Basics of Pipe Stress Analysis-Part

BASICS OF PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS: A PRESENTATION-Part 1 of 2
BASICS OF PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS: A PRESENTATION

Contents
 Objectives of Pipe Stress Analysis

 Governing Codes and Standards
 Stresses in a Piping System
 Reducing Piping Stresses
 Basic Allowable Stress
 Loads on a Piping System
 Work Flow Diagram
 Stress Criticality & Analysis Method
 Piping Stress Analysis using Software Caesar II
 Type of Supports
 Questionnaire
Objectives of Pipe Stress Analysis:

Structural Integrity:
 Design adequacy for the pressure of the carrying fluid.

 Failure against various loading in the life cycle . Limiting stresses below code allowable.
Operational Integrity:
 Limiting nozzle loads of the connected equipment within allowable values.

 Avoiding leakage at joints.
 Limiting sagging & displacement within allowable values.
Optimal Design:
 Avoiding excessive flexibility and also high loads on supporting structures. Aim towards an optimal design for both piping and structure.
Governing Codes and Standards:
 Codes and Standards specify minimum requirements for safe design and construction (i. e. provides material, design, fabrication, installation and
inspection requirements.)
 Following are the codes and standards used for Refinery Piping:
1. ASME B31.3: Process piping Code

2. ASME B31.1: Power Piping Code
3. Centrifugal Pumps: API 610
4. Positive Displacement Pumps: API 676
5. Centrifugal Compressors: API 617
6. Reciprocating Compressors: API 618
7. Steam Turbines: NEMA SM23/ API 612
8. Air Cooled Heat Exchanger: API 661
9. Fired Heaters: API 560
10. Flat Bottom Welded Storage Tanks: API 650
11. Heat Exchangers: TEMA/ Vendor Specific.
12. Vessel/Column: Vendor Specific
Stresses in a Piping System:
 Sources for generation of stress in a Piping System:
1. Weight
2. Internal/External Pressure
3. Temperature change
4. Occasional Loads due to wind, seismic disturbances, PSV discharge etc.
5. Forces due to Vibration.
 Sustained Stresses are the stresses generated by sustained loads. (e.g. Pressure , Weight). These loads are present continuously throughout plant
life.
 Resistive force arising out of sustained stresses balance the external forces keeping the system in equilibrium. Exceeding sustain allowable stress
value causes catastrophic failure of the system.
 As per ASME B 31.3, (clause 302.3.5) “ The sum of the longitudinal stresses, SL, in any component in a piping system, due to sustained loads such
as pressure and weight, shall not exceed the product Sh x W ”. Where, Sh=Basic allowable stress at maximum metal temperature expected during
the displacement cycle and W=weld joint strength reduction factor.
 Pressure Stresses are taken care of by calculating and selecting proper pipe thickness. The pressure thickness (t) of a straight pipe can be obtained
as per ASME B31.3 from the equation (Clause 304.1.2) mentioned in Fig.1:
Fig. 1: Equation for Thickness Calculation for Straight Pipe based on ASME B 31.3
 Change in length of a pipe of length L due to temp change (ΔT) is given by ΔL=L α ΔT Here, α =Co efficient of thermal expansion = change in length
of unit length element due to unit change in temp.
 Two “α” values in Code (Table C1 and C3 in ASME B31.3 Appendix C):
 Table C1 denotes total linear thermal expansion between 700 F to Indicated temp (unit=in/100ft).
 Table C3 denotes mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion between 700 F to indicated temp (μin/in/0F).
 Expansion stresses are generated when the free thermal growth due to temperature change is restricted. These are self limiting or relenting.
 SIF( Stress Intensification Factor): This is the ratio of the maximum stress intensity to the nominal Stress. SIF factors for different components can be
obtained from Appendix D of ASME B31.3.
 Displacement Stress Range due to thermal expansion is calculated based on equation SE = ( Sb^2+4 St^2)^0.5 per equation 17 from ASME B31.3(
clause 319.4.4).
 This SE value shall not exceed SA value where SA= Allowable Displacement Stress Range.
 As per ASME code B 31.3 (Clause 302.3.5) the allowable displacement stress range (SA) can be given by the equation (Fig.2):

 Fig.2: Equation for Displacement Stress Range Allowable
 Occasional Stresses are generated by the occasional loads such as Wind, seismic, PSV discharge etc.
 This loads act in a piping system for very small period of time, usually less than 10% of total working period.
 As per ASME B31.3 clause 302.3.6 “The sum of the longitudinal stresses, SL, due to sustained loads, such as pressure and weight, and of the
stresses produced by occasional loads, such as wind or earthquake should be ≤ 1.33 times the basic allowable stress, Sh”
 Code does not explicitly explain the stresses generated due to vibration.
 The vibration problems are solved by engineering judgment and experience.
Reducing Piping stresses:
 Supports for Weight

 Flexibility for thermal loading Eg. Expansion Loops.
 Flexibility check (as per clause 319.4.1, ASME B 31.3): Refer Fig. 4

 Fig.4: Flexibility Check Equation for Simple Systems
BASICS OF PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS: A PRESENTATION-Part 2 of 2
Basic Allowable Stress:
Minimum of (As per ASME B 31.3)
1. 1/3rd of Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of Material at operating temperature.

2. 1/3rd of UTS of material at room temperature.
3. 2/3rd of Yield Tensile Strength (YTS) of material at operating temperature.
4. 2/3rd of YTS of material at room temp.
5. 100% of average stress for a creep rate of 0.01% per 1000 hr.
6. For structural grade materials basic allowable stress=0.92 times the lowest value obtained from 1 through 5 above.
Loads on a Piping System:

There are two types of loads which acts on a piping system: Static loads and Dynamic Loads
Fig.1: Examples of Static Loads
Static loads are those loads which acts very slowly and the system gets enough time to react against it. Examples of static loads are shown in Fig.1
n the other hand dynamic loads acts so quickly that the system does not get enough time to react against it. Examples of dynamic loads are shown in Fig.2
Work Flow Diagram:
The interaction of Piping Stress team with other disciplines in any organization are shown in Fig. 3:
Fig.3: Inter Departmental Interaction with Stress Team
Stress Criticality and Analysis Methods:
  Highly Critical Lines (Steam turbine, Compressor connected pipelines): By Computer Analysis
  Moderately Critical Lines (AFC connected lines): By Computer Analysis
  Low critical Lines : Visual/Simple Manual Calculation/Computer analysis and
  Non Critical Lines: Visual Inspection
Stress Analysis using Caesar II :

Inputs:
 Stress Isometric from Layout Group

 LDT And P&ID from Process
 Equipment GA and Other detailed drawings from Mechanical
 Process flow diagram/datasheet if required from process
 Piping Material Specification
 PSV/ Control Valve GA and Datasheet from Instrumentation
 Soil Characteristics from civil for underground analysis
 Nozzle load limiting Standards
 Plot Plan for finding HPP elevation and equipment orientation.
 Governing Code
Analysis:
 Checking the completeness of the piping system received as a stress package.

 Node numbering on stress Iso.
 Filling the design parameters (Design temp, pressure, Ope. Temp, Min. Temp, Fluid density, Material, Line Size and
thickness, Insulation thk and density, Corrosion allowance etc) on stress Iso.
 Modeling the piping system in Caesar using parameters from stress Iso.
 Analyzing the system and obtaining results.
Conclusion & Recommendation : Whether to accept the system or to suggest necessary changes in layout and supporting to make the system acceptable
as per standard requirements.
Output:
  Final marked up Iso’s to Layout

  Support Loads to Civil
  Spring Hanger Datasheets.
  Datasheets for Special Supports like Sway brace, Struts, Snubbers etc.
  SPS drawings
  Stress Package final documentation for records
Type of Supports:
 Rest
 Guide
 Line Stop
 Anchor
 Variable Spring Hanger
 Constant Spring Hanger
 Rigid Hanger
 Struts
 Snubbers
 Sway Braces etc
Questionnaire:
 What are the various types of loads which cause stresses in the piping system?
 Which code do we refer for Refinery Piping?
 Which standard governs the design of Pumps?
 The coefficient of thermal expansion of a substance is 1.8 mm/m/Deg.F. What is its value in mm/mm/Deg.C.?
 Calculate the minimum pipe thickness of a seamless 10” NB A106- Gr B material with design pressure of 20 bars. (Design Temp= 350 degree C and
Corrosion allowance= 1.6 mm)?

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BASICS OF PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS: A PRESENTATION-Part 1 of 2

BASICS OF PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS: A PRESENTATION

 Objectives of Pipe Stress Analysis

Objectives of Pipe Stress Analysis:

 Design adequacy for the pressure of the carrying fluid.

 Limiting nozzle loads of the connected equipment within allowable values.

Governing Codes and Standards:

1. ASME B31.3: Process piping Code

Stresses in a Piping System:

 Sources for generation of stress in a Piping System:

Reducing Piping stresses:

 Supports for Weight

1. 1/3rd of Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of Material at operating temperature.

Loads on a Piping System:

Fig.1: Examples of Static Loads

Fig.3: Inter Departmental Interaction with Stress Team

Stress Criticality and Analysis Methods:

Stress Analysis using Caesar II :

 Stress Isometric from Layout Group

 Checking the completeness of the piping system received as a stress package.

  Final marked up Iso’s to Layout

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