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L TEX Mathematics Examples: A Prof Tony Roberts September 10, 2018

This document provides LaTeX examples of formatting mathematical expressions, equations, functions, theorems and other elements. It includes examples of using delimiters, spacing, arrays, equation arrays, functions, accents, command definitions, and theorems in LaTeX. The document demonstrates how to properly typeset various mathematical elements like integrals, derivatives, vectors, matrices and more using LaTeX syntax.

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Sukrit Ghorai
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72 views6 pages

L TEX Mathematics Examples: A Prof Tony Roberts September 10, 2018

This document provides LaTeX examples of formatting mathematical expressions, equations, functions, theorems and other elements. It includes examples of using delimiters, spacing, arrays, equation arrays, functions, accents, command definitions, and theorems in LaTeX. The document demonstrates how to properly typeset various mathematical elements like integrals, derivatives, vectors, matrices and more using LaTeX syntax.

Uploaded by

Sukrit Ghorai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LATEX Mathematics Examples

Prof Tony Roberts


September 10, 2018

Contents
1 Delimiters 1

2 Spacing 2

3 Arrays 2

4 Equation arrays 3

5 Functions 4

6 Accents 4

7 Command definition 5

8 Theorems et al. 5

1 Delimiters
See how the delimiters are of reasonable size in these examples
 
b
(a + b) 1 − = a,
a+b
p x + y
|xy| ≤ ,

2
even when there is no matching delimiter
Z b 2 b Z b
dv dv du dv
u 2 dx = u − dx.
a dx dx a a dx dx

2 Spacing
Differentials often need a bit of help with their spacing as in
ZZ
1
xy 2 dx dy = x2y 3,
6
whereas vector problems often lead to statements such as
−y x
u= 2 , v= 2 , and w = 0 .
x + y2 x + y2
Occasionally one gets horrible line breaks when using a list in mathe-
matics such as listing the first twelve primes 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 2
In such cases, perhaps include \mathcode‘\,="213B inside the in-
line maths environment so that the list breaks: 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 ,
17 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 31 , 37 . Be discerning about when to do this as the
spacing is different.

3 Arrays
Arrays of mathematics are typeset using one of the matrix environ-
ments as in  
  1  
1 x 0   1 + xy
y = .
0 1 −1 y−1
1
Case statements use cases:
(
x, if x ≥ 0 ,
|x| =
−x, if x < 0 .

Many arrays have lots of dots all over the place as in


−2 1 0 0 ··· 0
1 −2 1 0 ··· 0
0 1 −2 1 ··· 0
0 0 1 −2 . . . ..
.. .. .. ... ... 1
0 0 0 ··· 1 −2

4 Equation arrays
In the flow of a fluid film we may report
 
1
uα = 2κxxx y − y 2 , (1)
2
v = 3κxxxy , (2)
p = κxx . (3)

Alternatively, the curl of a vector field (u, v, w) may be written with


only one equation number:
∂w ∂v
ω1 = − ,
∂y ∂z
∂u ∂w
ω2 = − , (4)
∂z ∂x
∂v ∂u
ω3 = − .
∂x ∂y
Whereas a derivation may look like
(p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ ¬q) = p ∧ (q ∨ ¬q) by distributive law
= p ∧ T by excluded middle
= p by identity

5 Functions
Observe that trigonometric and other elementary functions are type-
set properly, even to the extent of providing a thin space if followed
by a single letter argument:
 
1 1
exp(iθ) = cos θ + i sin θ , sinh(log x) = x− .
2 x
With sub- and super-scripts placed properly on more complicated
functions,
lim kf (x)kq = max |f (x)|,
q→∞ x
and large operators, such as integrals and
∞ n n
X x Y
ex = where n! = i,
n=0
n! i=1
\
Uα = Uα .
α
In inline mathematics the scripts are correctly placed
P∞to the side in
order to conserve vertical space, as in 1/(1 − x) = n=0 xn.

6 Accents
Mathematical accents are performed by a short command with one
argument, such as
Z ∞
1
f˜(ω) = f (x)e−iωx dx ,
2π −∞
or
~˙ = ~r × I~ .
ω

7 Command definition
The Airy function, Ai(x), may be incorrectly defined as this integral
Z
Ai(x) = exp(s3 + isx) ds .

This vector identity serves nicely to illustrate two of the new


commands:
     
∂w ∂v ∂u ∂w ∂v ∂u
∇×q =i − +j − +k − .
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
Recall that typesetting multi-line mathematics is an art normally
too hard for computer recipes. Nonetheless, if you need to be au-
tomatically flexible about multi-line mathematics, and you do not
mind some rough typesetting, then perhaps invoke \parbox to help
as follows:
3 3 1
u1 = −2γ s2 + µ 8 s2 + 8 s1i + 3 − 81
2
 2
32 s4 s2 −
27 9 27 9 3
2 2 2

s s s i + 32 s4s1 + 32 s3s2i − 16 s3s2s1 − 32 s3s1i +
R16b 4 2 1 2 3
a 1 − 2x + 3x − 4x dx

Also, sometimes use \parbox to typeset multiline entries in tables.

8 Theorems et al.
Definition 1 (right-angled triangles) A right-angled triangle
is a triangle whose sides of length a, b and c, in some permuta-
tion of order, satisfies a2 + b2 = c2.
Lemma 2 The triangle with sides of length 3, 4 and 5 is right-
angled.

This lemma follows from the Definition 1 as 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 =


25 = 52.

Theorem 3 (Pythagorean triplets) Triangles with sides of


length a = p2 − q 2, b = 2pq and c = p2 + q 2 are right-angled
triangles.

Prove this Theorem 3 by the algebra a2 +b2 = (p2 −q 2)2 +(2pq)2 =


p4 − 2p2q 2 + q 4 + 4p2q 2 = p4 + 2p2q 2 + q 4 = (p2 + q 2)2 = c2.

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