Problem Solutions for Chapter 2

E = 100cos (2 π108 t + 30°) e x + 20 cos (2π10 8t − 50°) e y

2-1.
+ 40cos (2π10 8 t + 210°) e z

2-2. The general form is:

y = (amplitude) cos(ωt - kz) = A cos [2π(νt - z/λ)]. Therefore

(a) amplitude = 8 µm

(b) wavelength: 1/λ = 0.8 µm-1 so that λ = 1.25 µm

(c) ω = 2πν = 2π(2) = 4π

(d) At t = 0 and z = 4 µm we have

y = 8 cos [2π(-0.8 µm-1)(4 µm)]

= 8 cos [2π(-3.2)] = 2.472

1.240
2-3. For E in electron volts and λ in µm we have E =
λ
(a) At 0.82 µm, E = 1.240/0.82 = 1.512 eV

At 1.32 µm, E = 1.240/1.32 = 0.939 eV

At 1.55 µm, E = 1.240/1.55 = 0.800 eV

(b) At 0.82 µm, k = 2π/λ = 7.662 µm-1

At 1.32 µm, k = 2π/λ = 4.760 µm-1

At 1.55 µm, k = 2π/λ = 4.054 µm-1

2-4. x1 = a1 cos (ωt - δ1) and x2 = a2 cos (ωt - δ2)

Adding x1 and x2 yields

x1 + x2 = a1 [cos ωt cos δ1 + sin ωt sin δ1]

+ a2 [cos ωt cos δ2 + sin ωt sin δ2]

= [a1 cos δ1 + a2 cos δ2] cos ωt + [a1 sin δ1 + a2 sin δ2] sin ωt

Since the a's and the δ's are constants, we can set
a1 cos δ1 + a2 cos δ2 = A cos φ (1)

1
 a1 sin δ1 + a2 sin δ2 = A sin φ (2)

provided that constant values of A and φ exist which satisfy these equations. To

verify this, first square both sides and add:

A2 (sin2 φ + cos2 φ) = a 1 (sin δ1 + cos δ1 )

2 2 2

+ a 22 (sin 2 δ 2 + cos2 δ 2 ) + 2a1a2 (sin δ1 sin δ2 + cos δ1 cos δ2)

or
A2 = a 12 + a 22 + 2a1a2 cos (δ1 - δ2)

Dividing (2) by (1) gives

a 1 sin δ1 + a 2 sin δ2
tan φ =
a 1 cosδ1 + a 2 cosδ2

Thus we can write

x = x1 + x2 = A cos φ cos ωt + A sin φ sin ωt = A cos(ωt - φ)

2-5. First expand Eq. (2-3) as

Ey
= cos (ωt - kz) cos δ - sin (ωt - kz) sin δ (2.5-1)
E0 y

Subtract from this the expression

Ex
cos δ = cos (ωt - kz) cos δ
E0 x

to yield

Ey E x
- cos δ = - sin (ωt - kz) sin δ (2.5-2)
E 0 y E 0x

Using the relation cos2 α + sin2 α = 1, we use Eq. (2-2) to write

2
   E 2
sin2 (ωt - kz) = [1 - cos2 (ωt - kz)] = 1 −  x   (2.5-3)
  E 0x  

Squaring both sides of Eq. (2.5-2) and substituting it into Eq. (2.5-3) yields

   Ex  
2 2
 Ey Ex
1  
 E − E cos δ  =  −  E 0x   sin δ
2
0y 0x  

Expanding the left-hand side and rearranging terms yields

2
 Ex   Ey   E  E 
2
  +  - 2  x   y  cos δ = sin2 δ
 E 0x   E 0y   E 0x   E 0y 

2-6. Plot of Eq. (2-7).

2-7. Linearly polarized wave.

2-8.
Air: n = 1.0

33 ° 33 °

Glass 90 °

(a) Apply Snell's law

n1 cos θ1 = n2 cos θ2

where n1 = 1, θ1 = 33°, and θ2 = 90° - 33° = 57°

cos 33°
∴ n2 = = 1.540
cos 57°
(b) The critical angle is found from
nglass sin φglass = nair sin φair

3
 with φair = 90° and nair = 1.0

1 1
∴ φcritical = arcsin = arcsin = 40.5°
n glass 1.540

2-9
Air r

Water
θ
12 cm

Find θc from Snell's law n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θc = 1

When n2 = 1.33, then θc = 48.75°

r
Find r from tan θc = , which yields r = 13.7 cm.
12 cm

2-10.

45 °

Using Snell's law nglass sin θc = nalcohol sin 90°

where θc = 45° we have

1.45
nglass = = 2.05
sin 45°

2-11. (a) Use either NA = (n12 − n22 ) = 0.242

1/ 2

or

4
 Ez = AJ0(ur) e j(ωt − βz ) and Hz = BJ0(ur) e j(ωt − βz )

We want to find the coefficients A and B. From Eqs. (2-47) and (2-51),

respectively, we have

J ν (ua) J ν (ua)
C= A and D= B
K ν (wa) K ν (wa)

Substitute these into Eq. (2-50) to find B in terms of A:

 jβν   1 1   J' ν (ua) K' ν (wa) 

+
 uJ ν (ua) + wK (wa) 
A = Bωµ
 a   u2 w 2  ν

For ν = 0, the right-hand side must be zero. Also for ν = 0, either Eq. (2-55a) or (2-56a)

holds. Suppose Eq. (2-56a) holds, so that the term in square brackets on the right-hand

side in the above equation is not zero. Then we must have that B = 0, which from Eq. (2-
43) means that Hz = 0. Thus Eq. (2-56) corresponds to TM0m modes.

For the other case, substitute Eqs. (2-47) and (2-51) into Eq. (2-52):

1  jβν 
0= B J ν (ua) + Aωε 1uJ' ν (ua)
u  a
2


1  jβν K' (wa)J ν (ua) 

+ B J ν (ua) + Aωε 2 w ν
w
2
 a K ν (wa) 

With k21 = ω2µε1 and k22 = ω2µε2 rewrite this as

 
ja  1  [k 2 J + k 2 K ] A
Bν = 1 1 1 ν ν
βωµ  + 
2

u 2
w 
2

7
where Jν and Kν are defined in Eq. (2-54). If for ν = 0 the term in square brackets on the

right-hand side is non-zero, that is, if Eq. (2-56a) does not hold, then we must have that A
= 0, which from Eq. (2-42) means that Ez = 0. Thus Eq. (2-55) corresponds to TE0m

modes.

2-16. From Eq. (2-23) we have

n 21 − n22 1  n 22 
∆ = 2 = 1− 2
2n1 2 n1 

∆ << 1 implies n1 ≈ n2

Thus using Eq. (2-46), which states that n2k = k2 ≤ β ≤ k1 = n1k, we have

n 22 k 2 = k 22 ≈ n 21 k 2 = k12 ≈ β 2

2-17.

2-18. (a) From Eqs. (2-59) and (2-61) we have

2π 2 a 2 2 2π 2 a 2
M≈
λ 2 (n 1 − n2
2 ) =
λ 2 (NA )2

1/ 2 1/ 2
 M λ  1000  0.85µm
a= = = 30.25µm
 2π  NA 2  0.2π

Therefore, D = 2a =60.5 µm

2π (30.25µm )
2 2

(b) M = (0.2)2 = 414

(1.32µm )
2

(c) At 1550 nm, M = 300

2-19. From Eq. (2-58),

8
 2π (25 µm)
[(1.48)2 − (1.46)2 ] = 46.5
1/ 2
V=
0.82 µm

Using Eq. (2-61) M ≈ V2/2 =1081 at 820 nm.

Similarly, M = 417 at 1320 nm and M = 303 at 1550 nm. From Eq. (2-72)

 Pclad  4 -1/2 4 × 100%

 P  total ≈ 3 M = = 4.1%
3 1080

at 820 nm. Similarly, (Pclad/P)total = 6.6% at 1320 nm and 7.8% at 1550 nm.

2-20 (a) At 1320 nm we have from Eqs. (2-23) and (2-57) that V = 25 and M = 312.

(b) From Eq. (2-72) the power flow in the cladding is 7.5%.

2-21. (a) For single-mode operation, we need V ≤ 2.40.

Solving Eq. (2-58) for the core radius a

Vλ 2 2.40(1.32µm)
(n1 − n22 ) =
−1/ 2
a= = 6.55 µm
2 π[(1.480) − (1.478) ]
2 1/ 2
2π 2

(b) From Eq. (2-23)

NA = (n1 − n2 ) = [(1.480) − (1.478) ]

2 2 1/ 2 2 2 1/ 2
= 0.077

(c) From Eq. (2-23), NA = n sin θ0,max. When n = 1.0 then

 NA   0.077 
θ0,max = arcsin  = arcsin  1.0  = 4.4°
n 

2 2 2 2
2-22. n2 = n1 − NA = (1.458) − (0.3) = 1.427

λV (1.30)(75)
a= = = 52 µm
2 πNA 2 π (0.3)

9
 2 πa
2-23. For small values of ∆ we can write V ≈ n1 2∆
λ
For a = 5 µm we have ∆ ≈ 0.002, so that at 0.82 µm

2 π (5 µm)
V≈ 1.45 2(0.002) = 3.514
0.82 µm

Thus the fiber is no longer single-mode. From Figs. 2-18 and 2-19 we see that the LP01

and the LP11 modes exist in the fiber at 0.82 µm.

2-24.

2π λ
2-25. From Eq. (2-77) Lp = =
β n y − nx

1.3 × 10 −6 m
For Lp = 10 cm ny - nx = = 1.3×10-5
10 −1 m

1.3 × 10 −6 m
For Lp = 2 m ny - nx = = 6.5×10-7
2m
Thus
6.5×10-7 ≤ ny - nx ≤ 1.3×10-5
2-26. We want to plot n(r) from n2 to n1. From Eq. (2-78)

n(r) = n1 [1− 2∆(r / a)α ] = 1.48 [1− 0.02(r / 25)α ]

1 /2 1 /2

n2 is found from Eq. (2-79): n2 = n1(1 - ∆) = 1.465

2-27. From Eq. (2-81)

α α  2πan1  2
M= a k n1 ∆ =
2 2 2
∆
α+2 α +2  λ 

where
n1 − n2
∆= = 0.0135
n1

10
At λ = 820 nm, M = 543 and at λ = 1300 nm, M = 216.

For a step index fiber we can use Eq. (2-61)

V2 1  2πa  2 2
Mstep ≈
2
= 
2 λ  (n1 − n 22 )

At λ = 820 nm, Mstep = 1078 and at λ = 1300 nm, Mstep = 429.

Alternatively, we can let α = ∞ in Eq. (2-81):

 2πan1 
2
1086 at 820 nm
Mstep =  ∆= 
λ  432 at 1300 nm

2-28. Using Eq. (2-23) we have

(a) NA = (n12 − n22 ) = [(1.60)2 − (1.49)2 ] = 0.58

1/ 2 1/ 2

(b) NA = [(1.458)2 − (1.405)2 ] = 0.39

1/ 2

2-29. (a) From the Principle of the Conservation of Mass, the volume of a preform rod

section of length Lpreform and cross-sectional area A must equal the volume of the fiber

drawn from this section. The preform section of length Lpreform is drawn into a fiber of

length Lfiber in a time t. If S is the preform feed speed, then Lpreform = St. Similarly, if s is the

fiber drawing speed, then Lfiber = st. Thus, if D and d are the preform and fiber diameters,

respectively, then

Preform volume = Lpreform(D/2)2 = St (D/2)2

and Fiber volume = Lfiber (d/2)2 = st (d/2)2

Equating these yields

2 2 2
D d D
St   = st   or s = S  
2 2 d
2 2
d  0.125 mm 
(b) S = s   = 1.2 m/s  = 1.39 cm/min
D 9 mm 

11
2-30. Consider the following geometries of the preform and its corresponding fiber:

25 µm
R
4 mm
62.5 µm

3 mm
FIBER
PREFORM

We want to find the thickness of the deposited layer (3 mm - R). This can be done by

comparing the ratios of the preform core-to-cladding cross-sectional areas and the fiber

core-to-cladding cross-sectional areas:

A preform core A fiber core

=
Apreform clad A fiber clad

or
π(32 − R2 ) π (25)2
=
π(42 − 32 ) π [(62.5)2 − (25)2 ]

from which we have

1/ 2
 7(25)2 
R = 9 − 2 = 2.77 mm
 (62.5) − (25) 
2

Thus, thickness = 3 mm - 2.77 mm = 0.23 mm.

2-31. (a) The volume of a 1-km-long 50-µm diameter fiber core is

V = πr2L = π (2.5×10-3 cm)2 (105 cm) = 1.96 cm3

The mass M equals the density ρ times the volume V:

M = ρV = (2.6 gm/cm3)(1.96 cm3) = 5.1 gm

12
(b) If R is the deposition rate, then the deposition time t is

M 5.1 gm
t= = = 10.2 min
R 0.5 gm / min

2-32. Solving Eq. (2-82) for χ yields

2
 K
χ=  where Y = π for surface flaws.
Yσ 
Thus
(20 N / mm 3 / 2 ) 2
χ= = 2.60×10-4 mm = 0.26 µm
(70 MN / m 2 )2 π

2-33. (a) To find the time to failure, we substitute Eq. (2-82) into Eq. (2-86) and

integrate (assuming that σ is independent of time):

χf t

∫ χ − b / 2 dχ = AYbσb ∫ dt
χi 0

which yields

1
b [χ f − χ1− ] = AYbσbt
1− b / 2 b/ 2
i
1−
2
or
2
b [χ i − χ (f 2− b) / 2 ]
(2− b) / 2
t=
(b − 2)A(Yσ)

(b) Rewriting the above expression in terms of K instead of χ yields

2  Ki  2− b  K f  2 −b 
t= −
(b − 2)A(Yσ )  Yσ  Yσ  
b

2− b
2Ki
≈ if K b− 2
<< K b− 2
or K i2 −b >> Kf 2− b
(b − 2)A(Yσ )
b i f

2-34. Substituting Eq. (2-82) into Eq. (2-86) gives

dχ
= AKb = AYbχb/2σb
dt

13
Integrating this from χ i to χ p where

2
 K 
2
 K 
χi =   and χp =  
 Yσ i   Yσ p 

are the initial crack depth and the crack depth after proof testing, respectively, yields
χp tp

∫χ dχ = AYb ∫ σ dt
−b / 2 b

χi 0

or

1
b χp[ 1− b / 2
− χi
1−b / 2
]= AYb σ b
p tp
1−
2

for a constant stress σp. Substituting for χ i and χ p gives

2−b
 2   K
 b − 2   Y σ b−
i
2
[
− σ b−
p
2
= AYb σ bp tp ]
or
2−b
 2   K 1
 b − 2   Y AY
[
b− 2
b σi
b− 2
− σ p = B σ b−2
i − σ b−2
p ] [b
= σ p tp ]
which is Eq. (2-87).

When a static stress σs is applied after proof testing, the time to failure is found from Eq.
(2-86):
χs ts

∫ χ −b / 2 dχ = AYb σ bs ∫ dt
χp 0

where χ s is the crack depth at the fiber failure point. Integrating (as above) we get Eq. (2-
89):

[
B σ b−2
p − σsb−2 = σ bs ts ]
Adding Eqs. (2-87) and (2-89) yields Eq. (2-90).

14
2-35. (a) Substituting Ns as given by Eq. (2-92) and Np as given by Eq. (2-93) into Eq.

(2-94) yields

  b m m 

F = 1 - exp  −
L

[
 (σ p t p + σsb t s )/ B + σsb−2 ]
b−2

−
(σ t
b
p p / B + σ b−2
p )b− 2 


 L0 σ m0 σ0m

  

  m
 
  σ bp t p + σ bs t s   b− 2
    + σsb −2
 
m   
− L  B 
= 1 - exp  L 0 σ 0
[
m σp p
b
t / B + σ b−
p
2
]b −2

σ bp t p / B + σ b− 2  −1

 
  
p

  
   

  m

 σ b t  σ  b B  b −2
  1+ s s + s 
 σb 
  t
p p σ σ
 p s p2
t 
= 1 - exp  − LN p  − 1
B
 1+ 2 
 σpt p
  
  

  m

  b−2
   
 σ bs t s  1 

≈ 1 - exp − LN p  1 + b  − 1
 σ p t p  1 + B 
  
  σ 2p t p  
 

(b) For the term given by Eq. (2-96) we have

b
σ  B 0.5 (MN / m 2 )2 s
 s  2 = (0.3)15 = 6.5×10-14
[0.3 (350 MN / m )] 10 s
2
 σ p  σs t p 2

Thus this term can be neglected.

15
2-36. The failure probability is given by Eq. (2-85). For equal failure probabilities of the
two fiber samples, F1 = F2, or

  σ m L   σ m L 
1 - exp −  1c
 1
 = 1 - exp −  2c  2

  σ0  L0    σ0  L0 

which implies that

m m
 σ1c  L1  σ 2c  L 2
  = 
 σ 0  L 0  σ0  L0

or
1/m
σ1c  L 2 
=
σ 2c  L1 

If L1 = 20 m, then σ1c= 4.8 GN/m2

If L2 = 1 km, then σ2c= 3.9 GN/m2

Thus
m
 4.8  1000
= = 50
 3.9  20

gives
log 50
m= = 18.8
log(4.8/ 3.9)

16