Clinical
Mycology
(Guide Notes)
By: Aaron Jan Palmares, RMT, MSMT
Medically Significant
Fungi
A. General Characteristics
B. Taxonomy
C. Agents of Mycoses
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
2. Hyaline versus Dematiaceous
3. Dimorphism and
Polymorphism
4. Reproduction
A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
A. Yeast
Unicellular, reproduce by budding
Forms a bacterial-like colony
B. Molds
Multicellular
Woolly (Fuzzy) appearance in culture
A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds
Made up of Mycelium
i. Mycelium
• Intertwining structures
composed of hyphae
ii. Hyphae
• Tubelike structures
• Fundamental units of fungi
A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds
Parts of Hyphae
i. Aerial (reproductive)
• Above the surface
• Produce conidia / spores
ii. Vegetative (thallus)
• Extends downward into the medium
• Absorbs water and nutrients
A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds
Types of Hyphae
i. Septate
• With frequent
crosswalls
ii. Sparsely septate
• Aseptate
• Few cross walls
A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds
Structures associated to hyphae
i. Conidiophore / Sporangiophore
• Stalks for conidia / sporangium
ii. Conidia / Sporangium
• Asexual structures that form at the
hyphae or conidiophore /
sporangiophore
A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds
Structures associated to
hyphae
iii. Phialide / Annellide
• Secondary segments born
from conidio/sporangiophore
iv. Vesicle / Columella
• Enlarged or dome shaped
structure at the tip of
conidio /
sporangiophore
A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds
Other hyphal forms
i. Spirals
• Coiled hyphae
• T. Mentagrophytes
ii. Nodular bodies
• Knot of twisted hyphae
• M. canis
• T. mentagrophytes
A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds
Other hyphal forms
iii. Racquet
• Club shaped
• E. floccosum
iv. Pectinate body
• “Broken comb”
• M. audouinii
A. General
Characteristics
1. Yeasts and Molds
B. Molds
Other hyphal forms
v. Favic Chandelier
• Antler hyphae
• T. schoenleinii
• T. violaceum
A. General
Characteristics
2. Hyaline versus Dematiaceous
hyphae
A. Hyaline (Moniliaceous)
Non- or lightly pigmented
B. Dematiaceous
Darkly pigmented (Melanin)
A. General
Characteristics
3. Dimorphism and Polymorphism
A. Dimorphism (Dimorphic Fungi)
Ability to exist in two forms:
i. Yeast or Spherule phase at 37°C
ii. Mold phase at 25°C
B. Polymorphism (Polymorphic
Fungi)
• Have both yeast and mold
forms in the same culture
A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
A. Asexual
• Forms conidia from hyphae of 1
organism
B. Sexual
• Forms spores by merging of cell and
nuclei
A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
A. Asexual
Results in the formation of conidia
i. Conidia
Asexual spores that form on the
hyphae or
conidiophore
ii. Macroconidia
• large and multicelled
iii. Microconidia
• small and unicellular
A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
A. Asexual
Spores develop from vegetative mycelium
iv. Blastoconidia (blastospores)
• Daughter cell that buds from mother
cell, hyphae or pseudohyphae
• Blastomyces, Histoplasma,
Paracoccidioides, Sporothrix
• C. albicans, G. candidum, T. beigelii
• C. neoformans
A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
A. Asexual
Spores develop from vegetative mycelium
v. Chlamydoconidia (chlamydospores)
• Formed from “rounding up” and
enlargement of hyphal segments
• Terminal (tip)
• Sessile (sides)
• Intercalary (within)
• P. brasiliensis, C. albicans
A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
A. Asexual
Spores develop from vegetative
mycelium
vi. Arthroconidia (arthrospores)
• Fragmentation of the hyphae
into barrel- or
rectangular- shape spores
• Coccidioides
• Geotrichum
• Trichosporon
A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
A. Asexual
Spores contained in sacs
(sporangium)
vii.Sporangiospores
• Produced at tip of sporangiophore
• Glomerulomycetes
(Zygomycetes)
A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
B. Sexual
Merging of cells and nuclei of
two cells
Types of specialized spores
i. Ascospores
ii. Zygospores
iii. Basidiospore
iv. Oospore
A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
B. Sexual
i. Ascospores (Sac Fungi)
contained in a saclike ascus
Molds with septate hyphae
ii. Zygospores (Conjugation Fungi)
Large spore in a thick wall
Molds w/aseptate hyphae
Fusion of 2 identical cells
A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
B. Sexual
iii. Basidiospores (Club Fungi)
Spores produced on a
basidium
Septate hyphae
iv. Oospore
Fusion of 2 separate non
identical cells
A. General
Characteristics
4. Reproduction
Phases of Reproduction
i. Teleomorph
Reproduce sexually
ii. Anamorph
When a teleomorph produce
asexually
iii. Synanamorphs
If >1 anamorph is present for the
same teleomorph
Outline
A. General Characteristics
B. Taxonomy
C. Agents of Mycoses
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
E. Antifungal Susceptibility
B. Taxonomy
1. Zygomycota
(Glomerulomycota)
Aseptate
Presence of Sporangium
Mucor, Rhizopus and Absidia
2. Ascomycota
Septate
Presence of Ascospores
Microsporum, Trichophyton and P.
boydii
B. Taxonomy
3. Basidiomycota
Septate w/ clamp connections
Presence of Basidiospores
Filobasidiella neoformans
4. Deuteromycota
Fungi Imperfecti
No mode of sexual reproduction
Largest number of species
Outline
A. General Characteristics
B. Taxonomy
C. Agents of Mycoses
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
E. Antifungal Susceptibility
Outline
A. General Characteristics
B. Taxonomy
C. Agents of Mycoses
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
E. Antifungal Susceptibility
C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeast-like
C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
B. Clinical Manifestations and Lab
Diagnosis
C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
• Affects the outermost
layer (stratum
corneum) of
the skin or hair
C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
B. Clinical Manifestations and Lab
Diagnosis
C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
B. Clinical Manifestations and Lab
Diagnosis
i. Malassezia furfur
a. Clinical Manifestations
• Tinea versicolor (pityriasis
versicolor)
• Pale or fawn patches in skin
b. Laboratory Diagnosis
• Cluster of Budding yeasts w/ hyphae
• “Spaghetti and meatballs”
C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
B. Clinical Manifestations and Lab
Diagnosis
ii. Hortaea werneckii
a. Clinical Manifestations
• Tinea nigra
• brown to black macules in palms
& soles
b. Laboratory Diagnosis
• Dark 1-2 (budding) cell
C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
B. Clinical Manifestations and Lab
Diagnosis
iii.Piedraia hortae
a. Clinical Manifestations
• Black Piedra
• Brown to black crusts / nodules on
hair
b. Laboratory Diagnosis
• Dark hyphae with swelling (ascus)
C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
B. Clinical Manifestations and Lab
Diagnosis
iv. Trichosporon beigelii complex
a. Clinical Manifestations
• White piedra
• Dark hyphae with swelling
(ascus)
b. Laboratory Diagnosis
• Hyaline hyphae
C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
Agents of
dermatophytoses
Keratinophilic
(hair, nails and skin)
Asexual reproductive cells
i. Macroconidium
ii. Microconidium
C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
B. Infections
i. Scalp Agent
1. Tinea favosa T. schoenleinii
2. Tinea capitis
a. Gray-patch Microsporum spp.
ringworm
b. Black-dot Trichophyton spp.
ringworm
C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
B. Infections
ii. Beard Agent
Tinea barbae Trychophyton spp.
iii. Body
Tinea corporis Trychophyton spp.
Microsporum spp.
iv. Groin
Tinea cruris Epidermophyton sp.
C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
B. Infections
v. Feet Agent
Tinea pedis Trychophyton spp.
(Athlete’s, Epidermophyton sp.
Moccasin)
vi. Nail
Tinea unguium Trychophyton spp.
Epidermophyton sp.
(Onychomycosis)
C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
Dermatomycosis (Keratinized tissues)
Ringworm Site
Agent Agent
Tinea Affected
Microsporum
Microsporum
capitis Trichophyton
Head Trichophyton
Microsporum
(hair) Trichophyton
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Trichophyton
Body
Epidermophyt
Epidermophyto
(skin)
Tinea Trichophyton on
n
corporis Epidermophyton
Trichophyton
Microsporum
Nails
Epidermophyt
C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Agents of Cutaneous Mycoses
C. Agents
Species Microconidi Macroconidia
a
E. Singly or in
Absent clusters
floccosum
Broad and
spatulate
Contains 2-5 cells
C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Agents of Cutaneous Mycoses
C. Agents
Species Microconidi Macroconidia
a
Sparse: Spindle shape,
M. canis clavate, echinulate 3-15 cells,
sessile tapered ends
Cigar-shaped, with
Sparse:
M. spiny surface and
clavate,
gypseum rounded tips
sessile
C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Agents of Cutaneous Mycoses
• Other Tests
Species Growth in Fluorescence
Rice Grains in Woods Lamp
M.
Poor Positive
audouinii
M. canis Good Positive
M.
Good Negative
gypseum
C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Agents of Cutaneous Mycoses
C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Agents of Cutaneous Mycoses
C. Agents
Species Microconidia Macroconidia
T. Teardrop/globose Rare: Cigar-
mentagroph Grapelike shaped; Coiled
ytes clusters spiral hyphae
Clavate- peg-
Pencil-shaped
T. rubrum tear- shaped:
Cylindrical
Sessile
Abundant tear-
T.
C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Agents of Cutaneous Mycoses
C. Agents
C. Agents of Mycoses
2. Agents of Cutaneous Mycoses
• Other Test
Species Thiamin Urease Hair
e Baiting
Req.
T.
mentagrophyt Neg Pos (2 d) Pos
es
Neg (≥7
T. rubrum Neg Neg
d)
C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycosis
C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
• Result from traumatic puncture of
thorns or vegetation
contaminated with fungi
B. Chromoblastomycosis
C. Eumycotic Mycetomas
D. Phaeohyphomycosis
E. Sporotrichosis
C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
B. Chromoblastomycosis
• Verrucous dermatitidis and
chromomycosis
• Caused by dematiaceous fungi
Species
Phialophora
verrucosa
Cladophialophora
carrionii
Fonsecaea spp.
C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
B. Chromoblastomycosis
Verrucous dermatitidis and
Specieschromomycosis
Microscopic Morphology
Phialoph • Flask-shaped phialides with
ora collarettes
verrucos • Conidia occur in balls at tips of
a phialides
C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
C. Mycetomas
• Granulomatous infection of tissue
Species Microscopic Morphology
• Anamorphic form of S.
Pseudallesch apiospernum
ria boydii • Cleistothecia containing
ascospores
C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
D. Phaeohyphomycosis
Caused by dematiaceous fungi
Chromoblastomyc Other Species
osis Alternaria
Cladosporium Bipolaris
Fonsecaea Curvularia
Phialophora
Eumycotic
Mycetomas
Exophiala
C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
B. Chromoblastomycosis
C. Mycetomas
D. Phaeohyphomycosis
E. Sporotrichosis
C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
E. Sporotrichosis
Gardening, exposure to rose thorns
(rose-handler’s disease)
Speciesand sphagnum moss Morphology
Microscopic
• Small, cigar shaped yeast
Sporothrix
• Conidia in a “rosette” or “sleeve”
schenckii
pattern
C. Agents of Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
B. Chromoblastomycosis
C. Eumycotic Mycetomas
D. Phaeohyphomycosis
E. Sporotrichosis
C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycosis
C. Agents of Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
Dimorphic: mould (22-30°C) or
yeast (35-37°C)
B. Ecology and Disease
C. Morphology
C. Agents of Mycoses
B. Ecology and Disease
Species Ecology Disease/Manifestations
B. River
• Gilchrist
dermatitid valleys and
is
• Chicago
basins, soil
H. Bird, bat
• Cave, Spelunker’s
capsulatu guano
m
• Darling
alkaline soil
• Desert bumps, Valley
C. immitis Soil fever
• Desert rheumatism
C. Agents of Mycoses
C. Morphology
Species 22°C (Mold) 37°C (Yeast)
Ovoid conidia on Large yeast
Blastomyces
short Broad-based
dermatitidis
coniophores bud
Spherules
Coccidioides Barrel-shaped
containing
immitis arthroconidia
endospores
Round, large,
Histoplasma Small, oval
tuber-culate
capsulatum yeast
macroconidia
C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycosis
C. Agents of Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
B. Zygomycetes
C. Septate and Hyaline Saprophytes
D. Septate and Dematiaceous
C. Agents of Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycoses
A. General Characteristics
Saprophytes and Opportunistic
Aseptate Septate Septate
Zygomycetes Hyaline Dematicaeous
Absidia Aspergillus Alternaria
Mucor Cladosporiu
Rhizopus m
Curvularia
C. Agents of Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycoses
B. Zygomycetes
Species Description
• Sporangium, smooth and ovoid
Absidia
• Internodal Rhizoids
Species Description
• Sporangia remain intact
Mucor
• Rhizoids are absent
C. Agents of Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycoses
B. Zygomycetes with Aspegillus
Species Description
• Sporangiophores clusters in a
stolon
Rhizopus
• Rhizoids is at the base of
Species Description
sporangiophores
• Conidiophore that expands to a
Aspergill
vesicle
us
• Vesicle is covered w/ phialides
C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycosis
6. Yeast and Yeast-like
C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
A. General Characteristics
B. Ecology and Disease
C. Candidiasis
D. Cryptococcosis
E. Geotrichosis
C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
A. General Characteristics
Unicellular, budding & round to oval
organisms
Species
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus
neoformans
Geotrichum
candidum
C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
A. General Characteristics
B. Ecology and Infection
C. Candidiasis
D. Cryptococcosis
E. Geotrichosis
C. Agents of Mycoses
B. Ecology and Infection
Species Ecology Infection
Cryptoco • Pigeon, bat
Species
ccus Ecology
droppings • Infection
Systemic
neoforma •• Decaying
GI tract •• Meningitis
Thrush
ns
Species • vegetation
MucusEcology • Infection
Vulvovaginiti
Geotrichu • membranes
Soil •s Oral, lung,
Candida
m • Decaying foods • Diaper
skin, rash,
albicans
a
candidum Ecology • onychomyco
Infection
wound
Geotrichu • Soil • sis
Oral, lung,
m • Decaying foods • Paronychomy
skin, etc.
candidum c.
C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
C. Cryptococcosis (True Yeast)
Species Lab Test
1. Cornmeal
• Forms Round to oval yeast
w/ capsule & narrow-base
Cryptococc budding
us 2. Colony (Niger Seed Agar)
neoformans • Forms Brown-black
colonies due to production
of phenol oxidase
C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
C. Candidiasis (Yeast-like)
Species Lab Test
1. Direct Examination
• Blastoconidia
(budding
yeast / pseudohyphae)
Candida
2. Cornmeal (RT, 24-48 hrs)
albicans
• Produces
Chlamydoconidia
3. Serum (35-37ᵒC, 1-3 hrs)
C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
E. Geotrichosis (Yeast-like)
Species Lab Test
1. Cornmeal
• Forms fragmented
Geotrichum hyphae
candidum (rectangular
arthrospores w/ rounded
ends)
C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
• Other Characteristics
Chlamy
Capsul Germ Blasto- Arthro-
Species es Tubes conidia conidia
doconid
ia
Cryptococ
cus
neoforma
+ +
ns
Candida
albicans
+ + +
Geotrichu
C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
• Other Characteristics
Urease /
Assimilatio Fermentati
Species n on
Phenol
Oxidase
Glu/ Mal/
Mal Ino
Gal
C.
neoforma + +
ns
C.
+ +
C. Agents of Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
A. General Characteristics
B. Ecology and Disease
C. Cryptococcosis
D. Candidiasis
E. Geotrichosis
C. Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycosis
6. Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
Outline
A. General Characteristics
B. Taxonomy
C. Agents of Mycoses
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
1. Safety Issues
2. Specimen Collection
3. Direct Examination
4. Isolation Methods
5. Examination of Growth
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Specimen Collection
Blood / BM / Respiratory
CSF Opportunistic + Dimorphic
Systemic
Subcutaneous Tissue
Subcutaneous + Dimorphic
Hair, Skin and Nails
Superficial + Cutaneous
Throat, Urine, Vaginal,
Cervical
Candida
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Specimen Collection
A. Hair
• Pulled or cut (forceps, scissors)
• Wood’s Lamp
• KOH & Culture (SDA/SDA-CC)
B. Skin & Nails
• Cleansed with 70% alcohol
• Scrap outer edge / discolored
• KOH & Culture
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Specimen Collection
C. Blood & Bone Marrow
• Lysis centrifugation
• Culture (SPS/BHI)
• Wrights and Giemsa
D. CSF
• Concentration
• India Ink / Latex agglu.
• Culture (BHI)
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Specimen Collection
E. Abscess & Lesions
• Biopsy or Needle Aspiration
• Sulfur granules
• Homogenized
• Culture (SDA, SDA-CC, BHI)
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Specimen Collection
F. Sputum (respiratory)
• 3 consecutive early morning
• Deep coughed
• Giemsa/India Ink/Culture (SDA,
BHI)
G. Urine
• 3 consecutive early morning
• Clean-Catch Midstream
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Specimen Collection
H. Throat
• 2 swabs
• Culture (SDA, SDA-CC)
I. Vaginal & Cervical
• 2 swabs
• KOH / Culture (SDA, SDA-CC)
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Specimen Collection
A. Hair F. Sputum
B. Skin & Nails G. Urine
C. Blood & BM H. Throat
D. CSF I. Vaginal &
E. Abscess & Lesions Cervical
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
3. Direct Examination
A. KOH
• Dissolves keratin in skin, hair & nai
B. KOH w/ Calcofluor white
• Bind chitin (Flouresce blue white)
C. India Ink / Nigrosin
• Encapsulated yeast (C. neoformans
in CSF
D. Lactophenol Cotton Blue (Aman
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
3. Direct Examination
E. Tissue Stains
i. PAS: polysaccharides (purplish-red)
ii. Fontana-Masson: melanin
iii.Grocott-Gomori methenamine-
silver
iv. Gram Stain (Hucker)
v. Giemsa/Wrights Stain
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
3. Direct Examination
A. KOH
B. KOH w/ Calcofluor white
C. India Ink
D. LCPB
E. Tissue Stains
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
A. Growth Requirements
B. Fungal Culture Media
C. Macroscopic Examination
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
A. Growth Requirements
i. Nutrients and Moisture
• Nitrogen, carbon, vitamins &
minerals
ii. Temperature
• 25ᵒC / 30ᵒC (mold) or 37ᵒC
(yeast)
iii. Time
• 2-4 weeks (mold), 2-3 d (yeasts)
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
A. Growth Requirements
B. Fungal Culture Media
C. Macroscopic Examination
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
B1. Primary Isolation Media
i. Brain-Heart Infusion Agar (BHI)
ii. Saborauds Dextrose Agar (SDA)
• Supports pathogenic & saprophytic
fungi
iii. BHI-CC , Mycosel (SDA w/ CC) and
DTM (Dermatophyte Test Medium)
•. w/ Cycloheximide (inhibits
saprophyte) and
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
B. Fungal Culture Media
B1. Primary Isolation Media
B2. Differential Test Media
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
B2. Differential Test Media
i. Birdseed (Niger seed) agar
• C. neoformans
• Detects phenol oxidase
• Black-brown colonies
ii. Cornmeal agar w/ Tween 80
• Candida
• Stimulates conidia &
chlamydospore production
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
B2. Differential Test Media
iii. Cottonseed agar
• B. dermatitidis
• Induces conversion of mold to
yeast
iv. Potato dextrose agar
• Induces pigment production of T.
rubrum
• Stimulates conidia production
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
B2. Differential Test Media
v. Rice Medium
• Differentiation of Microsporum
species
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
B 2. Differential Test Media
vi. Urea Agar
• Diff. of T. rubrum & T.
mentagrophytes
vii. Yeast Test system
a. Yeast assimilation media
• Utilization of carbon and nitrogen
b. Yeast fermentation broth
• Fermentation of carbohydrates
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
B. Fungal Culture Media
B1. Primary Isolation Media
B2. Differential Test Media
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
A. Growth Requirements
B. Fungal Culture Media
C. Macroscopic Examination
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
4. Isolation Methods
C. Macroscopic Examination
i. Growth Rate
ii. Topography
iii. Texture
iv. Pigmentation
E. Laboratory Diagnosis
1. Safety Issues
2. Specimen Collection
3. Direct Examination
4. Isolation Methods
5. Examination of Growth
Outline
A. General Characteristics
B. Taxonomy
C. Agents of Mycoses
D. Laboratory Diagnosis
Please read reference
books
(Suggested references)
Delost & Mahon
