotypic overlap with
depression, however
• VegetaLve symptoms such as poor sleep, low appeLte,
and anhedonia are more speciﬁc to depression
• Dysphoric aﬀect found in medical paLents more likely
to be a product of demoralizaLon, than depression
• When asked about their mood, paLents/clients who
are demoralized are more likely to complain about
depression and anxiety

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

19
DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs
• RC1 – SomaLc Complaints
– Unexplained somaLc complaints long a focus of
medicine (e.g., Hysteria=wandering uterus in ancient
Egypt)
– 19th century French psychiatrist Briquet agributes
symptoms to nervous system
– Charcot and Janet, aoer collaboraLng with Freud
conceptualize as a disease of the mind, adopLng his
noLon of conversion – psychological trauma converted
into physical symptoms
– In DSM-‐IV condiLons labeled Somatoform Disorders
– DSM-‐5 rebranded Soma6c Symptom Disorders

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs

• RC2 – Low PosiLve EmoLons
– Lack of posiLve emoLonal responsiveness,
anhedonia, is a core personological risk factor for
depression
– But not unique to depression; can also occur in
Schizophrenia, PTSD, and certain medical condiLons
– In depression, low posiLve emoLons associated with
greater likelihood of biologically (rather than
situaLonally)-‐linked depression, and hence may be
more amenable to treatment with anLdepressant
medicaLon (Klein, 1974)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

20
DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs
• RC3 – Cynicism
– Degree to which individual holds misanthropic,
negaLvisLc, and mistrusLng view of others
– Beliefs are non-‐self-‐referenLal
– DysfuncLon is largely interpersonal
– “AcLve ingredient” in Type A Personality
associated with increased risk for
cardiovascular disease
– Risk factor for burnout and misconduct in law
enforcement oﬃcers

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs

• RC4 – AnLsocial Behavior
– Core feature of AnLsocial Personality
Disorder and, depending upon model, either
core feature or consequence of Psychopathy
– Item pool includes several elements of
diagnosLc criteria for ASPD, but not all
– Also includes substance abuse and familial
discord items that are not associated with
speciﬁc ASPD diagnosLc criteria
– Hence, AnLsocial Behavior and ASPD are not
veridical

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

21
DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs
• RC6 – Ideas of PersecuLon
– Self-‐referenLal beliefs that one is being singled
out for mistreatment
– Persecutory beliefs are a feature of Paranoia,
but can stem from other causes as well
• Actually being persecuted (refugees, racial
minoriLes)
• ProjecLon of blame for shortcomings or
diﬃculLes onto others
• AlienaLon

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs

• RC6 – Ideas of PersecuLon
– Freeman (2007) characterized paranoia as a hierarchical
phenomenon, characterized by ﬁve levels of perceived
threat ranging from
(1)  Social evaluaLve concerns (fear of rejecLon and feelings
of vulnerability)
(2)  Ideas of reference (being talked about or watched by
others)
(3)  Mild threat (people trying to cause minor distress such
as irritaLon)
(4)  Moderate threat (people going out of their way to get at
the individual)
(5)  Severe threat (people trying to cause signiﬁcant physical,
psychological, or social harm to the individual)
– RC6 items fall mainly in mild to severe range

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

22
DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs
• RC7 – DysfuncLonal NegaLve EmoLons
– A personality trait characterized by a tendency to
worry, be anxious, feel vicLmized and resensul,
be angry, and appraise situaLons generally in
ways that foster negaLve emoLons
– Is correlated with, but disLnct from
DemoralizaLon, which is associated more
speciﬁcally with dissaLsfacLon, unhappiness, and
distress
– Associated with increased risk for anxiety-‐related
psychopathology

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs

• RC8 – Aberrant Experiences
– Sensory, perceptual, cogniLve, and motor experiences
that fall well outside the range of normal experiences
– Associated with, but not unique to thought
disturbance
– Items include posiLve symptoms of Schizophrenia,
such as hallucinaLons (e.g., visual, auditory), and non-‐
persecutory delusions (e.g., thought broadcasLng)
– Associated with increased risk for psychoLc disorder,
but can co-‐occur with other condiLons (e.g.,
dissociaLve symptoms of PTSD)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

23
DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs
• RC9 – Hypomanic AcLvaLon
– Focuses primarily on Kraepelin’s:
• Manic Temperament, marked by consLtuLonal
excitability, carelessness, and marked self-‐conﬁdence
• Irritable Temperament, marked by irritability,
volaLlity, and occasional outbursts of violence
– Some items also focus on Kraepelin’s manic
states, associated with pressure of acLvity
– Most individuals with hypomanic personality traits
do not go on to develop a full ﬂedged bi-‐polar
disorder, but it is associated with elevated risk for
this condiLon

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Empirical Findings with the RC Scales

• Reported in MMPI-‐2-‐RF Technical Manual
and an extensive peer-‐reviewed literature
– Adequate reliability
– Good evidence of construct validity
– Broad range of replicable empirical correlates
reﬂected in interpreLve recommendaLons in
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Manual for AdministraLon, Scoring,
and InterpretaLon

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

24
Appraisals of the RC Scales
• PosiLve appraisals based on data analyses that
included external criteria
• NegaLve appraisals based on beliefs about the
nature of the constructs assessed by the Clinical
Scales and “internal” analyses limited to
correlaLons between subsets of MMPI-‐2 items
– Smaller number of elevated scales does not reﬂect
low sensiLvity, but rather greater discriminant
validity
– “Construct Drio” is actually “Construct Shio”

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

25
CHAPTER 3:
MMPI-‐2-‐RF SUBSTANTIVE
SCALES

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

26
MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales
The introducIon of the RC Scales may sImulate addiIonal
MMPI-‐2 scale development. It may prove worthwhile to search
for and measure disIncIve core features of important MMPI-‐2
scales other than the MMPI-‐2 Clinical Scales, some of which may
also be confounded with a strong DemoralizaIon component.
InvesIgaIons along these lines may lead to addiIonal measures
that are incrementally informaIve beyond the RC Scales.
Through such eﬀorts it may be possible eventually to capture
the full range of aOributes represented by the large body of
MMPI-‐2 constructs with a set of new scales more transparent
and eﬀecIve than those currently available. (Tellegen, Ben-‐
Porath, McNulty, Arbisi, Graham & Kaemmer, 2003, pp. 85–86)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

• RC Scales not intended to assess everything that
can be measured with the MMPI-‐2 item pool
• Goal in compleIng the MMPI-‐2-‐RF:
– A comprehensive set of measures represenIng the
clinically signiﬁcant substance of the enIre MMPI-‐2
item pool
• Five addiIonal sets of scales:
– Higher-‐Order
– Speciﬁc Problems
– Interest
– PSY-‐5
– Validity

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

27
MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

• Higher-‐Order Scales – Background:

– Ongoing search for meaningful structural model
to provide an organizing descripIve framework
for psychological assessment and
psychodiagnosis
– Factor analyses of “normal” and clinical
personality measures yield similar structures:
• Primary constructs to emerge from factor analyses:
– Clinical: Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology
– Normal: Posi6ve Emo6onality, Nega6ve Emo6onality,
Constraint
• Missing Construct: Thought Dysfunc6on

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

• Higher-‐Order Scales – Development:
– RC Scales provide an opportunity for a “fresh” analysis
– Factor analyses of the RC Scales idenIfy three higher-‐order
dimensions marked by
• RCd, RC2, RC7
• RC6, RC8
• RC4, RC9
– Combined items of these scales factor analyzed and three
factor scores generated
– Three factor scores correlated with 567 MMPI-‐2 items
– A set of items selected for each scale to produce diverse
and disIncIve markers associated staIsIcally and
conceptually with one, but not the other two higher-‐order
factors
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

28
MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales
• Higher-‐Order Scales -‐ Outcome:
– EID -‐ Emo;onal/Internalizing Dysfunc;on
– THD – Thought Dysfunc;on
– BXD – Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunc;on
• Two applicaIons of H-‐O Scales:
– Dimensional measures allow for idenIﬁcaIon of more
than one broad domains of dysfuncIon (and
indicaIon of relaIve prominence)
– Organizing framework for MMPI-‐2-‐RF interpretaIon

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

• Speciﬁc Problems and Interest Scales -‐ ObjecIves:
– Augment H-‐O and RC Scales with measures needed to
achieve comprehensive instrument that assesses the
broad range of constructs measurable with the MMPI-‐2
item pool:
• Constructs assessed by Clinical Scales 5 and 0
• Clinical Scale components not assessed by the RC Scales
(e.g., a “social anxiety” component contained in the items of
Clinical Scale 3)
• More narrowly-‐focused facets of some RC Scales (e.g.,
substance abuse within the item pool of RC4)
• Clinically signiﬁcant aOributes not represented in either the
Clinical or RC Scales (e.g., suicidality)

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29
MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales
• Specific Problems and Interest Scales –
Development:
– IteraIve process relying on methods similar to those used in
developing the RC Scales
– A set of items represenIng targeted constructs factor
analyzed along with DemoralizaIon markers
– Seed Scales assembled by selecIng items not overly
correlated with DemoralizaIon or other targeted item sets
– Seed scales correlated with 567 MMPI-‐2 items to idenIfy ones
sufficiently correlated with a specific seed and more so than
with the others
– DeleIon of items that reduced internal consistency
– ExaminaIon of empirical correlates

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

• Speciﬁc Problems and Interest Scales –
Outcome:
– 5 SomaIc/CogniIve Scales
– 9 Internalizing Scales
– 4 Externalizing Scales
– 5 Interpersonal FuncIoning Scales
– 2 Interest Scales

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

30
MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales
• Soma;c/Cogni;ve

Ø MLS: Malaise – Overall sense of physical

debilitaIon, poor health (perceived funcIonal
incapacity)
Ø GIC: Gastrointes;nal Complaints – Nausea,
recurring upset stomach, and poor appeIte
Ø HPC: Head Pain Complaints – Head and
neck pain
Ø NUC: Neurological Complaints – Dizziness,
weakness, paralysis, loss of balance, etc.
Ø COG: Cogni;ve Complaints – Memory problems,
diﬃculIes concentraIng

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

• Internalizing (RCd Facets):

Ø SUI: Suicidal/Death Idea;on – Direct reports of

suicidal ideaIon and recent aOempts
Ø HLP: Helplessness/Hopelessness – Belief that goals

cannot be reached or problems solved
Ø SFD: Self-‐Doubt -‐-‐ Lack of self-‐confidence, feelings

of uselessness
Ø NFC: Inefficacy – Belief that one is indecisive
and inefficacious

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31
MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales
• Internalizing (RC7 Facets):

Ø STW: Stress/Worry -‐-‐ PreoccupaIon with
disappointments, diﬃculty with Ime pressure

Ø AXY: Anxiety – Pervasive anxiety, frights, frequent

nightmares

Ø ANP: Anger Proneness -‐-‐ Becoming easily angered,

impaIent with others

Ø BRF: Behavior-‐Restric;ng Fears -‐-‐ Fears that

signiﬁcantly inhibit normal behavior

Ø MSF: Mul;ple Speciﬁc Fears -‐-‐ Fears of blood, ﬁre,

thunder, etc.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

• Externalizing:
RC4 Facets
Ø JCP: Juvenile Conduct Problems – DiﬃculIes
at school and at home, stealing

Ø SUB: Substance Abuse – Current and past

misuse of alcohol and drugs

RC9 Facets
Ø AGG: Aggression – Physically aggressive,
violent behavior

Ø ACT: Ac;va;on – Heightened excitaIon

and energy level

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

32
MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales
• Interpersonal:
Ø FML: Family Problems – Conﬂictual family
relaIonships
Ø IPP: Interpersonal Passivity – Being
unasserIve and submissive
Ø SAV: Social Avoidance – Avoiding or not
enjoying social events
Ø SHY: Shyness – Bashful, prone to feel inhibited
and anxious around others
Ø DSF: Disaﬃlia;veness – Disliking people and
being around them

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

• Interests:
Ø AES: Aesthe;c-‐Literary Interests – Literature,
music, the theater

Ø MEC: Mechanical-‐Physical Interests – Fixing and

building things, the outdoors, sports

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

33
MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales
• PSY-‐5 – Personality Psychopathology-‐5
– Developed by Harkness and McNulty (1994) as a
dimensional model of Axis II features
– Began with DSM-‐III-‐R Axis II criteria
– Augmented with items describing psychopathy
features and Tellegen’s higher-‐order dimensions of
NegaIve EmoIonality, PosiIve EmoIonality, and
Constraint
– Data reducIon analyses idenIfy ﬁve dimensions
– Harkness, McNulty, and Ben-‐Porath (1995) develop
MMPI-‐2 PSY-‐5 Scales using replicated raIonal
selecIon
• Lay judges select MMPI-‐2 items guided by descripIons of
the ﬁve dimensions

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

• MMPI-‐2-‐RF PSY-‐5 Scales
– Revised versions of their MMPI-‐2 measures of the
PSY-‐5 dimensional model of personality (Axis II)
pathology developed by Harkness and McNulty:

Ø AGGR-‐r: Aggressiveness-‐Revised – Instrumental, goal-‐directed

aggression
Ø PSYC-‐r: Psycho;cism-‐Revised – DisconnecIon
from reality
Ø DISC-‐r: Disconstraint-‐Revised – Under-‐controlled behavior
Ø NEGE-‐r: Nega;ve Emo;onality/Neuro;cism-‐Revised – Anxiety,
insecurity, worry, and fear
Ø INTR-‐r: Introversion/Low Posi;ve Emo;onality-‐Revised – Social
disengagement and anhedonia

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

34
MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales
• MMPI-‐2-‐RF PSY-‐5 Scales
– Provide a validated, dimensional perspecIve on
personality disorder features
• Very similar to PID-‐5 model considered for DSM-‐5 (now
designated as needing further research):
– NegaIve AﬀecIvity
– Detachment
– Antagonism
– Disinhibit ion vs. Compulsivity
– PsychoIcism

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

• MMPI-‐2-‐RF PSY-‐5 Scales
• Can be linked to clusters of DSM-‐5 Personality disorders:
– Aggressiveness – Cluster B
– PsychoIcism – Cluster A
– Disconstraint – Custer B
– NegaIve EmoIonality/NeuroIcism – Cluster C
– Introversion/Low PosiIve EmoIonality – Cluster C

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

35
Empirical Findings SubstanIve Scales
• Reported in MMPI-‐2-‐RF Technical Manual
and peer-‐reviewed literature
– Adequate reliability

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

36
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

37
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

38
Empirical Findings SubstanIve Scales
• Reported in MMPI-‐2-‐RF Technical Manual
and peer-‐reviewed literature
– Adequate reliability
– Good evidence of construct validity
– Broad range of replicable empirical correlates
reﬂected in interpreIve recommendaIons in
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Manual for AdministraIon, Scoring,
and InterpretaIon

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39
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Technical Manual:
Appendix A
• Empirical Correlates in
o Mental Health
§  OutpaIent
§  InpaIent
o Medical
o Substance Abuse Treatment
o Forensic-‐ Civil
o Forensic-‐ Criminal
o Non-‐Clinical

• N= 4,336 Men; 2,337 Women

• 605 Criteria
• 53,970 CorrelaIons

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

40
CHAPTER 4: VALIDITY SCALES

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41
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Validity Scales
• Protocol Validity versus Instrument Validity
• Threats to Protocol Validity
– Non-‐Content-‐Based Invalid Responding
• Non-‐responding
• Random Responding
– IntenMonal
– UnintenMonal
»  Reading DiﬃculMes
»  Comprehension Deﬁcits
• Low verbal abiliMes
• Non-‐naMve English speaker
»  DisorganizaMon
»  Mismarked answer sheets
• Fixed Responding
– Acquiescence or Counter-‐acquiescence
– Problems with double negaMves

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Validity Scales

• Threats to Protocol Validity
– Content-‐Based Invalid Responding
• Over-‐reporMng
– IntenMonal
»  Malingering
»  FacMMous Disorder
– UnintenMonal
»  Catastrophizing
»  Somatoform Disorder
• Under-‐reporMng
– IntenMonal
»  Denial or minimizaMon
– UnintenMonal
»  Distorted self-‐concept

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42
MMPI Validity Scales
• Original MMPI Validity Scales (1943)
– “It is almost as though we inventory-‐makers were afraid to say
too much about the problem because we had no eﬀecMve
soluMon for it, but it was too obvious a fact to be ignored so it
was met by a polite nod.” (Meehl & Hathaway, 1946, p. 526)
– Cannot Say (CNS) – Non-‐responding
• Changes dramaMcally with switch to Group Form
– Lie (L) – Under-‐reporMng
• Fashioned afer Hartshorne and May Honesty Research
– Infrequency (F) – Random Protocol
• IniMally designed as a measure of random responding or clerical
error
• Found by military psychologists to be sensiMve to over-‐reporMng

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI Validity Scales

• Original MMPI Validity Scales -‐ K
– K-‐correcMon and K Scale added in 1946
– Developed by Meehl and Hathaway (1946) to
serve only as a correcMon factor to account for
under-‐reporMng and over-‐reporMng
– K Scale adopted as the ﬁnal standard validity scale
of the MMPI in 1946

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43
MMPI Validity Scales
• Original MMPI Validity Scales and Threats to Protocol
Validity:
– CNS
• Non-‐responding
– L
• Under-‐reporMng
– IntenMonal and unintenMonal
– F
• Content non-‐responsiveness
• Over-‐reporMng
– IntenMonal and unintenMonal
– K
• Under-‐reporMng
– IntenMonal and unintenMonal

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2 Validity Scales

• MMPI-‐2 Validity Scales:
– MMPI Validity Sales carried over:
• CNS, L, F, K carried over
– F loses four items
– MMPI-‐2 Validity Scales introduced in 1989:
• Variable Response Inconsistency – VRIN – Random
Responding
• True Response Inconsistency – TRIN – Fixed Responding
• F Back (FB) – Over-‐reporMng
– MMPI-‐2 Validity Scales added later:
• Infrequency Psychopathology – FP -‐ Over-‐reporMng
• SuperlaMve Self-‐PresentaMon – S – Under-‐reporMng
• Symptom Validity Scale – FBS (previously Fake Bad Scale) –
Over-‐reporMng
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44
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Validity Scales:
Development
• VRIN-‐r/TRIN-‐r
– Based on inconsistent responses to item
pairs
– Pairs selected in the basis of staMsMcal and
semanMc analyses of possible response
combinaMons (composites):
• Both True (TT)
• Both False (FF)
• First True and the second False (TF)
• First False and the second True (FT)
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Validity Scales:

Development
• VRIN-‐r/TRIN-‐r
– Each composite chosen for VRIN-‐r or TRIN-‐r had to
meet ﬁve criteria:
• The items had to be suﬃciently correlated with each other
(posiMvely for VRIN-‐r, negaMvely for TRIN-‐r) in two clinical samples
(seeking staMsMcal inconsistency)
• The observed frequency of the composite had to be low when
compared to the frequency expected by chance if the two
responses making up the composite were independent (seeking
unlikely response combinaMons)
• The combinaMon of responses in a composite had to be judged by
the authors to be inconsistent (seeking semanMc inconsistency)
• The correlaMon between a composite and a mini-‐scale made up of
the two items keyed in the direcMon they were scored on the
composite was low (seeking “content-‐free” composites)
• Neither item in a composite could belong to another composite of
the same type (eliminate overlap)
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45
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Validity Scales:
Development
• TRIN-‐r Example:
269. When things get really bad, I know I can count on my family for
help.
314. I hate my whole family
– Responses are negaMvely correlated (-‐.23)
– Observed/Expected .27 for TT and .93 for FF (TT
combinaMon much more unlikely than FF)
– TT combinaMon is semanMcally inconsistent
– CorrelaMon with mini-‐scale reﬂecMng family problems is
-‐.10 for TT and -‐.70 for FF (indicaMng TT combinaMon is
content-‐free)
– Neither 269 nor 314 could be scored in another TT
combinaMon
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Validity Scales:

Development
• Over-‐reporMng Scales:
– F-‐r (Infrequent Responses):
• 32 items answered infrequently (10% or less) of the men and women in
the normaMve sample
– Fp-‐r (Infrequent Psychopathology Responses):
• 21 items answered infrequently (20% or less) by psychiatric inpaMents,
outpaMents, and non-‐clinical samples
– Fs (Infrequent SomaMc Responses):
• 16 items with somaMc content answered infrequently (25% or less) of
medical samples
– FBS-‐r (Symptom Validity):
• 30 of 43 FBS items included in 338-‐item booklet
– RBS (Response Bias Scale):
• 28 items correlated with failure on performance validity tests

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

46
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Validity Scales:
Development
• Under-‐reporMng Scales:
– L-‐r (Uncommon Virtues):
• 14 items describing uncommon moral virtues
– K-‐r (Adjustment Validity):
• 14 items describing good psychological adjustment

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Validity Scales:

Empirical Findings

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47
Psychometric Findings with the
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Validity Scales

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Reliability

• Reported in Chapter 3 of MMPI-‐2-‐RF

Technical Manual

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48
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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49
Validity

• ValidaMon studies reported in peer-‐

reviewed literature
• Examples:

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50
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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51
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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52
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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53
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

54
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

55
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

56
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

57
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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58
Malingering

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Malingering
• Cannot be determined by self-‐report alone
– External incenMve?
– FacMMous disorder?
• When integrated with other sources
– Collateral informaMon
– PVTs
– Other tesMng
– Interview
• MMPI-‐2-‐RF indicaMons of over-‐reporMng can support the
evaluator’s conclusions about malingering
• MMPI-‐2-‐RF over-‐reporMng indicators have been
validated primarily in the context of idenMfying
malingering

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59
Malingering
• Malingering and psychopathology are not
mutually exclusive
–  i.e., malingering is not an indicaMon of the absence of
psychopathology
• Regardless of malingering, MMPI-‐2-‐RF ﬁndings of
signiﬁcant over-‐reporMng
– Raise quesMons about the validity of scores on the
substanMve scales
– And therefore indicate that scores on the substanMve
scales cannot be relied upon to assess for
psychological dysfuncMon
– Raise general quesMons about the validity of the test-‐
taker’s self-‐reported symptoms
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60
CHAPTER 5: ADMINISTRATION
AND SCORING

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61
Administering and Scoring the
MMPI-‐2-‐RF
• Standard Procedures delineated in Manual for
Administra0on, Scoring, and Interpreta0on
• AdministraKon:
– Before TesKng
• Consider age
• Inquire about prior tesKng experience
• Assess Testability
– CogniKve wherewithal
– Vision
– Reading Level
– Use Standard AdministraKon ModaliKes
• Booklet and answer sheet
• Computer

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Administering and Scoring the

MMPI-‐2-‐RF
• Scoring:
– NormaKve Sample:
• MMPI-‐2 NormaKve Sample Collected in
mid-‐1980s
• Non-‐gendered norms (1,138 men, 1,138 women)

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62
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Administering and Scoring the

MMPI-‐2-‐RF
• Scoring:
– NormaKve Sample:
• MMPI-‐2 NormaKve Sample Collected in 1980s
• Non-‐gendered norms (1,138 men, 1,138
women)
• Norms appear to be holding up well
(Technical Manual Appendix C)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

64
Administering and Scoring the
MMPI-‐2-‐RF
• Scoring:
– NormaKve Sample:
• MMPI-‐2 NormaKve Sample Collected in 1980s
• Non-‐gendered norms (1,138 men, 1,138
women)
• Norms appear to be holding up well (Technical
Manual Appendix C)
• Uniform T scores

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Administering and Scoring the

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

66
MMPI-‐2-‐RF:
Standard Comparison Groups
§  MMPI-‐2-‐RF NormaKve (Men & Women)
§  OutpaKent, Community Mental Health Center (Men & Women)
§  OutpaKent, Independent PracKce (Men & Women)
§  Psychiatric InpaKent, Community Hospital (Men & Women)
§  Psychiatric InpaKent, VA Hospital (Men)
§  Substance Abuse Treatment, VA (Men)
§  Bariatric Surgery Candidate (Men & Women)
§  Spine Surgery/Spinal Cord SKmulator Candidates (Men & Women)
§  Chronic Pain (Men & Women)
§  College Counseling Clinic (Men & Women)
§  College Student (Men & Women)
§  Forensic, Disability Claimant (Men & Women)
§  Forensic, Independent Neuropsychological ExaminaKon (Men & Women)
§  Forensic, Pre-‐trial Criminal (Men & Women)
§  Forensic, Child Custody (Men & Women)
§  Forensic, Parental Fitness Evaluees (Men & Women)
§  Prison Inmate (Men & Women)
§  Personnel Screening, Law Enforcement (Men, Women & Combined)
§  Personnel Screening, CorrecKons Oﬃcer (Men, Women & Combined)
§  Personnel Screening, Clergy Candidates (Men, Women, & Combined)
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

67
Administering and Scoring the
MMPI-‐2-‐RF
• Scoring:
– Standard Scoring ModaliKes:
• Hand scoring
• Computer
– Score Report

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
73

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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Administering and Scoring the
MMPI-‐2-‐RF
• Scoring:
– Standard Scoring ModaliLes:
• Hand scoring
• Computer
– Score Report
»  Comparison Groups (Standard and
Custom)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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Comparison Group Generator

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
93
Administering and Scoring the
MMPI-‐2-‐RF
• Scoring:
– Standard Scoring ModaliKes:
• Hand scoring
• Computer
– Score Report
»  Comparison Groups
– InterpreKve Report

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
102
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
103
Administering and Scoring the
MMPI-‐2-‐RF
• Scoring:
– Standard Scoring ModaliKes:
• Hand scoring
• Computer
– Score Report
»  Comparison Groups
– InterpreKve Report
»  Comparison Groups (Do not alter
interpretaKon)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

104
CHAPTERS 6-‐8:
-‐ INTERPRETING THE MMPI-‐2-‐RF VALIDITY SCALES
-‐ INTERPRETING THE MMPI-‐2-‐RF SUBSTANTIVE SCALES
-‐ INTERPRETING THE MMPI-‐2-‐RF: RECOMMENDED
FRAMEWORK AND PROCESS

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105
MMPI-‐2-‐RF InterpretaVon
• Scale-‐by-‐scale interpreVve recommendaVons
in:
– Chapter 6 -‐ Validity Scales

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106
MMPI-‐2-‐RF InterpretaVon
• Scale-‐by-‐scale interpreVve recommendaVons in:
– Chapter 6 -‐ Validity Scales
– Chapter 7 -‐ SubstanVve Scales

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF InterpretaVon
• Scale-‐by-‐scale interpreVve recommendaVons in:
– Chapter 6 -‐ Validity Scales
– Chapter 7 -‐ SubstanVve Scales
• Framework and Process for MMPI-‐2-‐RF
InterpretaVon (Chapter 8)
– Framework and Sources

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF InterpretaVon
• Scale-‐by-‐scale interpreVve recommendaVons in:
– Chapter 6 -‐ Validity Scales
– Chapter 7 -‐ SubstanVve Scales
• Framework and Process for MMPI-‐2-‐RF
InterpretaVon (Chapter 8)
– Framework and Sources
– InterpretaVon Worksheet

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
111

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
112
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
113
MMPI-‐2-‐RF InterpretaHon
• Scale-‐by-‐scale interpreHve recommendaHons in:
– Chapter 6 -‐ Validity Scales
– Chapter 7 -‐ SubstanHve Scales
• Framework and Process for MMPI-‐2-‐RF
InterpretaHon (Chapter 8)
– Framework and Sources
– InterpretaHon Worksheet
• Validity Scale InterpretaHon
– Threats to Protocol Validity and Confounds

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

116
MMPI-‐2-‐RF InterpretaHon
• Scale-‐by-‐scale interpreHve recommendaHons
in:
– Chapter 6 -‐ Validity Scales
– Chapter 7 -‐ SubstanHve Scales
• Framework and Process for MMPI-‐2-‐RF
InterpretaHon (Chapter 8)
– Framework and Sources
– InterpretaHon Worksheet
• Validity Scale InterpretaHon
– Threats to Protocol Validity and Confounds
– Examples
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
121

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
123

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
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the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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the University of Minnesota.
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the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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the University of Minnesota.
132

MMPI-‐2-‐RF InterpretaHon
• SubstanHve Scale InterpretaHon
– Begin with Higher-‐Order Scales
• If only one is elevated, use it as starHng point then
interpret all RC, Speciﬁc Problems, PSY-‐5 scales in
that area
– When interpreHng RC Scales:
»  proceed in order of elevaHon
»  incorporate relevant SP Scales and PSY-‐5

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
134
MMPI-‐2-‐RF InterpretaHon

• SubstanHve Scale InterpretaHon

– Begin with Higher-‐Order Scales
• If only one is elevated, use it as starHng point then
interpret all RC, Speciﬁc Problems, PSY-‐5 scales in
that area
– When interpreHng RC Scales:
»  proceed in order of elevaHon
»  incorporate relevant SP Scales and PSY-‐5
• If more than one H-‐O Scale is elevated, use highest
as starHng point, then proceed to next highest
• If no H-‐O Scale is elevated, proceed to RC Scales
and interpret by domain in order of elevaHon
incorporaHng relevant SP and PSY-‐5 scales
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF InterpretaHon

• SubstanHve Scale InterpretaHon

– Once all H-‐O and RC Scales are covered:
• Interpret any remaining elevated SP Scales
• Interpret Interpersonal and Interest scales
• If relevant, add diagnosHc and treatment
consideraHons

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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140

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
147
CHAPTER 9:
MMPI-‐2-‐RF CASE STUDIES

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148
Ms. G: Obsessive-‐Compulsive Symptoms
• 35 year old, single, woman
• Self-‐referred for outpaNent treatment at a
community mental health center
• Recently lost her job owing to obsessive-‐
compulsive behavior
• Preoccupied with worry that her apartment will
catch ﬁre or be burglarized
• Engaged to repeated checking behavior of
increasing intensity that interfered with job
performance (tardiness, producNvity)
• AXer repeated warnings, let go

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Ms. G: Obsessive-‐Compulsive Symptoms

• Raised in an intact family with no reported abuse
history
• Had been involved in long-‐term relaNonship that
ended a few moths prior to seeking services
• Had resided with ex-‐boyfriend most of her adult
life
• No prior contact with the mental health system
• At intake, reported feeling anxious, depressed,
embarrassed, and guilty over job loss

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the University of Minnesota.
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MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of
the University of Minnesota.
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the University of Minnesota.
157
Mr. P: Chronic and Severe Disorder
• 49 year old, single, male
• Assessed at intake to an inpaNent psychiatric unit of a
community hospital
• Long standing diagnosis of Schizophrenia, Paranoid
Type
• Diagnosed during later teens and resided with parents
most of his adult life
• Father passed away when Mr. P was in his late 20s
• ConNnues to reside with mother, now in her late 70s
• Receives case management services in the community

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Mr. P: Chronic and Severe Disorder

• Periodically employed as an unskilled laborer under the
auspices of local community mental health agency
• Several weeks prior to hospitalizaNon, became
embroiled in conﬂict with co-‐worker
• Employment suspended following physical altercaNon
• Because upset and disconNnued medicaNon
• Mother reported fairly rapid deterioraNon, marked by
preoccupaNon with government conspiracy to deprive
him of disability beneﬁts
• Threatened retaliaNon against supervisor and co-‐
worker

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the University of Minnesota.
166
Ms. L: An Abusive RelaLonship Ends
• 20 year old, single, female college student
• Presented at college counseling center complaining of
academic diﬃculLes following breakup
• Reported involvement in an abusive relaLonship for
over a year
• Frequent arguments culminated in physical altercaLons
• OTen triggered by Ms. L’s suspicions regarding
boyfriend’s inﬁdelity
• AltercaLons would oTen leave both with bruises
• Typically occurred when both were intoxicated
• Boyfriend terminated relaLonships three weeks prior to
intake
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Ms. L: An Abusive RelaLonship Ends

• Ms. L went on a two-‐week drinking binge following
breakup
• Had sexual relaLonships with several men she met at
bars while using forged idenLﬁcaLon
• Stopped aZending classes and missed several exams
• ATer friend threatened to inform her parents about
acLviLes, she stopped going to bars and started
aZending classes
• When she explained her absence to one of her
professors, she recommended that Ms. L seek
assistance at the counseling clinic

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176
Mr. E: Substance-‐Induced PsychoLc Symptoms
• 28 year old, single male
• AdmiOed to inpaLent psychiatric unit of community
hospital aPer presenLng with suspected psychoLc
symptoms
• Extensive history of alcohol and drug abuse and
unsuccessful treatments
• Assault led to arrest and current evaluaLon
• At intake described as sLll intoxicated following recent
cocaine binge
• Thinking characterized as paranoid and suspicious, with
religious preoccupaLon and obsessive ruminaLon

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

Mr. E: Substance-‐Induced PsychoLc Symptoms

• No prior involvement with mental health system, but

several failed substance abuse treatment programs
• Recent breakup
• Arrest followed altercaLon at a bar
• Caused serious injuries to stranger who had asked him
to lower his voice
• ArresLng oﬃcer noted Mr. P’s religious preoccupaLon
• Taken to crisis stabilizaLon unit where staﬀ diagnosed
intoxicaLon following crack cocaine binge
• Possibly independent psychoLc symptoms noted, with
recommendaLon for inpaLent observaLon

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185
CHAPTER 10:
MMPI-‐2-‐RF APPRAISALS

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186
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Appraisals

• Generally favorable
• Test adopted for rouKne use in mental
health, medical, forensic, and
personnel screening evaluaKons
• Key advantages:
– Length
– Modernity
– String Empirical FoundaKons

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Appraisals

• Graham (2012) and Greene (2011) provide

extensive coverage of the MMPI-‐2-‐RF
• Provide detailed recommendaKons for use as
well as appraisals of the inventory, including
some advantages and disadvantages.
• Advantages include brevity, ease of
interpretaKon, and links to the contemporary
literature on personality and
psychopathology.

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187
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Appraisals

• Both authors menKon the loss of informaKon

from Clinical Scale code types as a potenKal
disadvantage of the MMPI-‐2-‐RF.
• However, Graham (2012) notes that
– “one could argue that code types evolved largely
as a way to deal with the heterogeneity of the
Clinical Scales and are not necessary because of
the homogeneity of the RC Scales and other
MMPI-‐2-‐RF scales” (p. 414).

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Appraisals
• Both authors also discuss the absence of speciﬁc
supplementary MMPI-‐2 measures as disadvantages.
• Graham (2012) lists the Mac-‐R, Ho and Es scales
• As noted earlier, the MMPI-‐2-‐RF Technical Manual reports
correlaKons between MMPI-‐2 and MMPI-‐2-‐RF scales.
• ExaminaKon of these staKsKcs indicates that MAC-‐R is most
closely associated with the Higher-‐Order BXD Scale of the
MMPI-‐2-‐RF
• RC3 assesses the cynical hosKlity component of the Ho scale.
• Es is a more heterogeneous measure that does not have a
direct parallel in the MMPI-‐2-‐RF

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188
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Appraisals
• Greene (2011):
– “The “MMPI-‐2” in MMPI-‐2-‐RF is a misnomer because the
only relaKonship to the MMPI-‐2 is its use of a subset of the
MMPI-‐2 item pool, its normaKve group, and similar validity
scales. The MMPI-‐2-‐RF should not be conceptualized as a
revised or restructured form of the MMPI-‐2, but as a new
self-‐report inventory that chose (sic) to select its items
from the MMPI-‐2 item pool and use its normaKve
group.” (p. 22)
• However, naming this instrument, made up exclusively
of MMPI-‐2 items and standardized on the MMPI-‐2
norms, anything but a restructured version of the
MMPI-‐2 would in fact be misleading.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Appraisals
• Greene (2011):
– “clinicians who use the MMPI-‐2-‐RF should realize that
they have forsaken the MMPI-‐2 and its 70 years of clinical
and research history, and they are learning a new
inventory” (p. 22).
• Nonetheless, he provides detailed recommendaKons on
how to use the MMPI-‐2-‐RF, which span roughly one-‐
fourth of his book and include several case studies.
• Greene has also developed a commercially available
computer-‐based interpreKve report for the MMPI-‐2-‐RF.
• It can, therefore, reasonably be inferred that Greene
does not view his expressed concerns as cause for not
using the test.

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189
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Appraisals
• Butcher (2011) provides an exclusively negaKve
appraisal of the MMPI-‐2-‐RF and recommends
against its use.
• Much of Butcher’s appraisal consists of repeKKon
of criKcisms of the RC Scales without
consideraKon of the substance of published
responses to these criKcisms (Tellegen et al.,
2006, 2009).
• Butcher’s claim that the RC Scales
“underpathologize” is contradicted by data
(Sellbom, et al., 2006, Tellegen et al., 2006)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Appraisals
• Butcher (2011) also lists some new concerns,
including:
– The relaKvely low reliability esKmates for some
Specific Problems Scales
• However, as discussed earlier, the reliability esKmates
reported in the Technical Manual need to be considered in
the context of the associated measurement error staKsKcs,
which are also reported
– “the majority of the scales incorporated in the
MMPI-‐2-‐RF are insufficiently validated to provide the
pracKKoner with confidence in assessment” (p. 189)
• This is belied by the unparalleled quanKty and quality of

external correlate data reported in the Technical Manual
(discussed earlier).

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

190
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Appraisals
• Butcher (2011) expresses concern about the loss of items
related to work adjustment and treatment readiness that
resulted from pruning the item pool from 567 to 338
statements.
– The items alluded to here are scored on two of the MMPI-‐2
Content Scales, Work Interference (WRK) and NegaKve Treatment
Indicators (TRT).
– Data reported in the Technical Manual indicate that both these
scales are oversaturated with demoralizaKon variance and their
disKncKve features are assessed on the MMPI-‐2-‐RF with the
Ineﬃcacy (NFC) and Helplessness/Hopelessness (HLP) Scales,
respecKvely.
– Treatment consideraKons are included in the interpreKve
recommendaKons for most of the MMPI-‐2-‐RF substanKve scales.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Appraisals
• Butcher (2011) remarks that “it is likely that the
interpretaKons and conclusions drawn from the
MMPI-‐2-‐RF will diﬀer substanKally from an MMPI-‐2
interpretaKon” (p. 190) and expresses concern that
this may create confusion.
– However, because the two MMPI versions are scored
from the test-‐taker’s responses to the same set of
items, it is unlikely that two conﬂicKng clinical
pictures will emerge.
– The more likely outcome is that the picture portrayed
by the MMPI-‐2-‐RF may be more readily and clearly
discerned.
– Confusion can be avoided by being clear about which
version of the MMPI was used in a given assessment.
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191
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Appraisals
• Elsewhere, Butcher (2010) is criKcal of use of
non-‐gendered norms with the MMPI-‐2-‐RF,
staKng:
Unlike the original MMPI and MMPI-‐2, in which
separate gender norms were provided, the MMPI-‐2-‐
RF authors combined genders into one comparison
sample. This situaKon may result in diﬀerent
standards being applied for men and women in
assessment and predicKon. Further study of this
potenKal bias needs to be conducted. However, the
MMPI-‐2-‐RF manuals do not provide the informaKon
necessary for exploring this quesKon because raw
score data by gender are not reported. (p. 14)

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Appraisals
• This criKcism reflects a fundamental misunderstanding of
group-‐specific norms.
• Contrary to Butcher’s asserKon, gender-‐based norms
create different standards for men and women, which can
mask meaningful gender differences (cf., Reynolds &
Kamphaus, 2002, 2004; Reynolds & Livingston, 2012).
• Non-‐gendered norms apply the same standard to men
and women’s test scores and reflect rather than mask
actual gender differences.

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192
MMPI-‐2-‐RF Appraisals
• Butcher’s (2010) asserKon that the MMPI-‐2-‐RF manuals do not
provide informaKon necessary to explore this quesKon is also
incorrect.
• As noted earlier, means and standard deviaKons of scores on the
51 MMPI-‐2-‐RF scales are reported in the Technical Manual by
gender for a wide range of samples, including the normaKve
sample.
• Gender-‐based norms would have gender differences reflected in
these data by semng the mean T score for each gender at 50.
• Moreover, inclusion of extensive, gender-‐specific descripKve data
in the Technical Manual allows MMPI-‐2-‐RF users to compare a
test-‐taker’s results with samples of men and women tested in a
wide range of mental health, medical, forensic, personnel
screening, and non-‐clinical semngs.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Training Slides, University of Minnesota Press, 2015. Copyright for all MMPI® and MMPI-‐2-‐RF® materials are held by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Appraisals

• Nichols (2011) mainly repeats Butcher’s

(2010, 2011) criKcisms, focusing mostly on
his own previous (Nichols, 2006) criKque of
the RC scales.
• Detailed responses to Nichols’s earlier RC
Scale criKques are provided by Tellegen and
colleagues (2006, 2009).

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193
For addi<onal informa<on, please
reference:

Ben-‐Porath, Y.S. (2012). Interpre'ng the

MMPI-‐2-‐RF. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press.

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Manual Mini Mental

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Manual Mini Mental

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TRAINING

Hathaway & McKinley 1944, p. 155

Hathaway & McKinley 1944, p. 170

Jackson (1971, p. 232)

Norman (1972, p. 64)

Meehl (1972, p. 150)

Meehl (1972, p. 157)

Why Restructure the Clinical Scales?

Developing the RC Scales

Developing the RC Scales

Developing the RC Scales

DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs

DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs

DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs

DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs

DelineaLng the RC Scale Constructs

Empirical Findings with the RC Scales

MMPI-­‐2-­‐RF SubstanIve Scales

• Higher-­‐Order Scales – Background:

MMPI-­‐2-­‐RF SubstanIve Scales

MMPI-­‐2-­‐RF SubstanIve Scales

MMPI-­‐2-­‐RF SubstanIve Scales

Ø MLS: Malaise – Overall sense of physical

MMPI-­‐2-­‐RF SubstanIve Scales

Ø AXY: Anxiety – Pervasive anxiety, frights, frequent

Ø ANP: Anger Proneness -­‐-­‐ Becoming easily angered,

Ø BRF: Behavior-­‐Restric;ng Fears -­‐-­‐ Fears that

Ø MSF: Mul;ple Speciﬁc Fears -­‐-­‐ Fears of blood, ﬁre,

MMPI-­‐2-­‐RF SubstanIve Scales

Ø SUB: Substance Abuse – Current and past

Ø ACT: Ac;va;on – Heightened excitaIon

MMPI-­‐2-­‐RF SubstanIve Scales

Ø MEC: Mechanical-­‐Physical Interests – Fixing and

MMPI-­‐2-­‐RF SubstanIve Scales

Ø AGGR-­‐r: Aggressiveness-­‐Revised – Instrumental, goal-­‐directed

MMPI-­‐2-­‐RF SubstanIve Scales

• N= 4,336 Men; 2,337 Women

MMPI-­‐2-­‐RF Validity Scales

MMPI Validity Scales

MMPI-­‐2 Validity Scales

MMPI-­‐2-­‐RF Validity Scales:

MMPI-­‐2-­‐RF Validity Scales:

MMPI-­‐2-­‐RF Validity Scales:

• Reported in Chapter 3 of MMPI-­‐2-­‐RF

• ValidaMon studies reported in peer-­‐

Administering and Scoring the

Administering and Scoring the

Administering and Scoring the

• SubstanHve Scale InterpretaHon

• SubstanHve Scale InterpretaHon

Ms. G: Obsessive-­‐Compulsive Symptoms

Mr. P: Chronic and Severe Disorder

Ms. L: An Abusive RelaLonship Ends

Mr. E: Substance-­‐Induced PsychoLc Symptoms

• No prior involvement with mental health system, but

• Graham (2012) and Greene (2011) provide

• Both authors menKon the loss of informaKon

• Nichols (2011) mainly repeats Butcher’s

Ben-­‐Porath, Y.S. (2012). Interpre'ng the

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MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

• Higher-‐Order Scales – Background:

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

Ø MLS: Malaise – Overall sense of physical

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

Ø AXY: Anxiety – Pervasive anxiety, frights, frequent

Ø ANP: Anger Proneness -‐-‐ Becoming easily angered,

Ø BRF: Behavior-‐Restric;ng Fears -‐-‐ Fears that

Ø MSF: Mul;ple Speciﬁc Fears -‐-‐ Fears of blood, ﬁre,

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

Ø SUB: Substance Abuse – Current and past

Ø ACT: Ac;va;on – Heightened excitaIon

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

Ø MEC: Mechanical-‐Physical Interests – Fixing and

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

Ø AGGR-‐r: Aggressiveness-‐Revised – Instrumental, goal-‐directed

MMPI-‐2-‐RF SubstanIve Scales

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Validity Scales

MMPI-‐2 Validity Scales

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Validity Scales:

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Validity Scales:

MMPI-‐2-‐RF Validity Scales:

• Reported in Chapter 3 of MMPI-‐2-‐RF

• ValidaMon studies reported in peer-‐

Ms. G: Obsessive-‐Compulsive Symptoms

Mr. E: Substance-‐Induced PsychoLc Symptoms

Ben-‐Porath, Y.S. (2012). Interpre'ng the