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INTRODUCTION
• The clinical success of fixed prostheses is heavily

LUTING AGENTS IN dependent on the cementation procedure.

• Loss of crown retention was found to be the second

PROSTHODONTICS leading cause of failure of traditional crowns and
fixed partial dentures.

IDEAL REQUIREMENTS
Definition • Biocompatible.

• Strong and hard. Hardness should equal teeth.

╔ According to Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms-8
• Adhesive to tooth structure.
Luting cement is defined as a binding element or
• Insoluble in oral fluids.
agent used as a substance to make objects adhere to
• Dimensionally stable.
each other ,a material that on hardening will fill a
space or bind adjacent objects. • Co-efficient of thermal expansion should be
comparable to tooth structure.

• Easy to manipulate.

• Non-porous.

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`
• Esthetically acceptable.
• Luting materials play an important role in indirect
• Low viscosity and film thickness.
dentistry by aiding the retention of restorations and
• Adequate working time and setting time. in the prevention of leakage at the margins.
• High compressive and tensile strength. These may be classified according;
• Cariostatic. • 1. To the material from which they are formed; and
• Radiopacity. • 2. More generally as Active and Passive.
• Resistant to plastic deformation.

• Stable in moderate changes to temperature and humidity.

PRINCIPLES OF CEMENTATION: Mechanism of retention:

• The properties of various cements differ from each other. • The mechanism that holds a restoration on a
• choice of cement is governed to a large degree by prepared tooth can be divided into:
FUNCTIONAL AND BIOLOGIC DEMANDS of the particular 1. NON-ADHESIVE (MECHANICAL) LUTING:
clinical situation.
- Lutin (lutum = mud) , luting agent primarily served to
• If optimal performance is to be attained, physical and
fill the gap and prevent the entrance of fluids.
biologic properties,
Eg. Zinc phosphate cement: holds the restoration in
• the handling characteristics such as working and setting
place by engaging small irregularities on the surface
time and ease of removing excess material must be
of both the tooth and the restoration.
considered in selecting a cement for a specific task

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2. MICROMECHANICAL BONDING: 3. MOLECULAR ADHESION:

- eg. Resin cements when used on pitted surfaces can -involves physical forces(bipolar, Van der Waals and
provide effective micromechanical bonding
chemical bonds (ionic, covalent) between the
-deep irregularities are produced on the surface of enamel
molecules of two different substances.
by etching with phosphoric acid and on ceramics by
etching with hydrofluoric acid and on metals by Eg. Glass ionomer cements , zinc polycarboxylate
electrolytic etching, chemical etching, sandblasting, or by cements
incorporating salt crystals into the preliminary resin
pattern.

Factors influencing the retention of fixed prosthesis:

1. Film thickness:

It is believed that thinner film has lesser flaws

compared with a thicker one.

2. Cement should have high strength required to

dislodge appliances cemented with cements that
have higher tensile strengths than with cements of
low tensile strengths.

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• ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT.

3. Dimensional changes occurring in the cement during
• Despite its limited biocompatibility in terms of pulp irritation,
setting should be minimized. zinc phosphate has a long history, and its limitations are well

4. A cement with the potential of chemically bonding to documented.

• This factor is important for cast restorations, which should be
the tooth and prostheses surface or bond enhancing
designed for long-term service.
intermediate layer.
• Zinc phosphate cement is probably still the luting agent of
choice for otherwise normal, conservatively prepared teeth
• Cavity varnish can be used to protect against pulp irritation

Zinc Polycarboxylate Cement.

Resin-modified Glass ionomer Luting Agents.
• This agent is recommended on retentive preparations
• have low solubility, adhesion, and low microleakage.
when minimal pulp irritation is important (e.g., in
• The popularity of these materials is mainly due to the
children with large pulp chambers).
perceived benefit of reduced postcementation
Glass Ionomer Cement.
sensitivity.
• This has become a popular cement for luting cast
restorations.

• It has good working properties, and because of its

fluoride content, it may prevent recurrent caries

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Adhesive resin PREPARATION OF THE RESTORATION AND TOOTH

SURFACE FOR CEMENTATION
• Laboratory testing yields high retention strength
• Performance of all luting agents is degraded if the
values but there is concern that stresses caused by
material is contaminated with water, blood, or saliva.
polymerization shrinkage, magnified in thin films
• Restoration and tooth must be carefully cleaned and
lead to marginal leakage.
dried after the try-in procedure.
• Adhesive resin may be indicated when a casting has
• Air-abrading the fitting surface with 50-um alumina.
become displaced through lack of retention.
• Alternative cleaning methods include steam cleaning,
ultrasonics, and organic solvents

Cementation with zinc phosphate cement:

• before cementation, inspect all preparation surfaces
• -Oldest of currently available luting materials having been
for cleanliness
available, unchanged, for 100 years.
• -Main component of powder- zinc oxide. • Isolation: Isolate the area with cotton rolls and place
• -Liquid contains aqueous solution of phosphoric acid (upto the saliva evacuator
60%) concentration.
• Protection Partial protection of the pulp can be
SETTING REACTION: provided by the application of two thin layers of
• Surfaces of zinc oxide react with phosphoric acid to form an
cavity varnish.
insoluble phosphate.
• Cementation with zinc phosphate:

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• Cool the glass slab under running water, dry it, and
dispense the proper amount of powder and liquid.

• The cooled slab retards setting and allows additional

powder to be incorporated in the liquid.

• This results in higher compressive strength and

reduced solubility of the set cement.

• FROZEN SLAB TECHNIQUE

• The cement is of proper consistency if it pulls into a

thread of about 20 mm in length before "snapping"
back onto the slab.

• Apply a thin coat of cement to the clean internal

surface of the restoration.

• Seating the restoration firmly with a rocking,

dynamic seating force is important

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Try-in, shade selection and Cementation

RESIN-BASED LUTING MATERIALS: • Clean the prepared tooth/ teeth with non fluoride
pumice & try in porcelain veneers.

• Verify the marginal fit.

• A drop of water/ glycerine will help the veneer stay in

place during try in

• Any overhang, trim with fine-grit diamond.

Cementation
• Final appearance of veneer is affected by shade of • Porcelain etching done using 5-10% HF2 acid for 60
sec.
cement used
• Then ultrasonic cleaning with methanol/ acetone
• Determine the correct shade by seating the veneer • Silane priming of veneer for 1 minute
on unetched tooth surface • Enamel etched using 37-40% phosphoric acid for 30
sec.

• After try in & shade determination, • The rinse with water spray
• Application of resin bonding agent on tooth and
primed veneer

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Cementation

• Application of selected composite resin luting agent

on veneer
• Fine-grit flame diamonds used to trim excess
composite resin.
• Occlusion checked and adjusted.
• Final finishing done with porcelain polishing agents.

Try–in Pastes Etching

• Hydrofluoric Acid 60 secs

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Silanize it Etching the tooth

• Coupling Agent • 37% Phosphoric Acid Gel for 15 secs

Bonding Agent- Dual Cure

Bonding Agent- Light Cure
Application on Tooth Don’t Cure!!!!!!!!! ( For Laminates)

Application on Crown

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CAUTION !!!!!
Cementation
Strength of the restoration depends on proper
bonding to the underlying tooth • Now Spot Cure for 5

Any occlusal adjustments should be done after secs (Tack Cure)

bonding only • Remove flash

Polishing In-vivo
Strips & Discs
Full Depth Cure on all surfaces

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Failures of cementation Failures in cementation

• Working time too less.
• Setting time too great.
• Weak bond established.
• Cement mix too viscous.
• Set cement soluble in oral fluids.
• Choice of luting cement incorrect.

• Fixed prostheses can debond because of biologic or

physical reasons or a combination of the two. • the film thickness beneath the prosthesis should be thin.
• Recurrent caries results from a biologic origin. • a mechanical undercut is the mechanism of retention, the
• Disintegration of the cements can result from fracture or failure often occurs along the interfaces.
erosion of the cement. • If chemical bonding is involved, the failure often occurs
• the cement should have high strength values. Generally, cohesively through the cement itself.
greater forces are required to dislodge appliances
cemented with cements that have higher tensile strength
than with cements of low tensile strength.

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Choice of a luting cement Choice of a luting cement

• Cast crown, metal ceramic crown, fixed partial denture and • Patient with post treatment sensitivity
metal ceramic restorations with porcelain margin Zinc polycarboxylate
1) adhesive resin Reinforced ZOE
2) composite resin Contraindicated cement
3) glass ionomer cement
Composite resin
4) reinforced ZOE
5) zinc phosphate
6) zinc polycarboxylate

Choice of a luting cement

Choice of a luting cement
• Ceramic veneer, ceramic inlay and resin retained fixed
• Cast post and core
partial denture
Adhesive resin
Adhesive resin Composite resin
Composite resin Glass ionomer cement

Contraindicated cements include Resin ionomer

Zinc phosphate
Glass ionomer cement
Contraindicated cements include
Reinforced ZOE
Reinforced ZOE
Zinc phosphate Zinc polycarboxylate

Zinc polycarboxylate

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Conclusion
• Luting agents possess varied, complex chemistries • One system may be better than the other. One must
that affect their physical properties, longevity and be aware of the virtues and shortcomings of each
suitability in different clinical situations. cement type and select them appropriately.

• It is readily apparent that no single type of cement

satisfies all the characteristics required; and that will
suffice in the modern day practice.

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