MATH142 Formula Sheet: Final Exam

∞
∑
Polar Coordinates:√ nth term test: If lim un ̸= 0, un diverges.
n→∞
r = x2 +( y 2) n=1
∞
∑
θ = tan−1 xy [chosen appropriately]
x = r cos θ Geometric series: arn , convergent for |r| < 1.
n=0
a
y = r sin θ If convergent, sum S = .
1−r
∑∞
Area in Polar Coordinates: 1
∫ ∫ p-series: , convergent for p > 1.
1 β( )2 1 β 2 np
A= f (θ) dθ = r dθ n=1
2 α 2 α ∑∞

Arc Length: “Telescoping” series: un where un can be written as

√ )2 (
∫ b
n=1
a difference like vn − vn+1 .
dy
Cartesians: S = 1+ dx
a dx ∞
∑ ∞
∑ ∞
∑
∫ β √( )2 ( )2 For un , if cn converges and dn diverges,
Parametric: S = x′ (t) + y ′ (t) dt n=1 n=1 n=1
α un
√ CRT: lim finite gives convergence;
∫ θ2 ( )2 cn
n→∞
dr un
Polar coordinates: S = + r2 dθ lim > 0 and finite gives divergence.
θ1 dθ n→∞ dn
Volumes of solids of revolution:
∫ b[ CT: un ≤ cn gives convergence; un ≥ dn gives divergence.
]2
Disc Method: V = π f (x) dx  
 un+1  l < 1 gives convergence,
a RT: With l = lim  ,
∫ b n→∞ un  l > 1 gives divergence,
Shell Method: V = 2π x f (x) dx l = 1 is inconclusive.
a
∞
∑
Elementary rules for Numerical Integration: (i) it’s alternating,
∫ b ( ) AST: un converges when (ii) lim |u | = 0, and
a+b n
Midpoint: f (x) dx ≈ (b − a)f n=1 n→∞
a 2 (iii) |un+1 | ≤ |un |.
∫ b
1 ∞
Trapezoidal: f (x) dx ≈ (b − a)[f (a) + f (b)] ∑ f (n) (a)(x − a)n
a 2 Taylor Series: f (x) =
Simpson’s: n!
∫ b ( )[ ( ) ] n=0
1 b−a a+b ∑∞
f (n) (0)xn
f (x) dx ≈ f (a) + 4f + f (b) Maclaurin Series: f (x) =
a 3 2 2 n!
n=0
Composite rules for Numerical Integration:
{ }
∫ b
1
Trapezoidal rule: f (x) dx ≈ h f (a) + 2f (a + h) + 2f (a + 2h) + · · · + 2f (a + [N − 1]h) + f (b) , h = b−a
n
a 2
Simpson’s rule: { }
∫ b
1
f (x) dx ≈ h f (a) + 4f (a + h) + 2f (a + 2h) + 4f (a + 3h) + · · · + 2f (a + [N − 2]h) + 4f (a + [N − 1]h) + f (b)
a 3

Trigonometric Identities: To establish convergence or divergence of a series, suggested test

sin(θ ± ϕ) = sin θ cos ϕ ± cos θ sin ϕ to try first:
cos(θ ± ϕ) = cos θ cos ϕ ∓ sin θ sin ϕ polynomial
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ un = −→ CRT
polynomial
cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ ln n
1 = cos2 θ + sin2 θ un = −→ CRT or CT (using ln n < n)
polynomial
sinh(x ± y) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y
cosh(x ± y) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y un contains n! −→ RT
cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x un contains cn −→ RT (or CT)
1 = cosh2 x − sinh2 x trig function
un = −→ CT
Hyperbolic Functions: polynomial
ex + e−x polynomial
cosh x = un = (−1)n −→ CRT on |un | then AST only if necessary
2 polynomial
e − e−x
x
sinh x =
2