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Modulus of Elasticity of A Steel Wire: Experiment # 1

1. The document describes an experiment to determine the modulus of elasticity, or Young's modulus, of a steel wire by measuring its extension under different loads and creating a load-extension curve. 2. Key apparatus used include a Young's modulus apparatus with hangers and weights to apply the load, a meter rod and micrometer to measure the wire's extension. 3. Observations of the wire's extension under increasing loads were recorded and the slope of the resulting load-extension graph was used to calculate the wire's Young's modulus as approximately 3.89x107 psi.

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630 views4 pages

Modulus of Elasticity of A Steel Wire: Experiment # 1

1. The document describes an experiment to determine the modulus of elasticity, or Young's modulus, of a steel wire by measuring its extension under different loads and creating a load-extension curve. 2. Key apparatus used include a Young's modulus apparatus with hangers and weights to apply the load, a meter rod and micrometer to measure the wire's extension. 3. Observations of the wire's extension under increasing loads were recorded and the slope of the resulting load-extension graph was used to calculate the wire's Young's modulus as approximately 3.89x107 psi.

Uploaded by

oidnfoiaw
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EXPERIMENT # 1

Modulus of Elasticity of a Steel Wire


1.1 OBJECTIVES:
To draw the load-extension curve of a metallic wire and hence determine the
modulus of elasticity of the material of the wire.
1.2 APPARATUS:
I. Young’s Modulus of Elasticity apparatus
II. Hangers and Weights
III. Meter Rod
IV. Micrometer

1.3 INTRODUCTION:[1]
Young's modulus is a measure of the ability of a material to withstand changes in
length when under lengthwise tension or compression

E is constant and does not change for a given material. It in fact represents 'stiffness'
property of the material.

When a material is stretched stress is directly proportional to strain provided it is not stretched
beyond the limit of proportionality.
1.3.1 Stress:

“The internal resistance force per unit area against the applied load or external”

Mathematically,

Stress = Force/Area

Unit of stress : Newton per square meter (N/m2)

1.3.2 Strain:

“Change of length per original length”

Mathematically,

Strain = change in length/original length

1.3.3 Hooke’s Law

Hooke's Law is a principle of physics that states that the that the force needed to
extend or compress a spring by some distance is proportional to that distance.
The law is named after 17th century British physicist Robert Hooke, who sought to
demonstrate the relationship between the forces applied to a spring and its
elasticity. He first stated the law in 1660 as a Latin anagram, and then published the
solution in 1678 as ut tensio, sic vis – which translated, means "as the extension, so
the force" or "the extension is proportional to the force").

This can be expressed mathematically as


F= -kX,
where F is the force applied to the spring (either in the form of strain or stress); X is
the displacement of the spring, with a negative value demonstrating that the
displacement of the spring once it is stretched; and k is the spring constant and
details just how stiff it is.
1.4 PROCEDURE:
i. Put the initial load of 2 lb to remove any wrinkles in the wire.
ii. Measure the length of wire using meter rod.
iii. Measure diameter of the wire using micrometer.
iv. Adjust main scale so that zeros of the two scales coincide with each other.
v. Put the load of 5 lb in the hanger and measure extension.
vi. Take a set of at least five readings of increasing value of load and the take
readings on unloading.
vii. Check the zeros at no load.
viii. Calculate the “Young’s Modulus of Elasticity (E)” of the material of the shaft
1.5 OBERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
Least Count of the Scale of apparatus = 0.02inch
Least count of micrometer Screw gage= 4.0816x10-4 inch
Least Count of meter rod = 0.408inch
Length of wire(L) = 34.45 inch
Diameter of Wire = 0.0342 inch
Initial Load = 2lb
𝜋𝑑2
X-area of wire (A= )= 9.18x 10-4 inch2
4

No. of Effective load- Extension-δl 𝑷/𝜹𝒍 Modulus of


obs. P (in) (lb./inch) elasticity
(lbs.) From 𝑷𝑳
Loading unloading Average 𝑬=
graph 𝜹𝒍 𝑨
(psi)
1. 5 0.0059 0.0079 0.0069 724.6377 27432712
2. 10 0.0098 0.0118 0.0108 925.9259 35052910
3. 15 0.0138 0.0157 0.01475 1016.949 38498789
4. 20 0.0157 0.0177 0.0167 1197.605 45337896
5. 25 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197 1269.036 48042059
load-extension graph
30

25 25

20 20
(lbs.)

15 15
P

10 10

5 5

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
δl
(in)

Average Elastic Modulus of steel wire = 38872873 psi

= 3.89×107psi

1.6 COMMENTS
The factors that effects the calculations and thus causing the error in linear load-
deflection straight line are as follows:
1. Wrinkles in the wire
2. Environmental factors such as atmospheric pressure and temperature
3. Zero error of the instruments such as micrometer, meter rule
4. The weight of hanger
5. The error can also be caused while placing the weight on hanger suddenly

1.7 REFERENCES
[1] https://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/physics/stress-and-strain/revise-it/definitions-of-
stress-strain-and-youngs-modulus

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