SOUTHERN AFRICAN POWER POOL

OPERATING GUIDELINES

14 AUGUST 1996
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TABLE OF CONTENTS….

PAGE NO’S:

- PREAMBLE 4

- INTRODUCTION 4

- SUMMARY OF OPERATING GUIDELINES 5

- TERMS USED IN THE GUIDELINES 16-19

- GUIDELINE I : SYSTEM CONTROL (5) , 20-33

A. GENERATION CONTROL (5) , 20-22

B. VOLTAGE CONTROL (5) , 23.24
C. TIME AND FREQUENCY CONTROL (5) , 24-26
D. INTERCHANGE SCHEDULING (5) , 26-26
E. CONTROL PERFOMANCE CRITERIA (6) , 28-29
F. INADVERTENT ENERGY MANAGEMENT (6) , 30-32
G. CONTROL SURVEYS (6) , 32
H. CONTROL EQUIPMENTS (7) , 33

- APPENDIX 1.A TIME ERROR CORRECTION PROCEDURES 34

- APPENDIX 1.B TRANSFER CAPABILITY 35-37

- APPENDIX I.C INADVERTENT INTERCHANGE ENERGY

ACCOUNTING PRACTICES 38.39

- GUIDELINE II: SYSTEM SECURITY (8), 40-54

A. ACTIVE POWER (MW) SUPPLY (8), 40-42

B. REACTIVE POWER (MVAR) SUPPLY (8), 43
C. TRANSMISSION OPERATION (8), 43-44
D. RELAY CO-OPERATION (9),44-48
E. MONITORING INTERCONNECTION PARAMETERS (9),48-49
F. INFORMATION EXCHANGE – NORMAL
SYSTEM CONDITIONS (9), 50-51
G. INFORMATION EXCHANGE – DISTURBANCE
REPORTING (10), 51-52
H. MAINTENANCE (10), 52-53

- APPENDIX II.A REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR MAJOR

ELECTRIC UTILITY SYSTEM EMERGENCIES
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GUIDELINE III : EMERGENCY OPERATIONS (11),54

A. INSUFFICIENT GENERATION CAPACITY (11),54 –55

B. TRANSMISSION – OVERLOAD, VOLTAGE CONTROL (11),56
C. LOAD SHEDDING (11),56 – 57
D. SYSTEM RESTORATION (11),57-58
E. EMERGENCY INFORMATION EXCHANGE (12),58-59
F. SPECIAL SYSTEM OR CONTROL AREA ACTION (12),59-60
G. CONTROL CENTRE BACK-UP (12), 60

APPENDIX III.A UNDER-FREQUENCY LOAD SHEDDING

SETTING OF ALL UTILITIES 61-62

GUIDELINE IV : OPERATING PERSONNEL (13),63

A. RESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY (13),63

B. SELECTION (13),63-64
C. TRAINING (13),64-65
D. RESPONSIBILITY TO OTHER OPERATING GROUPS (13),65-66

APPENDIX IV.ASUGGESTED ITEMS FOR INCLUSION IN A

TRAINING COURSE 67-73

GUIDELINE V : OPERATIONS PLANNING (14),74 –82

A. NORMAL OPERATIONS (14),74-75

B. PLANNING FOR SHORT- TERM EMERGENCY
CONDITIONS (14),75
C. PLANNING FOR LONG-TERM EMERGENCY
CONDITIONS (14),76-78
D. LOAD SHEDDING (14),79
E. SYSTEM RESTORATION (14),80-82

GUIDELINE VI: TELECOMMUNICATIONS (15), 83

A. FACILITIES (15) ,83

D. SYSTEM CONTROLLER TELECOMMUNICATION
PROCEDURES (14),84
C. LOSS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS (14),84

PROCEDURE FOR REVISING THESE OPERATING GUIDELINES 85-86

SIGNATORIES 87-90
CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT 91-105
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PREAMBLE

The objective of this document is to ensure that all the Operating Members of the
Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) operate the interconnected Southern
African network efficiently and effectively and that all Members participate
equitably in the obligations and in the benefits resulting from the Pool. These
guidelines will be amended from time to time by the Operating Sub-Committee of
the SAPP, as the need arises.

All interconnected utilities to SAPP must comply with the contents of this
document. It can also be used as a basis to prepare more detailed documents
governing the operation of each individual network.

This document is based on the North American Electric Reliability Council

(NERC), Operating Guidelines (27 February 1991). It will enable all the Operating
Members to monitor the operations of the Southern African Grid and to compare
them against a benchmark.

INTRODUCTION

The English language, both written and spoken, will be the medium of official
communication between the Operating Members of the SAPP.

The Operating Guidelines are designed to ensure co-ordinated operation

between interconnected systems and to achieve high levels of system reliability
and control at the Points of interconnection. The Guidelines specify how the
basic operating policy of the SAPP shall be implemented. The Guidelines are
based on established technical and on operating experience accumulated over
years. The input of the System Controller is vital to the establishment and
maintenance of good operating policy.

In practice, certain Clauses are more important than others. Therefore, the
Clauses are classified either as Operating Requirements or as Operating
Recommendations.

An Operating Requirement is a statement that describes the obligations of a

Control Area or a System functioning as part of a control area. The Operating
Requirement may also specify whether compliance to Guidelines must be
monitored or not.

An operating Recommendation is a statement describing good operating practice

that should be followed by a Control Area or by a System belonging to a Control
Area. The degree of enforcement of an Operating Recommendation may vary
from Control Area to Control Area and should take into account system
conditions and characteristics.
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SUMMARY OF OPERATING GUIDELINES…

GUIDELINE I : SYSTEM CONTROL…

A. GENERATION CONTROL…

Each Control Area shall operate sufficient generating capacity under

automatic control to meet its obligation to continuously balance its generation
and interchange schedules with its load. It shall also provide a contribution to
System frequency regulation as defined hereafter.

B. VOLTAGE CONTROL…

Each System and Control Area shall operate capacitive and inductive reactive
resources so as to maintain within specified limits, the voltage levels inside
the Systems and at the Points of interconnection. Reactive power generation,
transmission equipment switching and load shedding if necessary, shall be
implemented to maintain these voltage levels. Each System and Control Area
shall have adequate MVAr reserves so as to maintain the voltage to
acceptable levels under credible contingency conditions.

C. TIME AND FREQUENCY CONTROL…

Frequency in the interconnection shall be scheduled at 50 Hz and maintained

to that value, except for those periods in which frequency deviations are
scheduled to correct time error.

Return of Inadvertent Energy and correction of time errors shall be scheduled

and carried out within the range of frequencies specified in this document and
bearing in mind that Interconnection reliability has first priority.

Each Control Area shall participate in the correction of time error.

Control Areas which are interconnected shall select one Control Area each
year to monitor time error and to issue time error correction orders.

D INTERCHANGE SCHEDULING…

The scheduling of power transfers between Control Areas shall be done

through transmission paths either belonging to those Control Areas or pre-
arranged via wheeling contract(s) when other Control Areas are involved.
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D. INTERCHANGE SCHEDULING (CONT.)…

The net amount of interchange scheduled between Control Areas shall

not exceed the mutually agreed transfer limits of the interconnectors
and alternate paths which are involved in the scheduled power
transfer. When establishing normal and emergency transfer limits, the
sending party and the receiving party shall consider the effects of the
power through their own and all other parallel Systems based on
acceptable criteria. In no case shall the scheduled power transfer
between two Control Areas exceed the total rated capacity of
transmission facilities owned or arranged for between the two Control
Areas.

Alterations to power transfer schedules, shall be made at a time and at

a rate of change agreeable to both the supplier and the receiver and
within the capability of each party to control the change.

E. CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA…

The Control Performance Criteria defines a minimum standard of

control performance. Each Control Area should operate its System(s)
above this minimum requirement and the actual level of performance
should be the highest that can be achieved, taking into account
economic and technical considerations.

F. INADVERTENT ENERGY MANAGEMENT…

Through reliable metering equipment and daily schedule verification,

each Control Area shall accurately account for Inadvertent Energy
interchanges. Being aware of generation and load patterns, each
Control Area shall be proactive in preventing the accumulation of
Inadvertent Energy and to do this in accordance with procedures set
by the Operating Sub-Committee.

Each Point of Interconnection between Control Areas shall be

equipped with a common MWh meter and the readings shall be
provided hourly to all relevant Control Centres.

G. CONTROL SURVEYS…

At least every six (6) months, the Co-ordination Centre or its

representative shall conduct a survey to assess the control
performance of the Control Areas. The purpose of these surveys will
be to highlight control equipment malfunctions, telemetering errors,
improper frequency bias settings, scheduling errors, inadequate
generation under automatic generation control, general control
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performance deficiencies and any other factors contributing to

inadequate control performance.

H. CONTROL EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS…

The control equipment of each Control Area shall be designed and

operated so as to ensure that the Control Area can continuously and
accurately meet its control obligations (towards its own System(s) and
towards the other Control Areas) and that it can measure its
performance. The control equipment shall be designed and operated in
accordance with acceptable industry norms.

All interconnections between Control Areas shall be equipped to

telemeter MW power flow at the Points of Interconnection to area
Control Centres simultaneously.

The System Controller’s displays and consoles shall offer him a clear
and understandable picture of his Control Area parameters. This
includes all the necessary information from other Control Areas in
addition to his own.

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GUIDELINE II : SYSTEM SECURITY…

A. ACTIVE POWER (MW) SUPPLY…

Each Control Area shall operate its active power resources to ensure a
level of operating reserve sufficient to account for such considerations as
errors in load forecasting and exchange schedules, generation or
transmission equipment unavailability, number and size of generating
units, forced outage rates, maintenance schedules, regulating
requirements, and load diversity between Control Areas. Following the
loss of load or active power resource(s), the Control Area shall take
appropriate steps to reduce its Area Control Error to zero within ten (10)
minutes.

Each Operating Member shall declare its own operating reserve

philosophy with regard to the following:

(i) the permissible mix of spinning and quick reserve;

(ii) procedure for applying operating reserve policy in practice; and

(iii) the limitations, if any, upon the amount of interruptible load which may
be considered as quick reserve.

This philosophy shall not be less onerous than the minimum reserve policy
specified in this Guidelines.

B. REACTIVE POWER (MVAR) SUPPLY…

Each Control Area shall supply its own reactive power requirements,
including appropriate reserves to maintain voltage levels during a
contingency. The reserve shall be located, electrically, where it can be
applied effectively and timeously when a contingency occurs.

Control Areas shall co-ordinate the use of voltage control equipment to

maintain transmission voltages and reactive flows at levels consistent with
interconnection security.

C. TRANSMISSION OPERATION…

Transmission equipment is to be operated within its normal rated except

for short periods after a contingency has occurred.
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C. TRANSMISSION OPERATING (CONTD.)…

When the loading or voltage level on transmission facilities deviate from

normal operating limits or are likely to exceed emergency limits following a
contingency, and when such events can threaten the reliability of the
Interconnection, Control Area(s) experiencing or causing the condition,
shall take immediate steps to remedy the situation. These steps include
notifying other Control Areas, initiating load relief measures and taking all
other actions that the situation warrants.

System operation shall be co-ordinated between Systems, Control Areas

and the Pool. This includes the monitoring of MW and MVAr flows and the
co-ordination of equipment outages, voltage levels and switching
operations that affects two or more Systems.

D. RELAY CO-ORDINATION…

Systems and Control Areas shall co-ordinate the application, operation

and maintenance of protective relays on the Interconnection, including the
co-ordination of under-frequency load shedding relays. Criteria which will
enhance system reliability with the minimum adverse affect on the
performance of the Interconnection should be developed.

System Controllers shall be familiar with the operating settings of

protective relays and shall have access to all relevant relay information to
enable them to operate the interconnected system.

E. MONITORING INTERCONNECTION PARAMETERS

Each System and Control Area shall continuously monitor those

parameters (such as MW flows, MVAr flows, frequency, voltage, phase
angle, etc), internal and external to its System or Control Area, that
indicate the level of security of the Interconnection.

F. INFORMATION EXCHANGE – NORMAL SYSTEM CONDITIONS…

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Information concerning system conditions shall be transmitted to adjacent

Control Areas and non-adjacent Control Areas, as needed, to ensure
efficient and effective operation of the Interconnection.

G. INFORMATION EXCHANGE – DISTURBANCE REPORTING….

Disturbances or unusual occurrences which jeopardize the operation of

the interconnected system, that result or could result in equipment
damage or customer supply interruptions, shall be studied in sufficient
depth to increase the understanding of the phenomena occurring in the
system and to enable the Members to prevent the occurrence of such
incidents or at least reduce their impact. The recordings associated with a
disturbance shall be made available to the other Operating Members.

H. MAINTANANCE CO-ORDINATION….

Each System shall prepare inspection and maintenance schedules for its
generation and transmission facilities, its protection, control and
communication equipment and of any other relevant facility. These
inspection and maintenance schedules shall be co-ordinated with those of
other affected Systems and Control Areas to ensure that the equipment
outages will not violate the reliability criteria.

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GUIDELINE III : EMERGENCY OPERATIONS….

A. INSUFFICIENT GENERATION CAPACITY….

A control Area which experience a shortage of generation shall promptly

balance its generation and interchange schedules to its load, without regard
to financial implications, to avoid prolonged use of the assistance provided by
interconnection frequency bias. The emergency reserve provided in a
frequency deviation is intended to be used only as a temporary source of
emergency energy and is to be promptly restored so that the interconnection
system can again withstand the next contingency. A Control Area unable to
balance its generation and interchange schedules to its load shall have the
responsibility to shed sufficient load to permit the correction of its Area Control
Error.

A Control Area anticipating a shortage of generation shall bring to service all

available generation, postpone equipment maintenance, re-schedule
interchange and prepare to shed load.

B. TRANSMISSION – OVERLOAD, VOLTAGE CONTROL….

If a transmission facility becomes overloaded or if voltage/reactive levels are

outside established limits and the situation cannot be remedied by normal
means such as adjusting generation or interconnection schedules, and if a
credible contingency under these conditions would adversely impact on the
interconnection, appropriate measures, including load shedding, shall be
implemented promptly to reduce the loading of the transmission facility to a
level below the established limits. This action shall be taken by the System or
Control Area causing the problem if that system or Control Area can be
identified, otherwise by all Systems or Control Areas, as appropriate, if
responsibility cannot be readily determined.

C. LOAD SHEDDING….

After taking all other remedial steps, a System or Control Area whose integrity
is still in jeopardy due to insufficient generation or transmission capacity, shall
shed load rather than risk an uncontrolled failure of components making up
the interconnection between Control Areas.

I. SYSTEM RESTORATION….

After a system collapse, restoration shall begin when it can proceed in an

orderly and secure manner. Systems and Control Areas shall co-ordinate their
restoration actions. Generally, restoration starts with the auxiliary supply of
power stations and transmission substations, although this can change
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depending upon the incident. Even though the restoration shall be done as
speedily as possible, System Controllers shall avoid premature action to
prevent another collapse of the system.

D. SYSTEM RESTORATION (CONTINUED)….

Customer load shall be restored as generation and transmission

equipment becomes available, recognizing that load and generation
must continuously remain in balance at normal frequency as the
system is restored.

E. EMERGENCY INFORMATION EXCHANGE….

A System or Control Area which is experiencing or anticipating an

emergency shall communicate its current and expected status to
neighboring Systems and Control Areas first and then to the other
Operating Members. Systems capable of providing assistance shall
declare their capabilities.

F. SPECIAL SYSTEM OR CONTROL AREA ACTION….….

Because the facilities of each System may be vital to the secure

operation of the interconnection, Systems and Control Areas shall
make every effort to remain connected to the interconnection.
However, if a System or Control Area determines that it is endangered
by remaining interconnected, it may take such action as it deems
necessary to protect its system.

If the interconnection splits into several parts, abnormal frequency and

voltage deviations may occur. To permit re-synchronisation, relief
measures shall be brought by those Systems responsible for the
frequency and voltage deviations.

G. CONTROL CENTRE BACK-UP….

Each Control Area shall have a survival plan to continue operation of

its System in the event its control centre becomes inoperable.
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GUIDELINE IV : OPERATING PERSONNEL….

A. RESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY….

Each System Controller shall be delegated sufficient status and authority to

take any action necessary to ensure that the System or Control Area for
which the Controller is responsible, is operated in a stable and reliable
manner.

B. SELECTION….

Each System and Control Area shall select its System Controllers based on
criteria that are designed to promote reliable operation.

C. TRAINING….

Each System and/or Control Area shall provide its personnel with training that
is designed to promote reliable operation.

D. RESPONSIBILITY TO OTHER OPERATING GROUPS….

Each System and Control Area’s personnel shall supply the information
required by other Systems, Control Areas or by the Operating Sub-
Committee.

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GUIDELINE V: OPERATIONS PLANNING….

A. NORMAL OPERATIONS

Each Control Area shall plan its future operations in co-ordination with
other affected Control Areas to ensure that normal interconnection
operation will proceed in an orderly and consistent manner.

B. PLANNING FOR SHORT-TERM EMERGENCY CONDITIONS

A set of plans consistent with these Operating Guidelines (particularly

Guideline III) shall be developed, maintained, and implemented as
required by each System and Control Area to cope with operating
emergencies. These plans shall be co-ordinated with other Systems and
Control Areas as appropriate.

C. PLANNING FOR LONG-TERM EMERGENCY CONDITIONS

Each System and Control Area shall maintain comprehensive and co-
ordinated procedures to deal with long-term capacity or energy shortages.

D. LOAD SHEDDING

Each System and Control Area shall prepare a program of manual and
automatic load shedding sufficient to arrest frequency or voltage decay, or
extreme power flows that could cause an uncontrolled failure of failure of
components of the Interconnection. The program shall be co-ordinated
throughout the Interconnection so as to avoid high transmission loading
and extreme voltage deviations.

E. SYSTEM RESTORATION

Each System and Control Area shall develop and periodically update a
plan of action to restore its system in an orderly manner in the event of a
partial or total shutdown. This plan shall be co-ordinated with other
Control Areas to ensure a consistent Interconnection restoration.

Reliable and adequate sources for starting up generating units shall be

provided in each System. When these sources are remote from the
generating units, a proper procedure shall be established in order to
minimize start- up time. Generation restoration procedure shall be verified
and tested at regular intervals to be defined by the Operating Sub-
Committee.
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GUIDELINE VI : TELECOMMUNICATIONS….

A. FACILITIES….

Each System and Control Area shall install adequate and reliable
telecommunication facilities for their own needs and those of other
Systems and Control Areas so as to ensure that the exchange of
information necessary to maintain the reliability of the Interconnection can
take place. Wherever possible, there will be back-up facilities and route
diversity.

B. SYSTEM CONTROLLER TELECOMMUNICATION PROCEDURES…

Procedures for System Controller to System Controller communications

shall be established by Systems and Control Areas to ensure that
communications between operating personnel are consistent, efficient,
and effective during normal and emergency conditions.

C. LOSS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS….

Operating instructions and procedures shall be established by each

System and Control Area to enable operation to continue during the loss
of telecommunicatIon facilities.

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TERMS USED IN THE GUIDELINES….

Adjacent System or Adjacent Control Area: Any System or Control Area directly
Interconnected with (so as to be significantly affected by the existence of) another System or
Control Area.

Area Control Error (ACE): The instantaneous difference between actual and scheduled tie
line interchanges between Control Areas, taking into account the difference between the
scheduled and actual frequency.

Automatic Generation Control (AGC): Equipment which automatically adjusts a Control

Area’s Operating capacity, plus firm purchase from other Systems, to the extent available or
limited by transfer capability, is inadequate to meet its demand plus its regulating
requirements.

Cold Reserve: Cold Reserve is all generating capacity available for operation but not
synchronized to the system; it is the Slow Reserve plus Quick Reserve.

Control Area: Control Area shall mean an electrical System with borders defined by points
of Interconnection and capable of maintaining continuous balance between the generation
under its control, the consumption of electricity in the Control Area and the scheduled
interchanges with other Control Areas.

Control-Performance Criteria (CPC): The CPC survey provides two measures of the
performance of ACE. The measures are referred to as A1 – Zero Crossing, and A2 –Ld
Compliance.

Demand: The rate at which energy is being used by the customer, expressed in MW or
GW.

Disturbance: 1. Any perturbation to the electric system.

2. The unexpected change in ACE that exceeds five (5) times Ld

which is caused by the sudden loss of generation or interruption
of load.

Dynamic Schedule: A schedule that is continuously adjusted in real time to match an

actual interchange. Commonly used for “scheduling” generation from another Control Area.

Emergency Energy: Emergency Energy shall mean energy supplied from other Operating
Members to an Operating Member who experiences a loss of generating or transmission
facilities as the result of an unscheduled outage (or outages) or any cause not reasonably
foreseeable. Such energy shall be available for a period of six (6) hours starting from the
occurrence of the emergency, after which the Operating Member must obtain other types of
services or shed load, should the shortage continue.

Emergency Generation. Emergency Generation is the short- term generation of the plant
above its rated capacity.
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TERMS USED IN THE GUIDELINES (CONTD.)

Emergency Situation: An Emergency Situation shall mean a situation where a

Member is faced with an unplanned loss of generation of transmission facilities or another
situation beyond its control, which impairs or jeopardizes its ability to supply its System
Demand, adjusted for imports and exports of Firm Power. Such emergency shall not exceed
six (6) hours.

Force Majeure: Force Majeure shall have the same meaning as in Clause 2.18 of the
SAPP Agreement Between Operating Members shall apply, except for Clause 2.18.4 which
shall read as follows:

“any other cause beyond the control of a Party, provided the Party experiencing such cause
and the other Party agree that such cause should be regarded as Force Majeure”.

Frequency Bias Setting: A value, in MW/0.1 Hz, set into a Control Area’s AGC
Equipment to represent a Control Area’s response to deviation from scheduled frequency.

Hourly Value: Data measured on a clock-hour basis. When related to energy or similar data,
it is the value accumulated during the sixty (60) minute interval ending at the hour which is
specified.

Inadvertent Energy Flow: Inadvertent Energy Flow shall mean the difference between
the net scheduled energy delivered and the actual net energy delivered in any specific hour.

Interconnection: When starting with a capital letter, it shall mean high voltage
transmission lines and substations making up international backbone of the Southern Africa
Grid. When not starting with a capital letter, it shall mean the facilities that connect two
adjacent Systems or Control Areas.

Interruptible or Curtailable Load: Interruptible or Curtailable Load shall mean a consumer

load or a combination of consumer loads which can be contractually interrupted or reduced
by remote control or on instruction from the utility when such contracts are in place and such
instructions have been given from the Member’s Control Centre.

Leap Second: A second of time added occasionally by the Bureau of Standards to correct
for the offset between the clock-hour day and the solar day.

Ld: See Guideline 1 on System Control.

Load: The amount of electric power delivered or required at any specified point on a
system.

Metered Value: A measured (electrical) quantity that may be collected by telemetering,

SCADA, or other means.
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TERMS USED IN THE GUIDELINES (CONTD.)

Mothballing: Mothballing plant stored for longer than one (1) year; the plant is dry stored
and may be partially dismantled and specifically protected.

Non-Spinning Reserve: Shall have the same meaning as Cold Reserve.

Neighboring System: See Adjacent System.

Net Energy for load: Net system generation plus interchange received minus interchange
delivered in a time interval.

Operating Reserve: The un-used capacity above System Demand which is required to
cater for regulation, short-term load forecasting errors, and unplanned outages. It consists
of Spinning and Quick Reserve.

Operating Security: The ability of a power system to withstand or limit the adverse effects
of any credible contingency to the System including overloads beyond emergency ratings,
excessive or inadequate voltage, loss of stability or abnormal frequency deviations.

Planned Outage: Unless otherwise agreed and confirmed in writing between all relevant
Control Centres, planned Outages shall mean outages which are scheduled with at least
two weeks notice and agreed in writing between the Control Centres.

Points of Interconnection: The Points of Interconnection between Operating Members

shall be those locations where their respective transmission facilities are physically
connected. Unless otherwise agreed, the transactions under the Service Schedules shall
be deemed to take place at the Points of Interconnection. The Management Committee shall
update from time to time, the list giving the Points of Interconnection between the networks
of the Operating Members.

Quick Reserve: Quick Reserve is interruptible load or capacity readily available from
Cold Reserve which can be started and loaded within ten (10) minutes to meet the system
demand. This includes hydro plant, gas turbines, pumped storage and interruptible load.

Reserve Storage: Reserve Storage is plant that is stored for more than three (3) months in
a wet or dry stored condition. Some auxiliary plant may be run periodically.

Regulating Margin: The on-line capacity that can be increased or decreased to allow the
system to respond to all reasonable demand changes in order to comply with the Control
Performance Criteria.

SAPP : Southern African Power Pool.

Service Schedules: Service Schedules shall mean schedules governing various types of
transactions that may be entered between Operating Members to reduce costs or improve
reliability of supply.
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TERMS USED IN GUIDELINES (CONTD.)

Slow Reserve: Slow Reserve is capacity available from Cold Reserve and considered
to be ready for synchronization to the system within twenty-four (24) hours. The purpose of
slow reserve is to replace any generating units on unplanned outages or to meet forecasted
demand.

Special Protection System (SPS) :Shall mean a protection scheme designed to perform
functions other than the isolation of electrical faults; it is also called “remedial action
scheme”. See Guideline II “Relay Co-ordination”.

Spinning Reserve: Spinning Reserve shall mean the unused capacity which is
synchronized to the System and which can be delivered immediately without manual
intervention.

Station Service: Shall mean electric supply to ancillary equipment used to operate a
generating station or substation.

Station Service Generator: Shall mean a generator used to supply electrical energy to
station service equipment.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA): Shall mean a system of remote
control and telemetry used to monitor and control the transmission system.

System: A combination of generation, transmission, and other components making up the

network of an electric utility, or group of utilities.

System Controller: A person who controls the electric system.

Time Error Monitor(Monitor): Control Area designated to monitor time errors.

Unplanned Outage: Unless otherwise agreed and confirmed in writing between all
relevant Control Centres, Unplanned Outages shall mean outages which are not scheduled
with the advance notice of two weeks and agreed in writing.

Wheeling: Wheeling shall mean transmitting a contractual amount of power over specified
time periods through the System of an Operating Member who is neither the Seller nor the
Buyer of this power.

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GUIDELINE I : SYSTEM CONTROL

A. GENERATION CONTROL…

Criteria:

Each Control Area shall operate sufficient generating capacity under Automatic Generation
Control (AGC):

(1) to continuously balance its generation and interchange schedules to its load,

(2) provide its contribution to interconnection frequency regulation, as specified

hereafter.

Requirements:

1. Automatic Generation Control (AGC) shall continuously compare:

(i) total net actual interchange adjusted for actual frequency and;

(ii) total net scheduled interchange adjusted for scheduled frequency;

to determine the Control Area’s Area Control Error (ACE) and respond by returning
the ACE to zero.

2. Each Control Area shall provide an amount of Spinning Reserve responsive to AGC,
which is synchronized to the interconnection. This amount shall be raised or lowered
by AGC to provide adequate system regulation and satisfy Control Performance
Criteria.

3. Each Control Area shall operate its AGC on tie-line bias mode, unless such operation
is adverse to System or Interconnection reliability. The requirements for tie-line bias
control are as follows:

3.1 The Control Area shall set its frequency bias (expressed in MW/0,1 Hz) as
close as practical to the Control Area’s frequency response characteristic.
Frequency bias may be calculated in several ways:

3.1.1 A fixed frequency bias value may be used which is based on a fixed,
straight-line function of tie-line deviation versus frequency deviation.
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The fixed value shall be determined by recording and averaging the

frequency response characteristic after several disturbances during
peak hours.

A. GENERATION CONTROL (CONTD.)

3.1.2 A variable (linear or non-linear) frequency bias value may be used

which is based on a variable function of tie-line deviation versus
frequency deviation. The variable frequency bias value shall be
determined by analyzing frequency response as it varies with
parameters such as load, generation, governor characteristics and
frequency.

3.2 The Operating Sub-Committee shall approve performance standards

applicable to frequency bias.

3.2.1 In no case shall the monthly average frequency bias be less than 1%
of the Control Area’s estimated yearly peak demand per 0.1 Hz.

3.3 Each Control Area shall review its frequency bias settings by 1 January of
each year and shall recalculate its settings to reflect any change of frequency
response characteristic in the Control Area.

3.3.1 The bias setting or the method used to determine the setting may be
changed whenever any of the parameters listed in Clause 3.1.2 above
changes.

3.4 Each Control Area must be able to prove to the Operating Sub-Committee
that its frequency bias settings closely match its frequency response
characteristic.

3.5 Each Control Area shall communicate its frequency bias setting and the
method for determining that setting to the Operating Sub-Committee.

Recommendations:

1. AGC should be in service all the time and when not possible, arrangements must be
made to include the System in an established Control Area or to switch over to
temporary manual control.

2. Turbine governors and other control systems, including AGC and HVDC control
systems should be tested periodically to verify their correct operation. The maximum
intervals between such tests shall be specified by the Operating Sub- Committee.
 -Page 22 -

3. Turbine governors and HVDC controls, where applicable, should respond to system
frequency deviation, unless there is a temporary operating problem.

A. GENERATION CONTROL (CONTD.)

4. Each Member should establish normal and emergency rates of response for
each generator and each HVDC terminal.

5. Load –limiting devices should be applied only when the rate of load change
has an adverse effect on the generators or when it can jeopardize
transmission security.

6. The Regulating Margin should be distributed between as many generating

units as possible.

7. Each Control Area should schedule its generation so as to comply with the
Control Performance Criteria for any expected change in load characteristics
and daily load patterns.

8. All generating units of consequential size should be equipped with AGC’s to

ensure that the Control Area continuously adjust its generation to its load plus
its net scheduled interchange.

9. Frequency dead band be set to less than 0.05 Hz.

10. ACE dead band be set to less than 0.05 Hz.

Background:

Accurate and adequate generator control helps reduce time error, frequency
deviations, and Inadvertent Energy interchanges.

Each Control Area will respond to frequency deviations in accordance with the
response characteristics of its own System. Most of this response will be
reflected in the Control Area’s net interchanges. By monitoring the interchange
deviations from schedule, the frequency deviation from schedule, and by using
the Control Area’s frequency response characteristic, it is possible to determine
through the AGCs, whether the imbalance between load and generation is
internal or external to the Control Area. If internal, the AGC will adjust the
generation to correct the imbalance. If external, no AGC action should occur.
However, the frequency response to the interchange deviations through the
governors, should be allowed to continue until the external system with the
generation surplus or defiency corrects its imbalance and returns the frequency
to schedule.

Until system response can be continuously measured, it must be estimated. This

estimate is the tie-line frequency bias setting. The closer the tie-line frequency
 -Page 23 -

bias matches the actual system frequency response, the better AGC will be able
to distinguish between internal and external imbalances and reduce the number
of unnecessary control actions. Therefore, the basic requirement of tie-line
frequency bias is that it matches the actual system response as closely as
practicable.

B. VOLTAGE CONTROL….

Criteria :

Each System and Control Areas shall maintain system and Interconnection voltages
within agreed upon high and low limits by operating suitable capacitive and reactive
resources. Reactive generation scheduling, transmission equipment switching and
load shedding if necessary, shall be implemented to maintain voltage levels under
credible contingency conditions.

Requirements:

1. Devices used to regulate transmission system voltages and reactive flows

should be under the control of the Control Centre.

2. Control Centres shall monitor transmission system voltages to immediately

identify any deviation from prearranged voltage levels and take corrective
action. (see Appendix 1B “Transfer Capability”).

2.1 Pre-arranged voltage levels, reactive control equipment settings and

changes in transmission configuration shall be co-ordinated with
adjacent Systems.

2.2 Transfer limits shall take into account voltage or reactive power
restrictions. These restrictions should be clearly displayed in each
Control Centre.

2.3 Control Centres shall monitor and keep reactive power flows within
agreed upon limits on the interconnectors between neighbouring
countries.

Recommendations:

1. Important transmission lines should remain in service during light-load

periods whenever possible. They should be removed from service for
voltage control only after all reactive power sources have been utilised
and only if studies indicate that system reliability will not be degraded
below acceptable levels. Whenever possible, switching lines out for
voltage control, shall be restricted to lines other than the interconnections
between neighbouring systems.
 -Page 24 -

2. Automatic voltage regulators on generators, synchronous condensers and

Static Var Compensators (SVC’s) shall be kept in service whenever possible.

3 Devices used to regulate transmission system voltage and reactive power

flows maybe switchable without having to de-energise other equipment
facilities.

B. VOLTAGE CONTROL (CONTD.)….

4. When a generator’s automatic voltage regulator is out of service, field

excitation shall be maintained at a level adequate for stable operation.

5. Systems with HVDC transmission facilities shall utilize the power resources
associated with the DC converters.

C. TIME AND FREQUENCY CONTROL….

Criteria:

Interconnection frequency shall be scheduled at 50 Hz and controlled to that value

except for those periods in which frequency deviations are scheduled to correct time
error.

Operating limits for frequency deviation and time error shall be established with
Interconnection reliability as first priority.

Each Control Area shall participate in all time error corrections.

One Control Area shall be selected every year to monitor the time error of the
Interconnection and to issue time error correction orders.

Requirements:

1. Every year the Operating Members shall designate a Control Area ( the
Monitor) which shall monitor time and initiate or terminate corrective actions
when time error reaches +/- 10 seconds.

2. Time error corrections shall start and end on the hour, a notice shall be given at
least thirty (30) minutes before the time error correction is to start or stop.

3. Each order of time error correction shall be identified (by a number).

4. The offset to carry out the time error correction shall be implemented as
follows:
 -Page 25 -

4.1 The frequency scheduled may be offset by 0.02 Hz, leaving the
frequency bias unchanged , or

4.2 If the normal frequency (50 Hz) cannot be offset, the net interchange
schedule (MW) may be offset by an amount corresponding to a 0.02
Hz frequency deviation (i.e 20 % of the frequency bias setting).

C. TIME AND FREQUENCY CONTROL ( CONTD.)….

4.3 Inadvertent interchange accumulations may be paid back unilaterally by

offsetting a tie-line schedule when such action will contribute to the correction
of a time error.

4.3.1 If time is slow and there is a negative accumulation (under-

generation), the AGC may be offset to over-generate and pay –back
inadvertent interchange accumulation and at the same time reduce
time error.

4.3.2 If time is fast and there is a positive accumulation (over-generation),

the AGC may be offset to under-generate and pay-back inadvertent
interchange accumulation and reduce time error.

4.3.3 AGC offset may be made by either offsetting the frequency schedule
up to 0.02 Hz, leaving the bias setting normal or offsetting the net tie-
line schedule by up to 20 % of the Control Area’s bias or 5 MW,
whichever is greater.

4.3.4 Inadvertent pay-back shall end when either the time error is zero or
has changed signs, the accumulation of inadvertent interchanges has
been corrected to zero, or a scheduled time error correction begins,
which takes precedence over offsetting frequency schedule to pay-
back inadvertent.

5. Time error correction notifications will be broadcast by the Monitor to the

Operating Members.

6. The Monitor shall periodically issue a notification of time error, accurate to within
0.1 second, to Members to ensure uniform calibration of time standards.

7. Each Control Area shall, at least annually, check and calibrate its time error and
frequency devices against a common reference.

8. When one or more Control Areas have been separated from the interconnection,
upon reconnection, they shall adjust their time error devices to coincide with the
Interconnection by one of the following methods:
 -Page 26 -

Before connection, the separated area may institute a Time Error Correction Procedure to
correct its accumulated time error to coincide with the indicated time error of the Monitor, or

C. TIME AND FREQUENCY CONTROL ( CONTD.)….

After interconnection, the time error devices of the previously separated area may be
corrected to coincide with the indicated time error of the Monitor. A notification of adjustment
time error shall be passed through the Monitor as soon as possible after interconnection.

9. Time error correction procedures are found in Appendix 1.A

Recommendations:

1. The Control Areas may implement automatic time error control as part of their
AGC scheme.

1.1 If automatic time error correction is used, all Control Areas should
participate.

1.2 Automatic time error control in progress should be suspended

whenever an announced time correction is to start.

2. Systems using time error devices that are not capable of automatically
adjusting for leap-seconds should arrange to receive advance notice of the
leap-second and make the necessary manual adjustment in a manner that
will not introduce a disturbance into their control system.

Background:

The difference between load and generation results in frequency deviations from 50
Hz, and the integrated deviation appears as a departure from standard time.

The satisfactory operation of the Interconnected systems is dependent, in part, upon

accurate frequency transducers and recorders and time error devices associated
with AGC equipment.

D. INTERCHANGE SCHEDULING BETWEEN CONTROL AREAS….

 -Page 27 -

Criteria:

Power transfers between Control Areas shall be scheduled through transmission

paths either belonging to those Control Areas or pre-arranged via wheeling
contract(s) when other Control Areas are involved.

D. INTERCHANGE SCHEDULING BETWEEN CONTROL AREAS (CONTD) .

The net amount of interchange scheduled between Control Areas shall not exceed
the mutually agreed transfer limits of the common interconnections and alternate
paths which have been arranged for between the parties. When establishing normal
and emergency transfer limits, the sending, wheeling, and receiving Control Areas
shall consider the effect of power flows through their own and other parallel Systems
or Control Areas based on mutually acceptable reliability criteria. In no case shall the
scheduled power transfers between two Control Areas exceed the total installed
capacity of own or pre-arranged transmission facilities between the two Control
Areas.

Schedule changes shall be made at a time and rate agreeable to both the supplier
and receiver and within the capacity of each Party to control the change.

Requirements:

1. Interchanges shall be scheduled only between Control Areas

directly interconnected unless there is a wheeling contract or mutual agreement
with another Control Area(s) to provide wheeling services.

2. Interchange schedules or schedule changes shall not violate

established reliability criteria in another system.

2.1 When Control Areas are interconnected in such a way that parallel flows
present reliability problems, the affected Control Areas shall develop multi-
Control Area interchange monitoring techniques and pre-determined corrective
actions to mitigate or alleviate potential or actual transmission system overloads.

2.2 Transfer limits shall be re-evaluated and interchange schedules adjusted as

soon as practicable if transmission facilities become overloaded or are taken out
of service, or when changes are made to the bulk system which can affect
transfer limits. These should be determined both in terms of transient stability
and thermal rating and should be provided to the Control Centres on an on-
going basis.

3. The maximum net scheduled interchange between two Control Areas shall not
exceed the lesser of two values:

3.1 The total capacity of the transmission facilities in service between the two
Contorl Areas owned by the them or available to the under wheeling
arrangements, contracts, or mutual agreements, or
 -Page 28 -

D. INTERCHANGE SCHEDULING BETWEEN COTROL AREAS ( CONTD)….

3.2 The mutually established transfer capacity between two Control Areas
considering other transmission facilities available to them under wheeling
arrangements. (Transfer Capacity is defined in Appendix I.B “Transfer Capacity”).

4. The sending, wheeling and receiving Control Areas that are parties to an
interchange transaction shall agree on the following:

4.1 The schedule’s magnitude, starting and ending times.

4.2 A change of schedule must be entered five (5) minutes before the hour and
must reach the full magnitude on the hour.

4.3 The scheduled generation in one Control Area that is to be delivered to

another Control Area must also be scheduled with all wheeling Control
Areas unless there is a contract or mutual agreement among the sending,
wheeling and receiving Control Areas to do otherwise.

5. Control Areas shall develop procedures to disseminate information on interchange

schedules and facilities out of service which may have adverse effect on other
Control Areas not involved in the scheduled interchange. The involved parties shall
predetermine schedule priorities which will be used if a schedule reduction becomes
necessary.

Background:

Scheduled interchanges must be co-ordinated between Control Areas to prevent

frequency deviations, accumulation of inadvertent interchanges and violations of
mutually agreed transfer limits.

E. CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA….

Criteria:

The Control Performance Criteria defines a standard of minimum control performance.

Each Control Area shall exceed this minimum as much as it can reasonably be done.
 -Page 29 -

Requirements:

1. Two criteria shall be used to continually monitor control performance during normal
conditions (see Section 2.1 in the “Control Performance Criteria Training
Document”).

E. CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA (CONTD.)….

A1 Criteria- The Area Control Error (ACE) must return to zero at least every ten (10)
minutes. Violations of this criteria are counted for each subsequent ten (10) minute period
that the ACE fails to return to zero.

A2 Criteria- The average ACE for each of the 6 ten (10) minute periods during the hour (i.e
for the ten (10) minute periods ending at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes past the hour)
must not exceed specific limits, referred to as Ld. These limits are determined from the
Control Area’s rate of change of demand characteristics. (See Section 2.1.2.1 in the “Control
Performance Criteria Training Document” appended to these Guidelines for the methods for
calculating Ld).

2. Two criteria shall be used to continually monitor control performance during

disturbances (see the “Control Performance Criteria Training Document” Section
2.2):

B1 Criteria- The ACE must return to zero within ten (10) minutes following
the start of the disturbance.

B2 Criteria- The ACE must start to return to zero within one (1) minute
following the start of the disturbance.

3. The ACE used to determine compliance to the Control Performance Criteria shall
reflect its actual value, and exclude short excursions due to transient telemetering
problems or other influences such as control algorithm action.

4. All Control Areas shall respond to control performance surveys that are requested
by the Operating Sub-Committee.

Recommendations

1. Each Control Areas should comply with the A1 and A2 Criteria . A1 Criteria should be
met at least 90% of the time and A2 Criteria on average 80% for each month.

Background:

Control performance is the degree to which a Control Area succeeds in matching its
generation to its demand plus scheduled power interchanges taking into account the
effects of frequency bias. The Control Performance Criteria (CPC) establishes minimum
standards for control performance and provide a means for measuring the relative
control performance of each Control Area. While these standards define the minimum
 -Page 30 -

acceptable performance, each Control Area shall meet and strive to exceed these
standards.

F. INADVERTENT ENERGY MANAGEMENT….

Criteria:

Each Control Area shall, through daily schedule verification and the use of reliable
metering equipment, accurately account for Inadvertent Energy interchanges.
Recognising generation and load patterns, each Control Area shall do its best to
prevent inadvertent interchange accumulation. Each Control Area shall reduce
accumulated Inadvertent Energy.

At least a common MWh- meter, with readings provided hourly to the relevant
Control Centres shall measure the power transfers at each Point of Interconnection
between two Control Areas.

Accumulation of Inadvertent Energy:

Inadvertent Energy is defined to be the difference between the net scheduled energy
on the tie-lines in a Control Area and net actual energy delivered on the tie-lines in
that Control Area.

The Inadvertent Energy needs to be monitored and managed carefully.

Requirements:

1. Inadvertent Energy interchange shall be calculated and recorded hourly and

may be accumulated as a credit or debit to a Control Area (see the “Inadvertent
Interchange Accounting Training Document” appended to these Guidelines).

2. All interchanges, between Control Areas, shall be included in the Inadvertent

Energy interchange account.

3. Inadvertent Energy interchange accumulations shall be paid back by any one or

both of the following methods:

3.1 Method 1- Inadvertent Energy interchange accumulations may be paid

back by scheduling interchange with another Control Area

The other Control Area must have an inadvertent accumulation in the opposite direction.

The scheduled amount of inadvertent pay-back shall be agreed upon by all Control Areas
involved.
 -Page 31 -

F. INADVERTENT ENERGY MANAGEMENT (CONTD.)….

Method 2- Inadvertent Energy interchange accumulation may be paid back unilaterally by

offsetting tie-line schedules when such action will contribute to the correction of the existing
time error.

If time is slow and there is a negative accumulation (under generation), the AGC may be
offset to over-generate and pay-back inadvertent interchange accumulation and reduce time
error.

If time is fast and there is a positive accumulation (over-generation), the AGC may be offset
to under-generate and pay-back inadvertent interchange accumulation and reduce time
error.

AGC offset may be made either offsetting the frequency schedule by up to 0,02 Hz, leaving
the bias setting normal or offsetting the net tie-line schedule by up to 20% of the Control
Area’s bias or 5 MW, whichever is greater.

Inadvertent pay-back shall end when the time error becomes zero or has changed signs, the
accumulation of inadvertent interchange has been corrected to zero, or a scheduled time
error correction begins, because this action takes precedence over offsetting frequency
schedule to pay-back inadvertent.

Control Areas using automatic time error control techniques shall not use Method 2 to
reduce their accumulations of inadvertent. Method 1 is the only acceptable way for these
Control Areas to reduce their accumulations of inadvertent.

4. Inadvertent Energy interchange accumulated during on-peak hours shall be paid

back during on-peak hours. Inadvertent Energy accumulated during off-peak
hours shall be paid back during off-peak hours.

5. Each Control Area shall submit a monthly summary of inadvertent Energy

interchange as detailed in Appendix I.C “Inadvertent Interchange Energy
Accounting Practices”.

Inadvertent Energy summaries shall include at least the previous accumulation, net
accumulation for the month, and final net accumulation, for both on-peak and off-peak
periods.

Each Control Area shall submit its monthly summary report to the Operating Sub-Committee
representative who will prepare a composite tabulation for distribution to all other Operating
Sub-Committee representatives.

F. INADVERTENT ENERGY MANAGEMENT (CONTD.)….

 -Page 32 -

Each Operating Sub-Committee representative shall distribute a monthly summary to their

respective Control Areas as agreed upon.

Background:

Inadvertent Energy is the difference between the Control Area’s net actual
interchange and net scheduled interchange. Interchange is partially due to the
frequency deviations occurring on the Interconnection. Unintentional Inadvertent
Energy interchanges are due to instrument and control errors, improper control
settings, poor generator response time, fluctuations in demand, etc.

G. CONTROL SURVEYS….

Criteria:

The Co-ordination Centre shall request control performance surveys bi-annually or

whenever required. These surveys shall serve the purpose of identifying control
equipment malfunctions, telemetering errors, improper frequency bias settings,
scheduling errors, insufficient generation under automatic generation control, general
control performance deficiencies, or other factors contributing to inadequate control
performance deficiencies, or other factors contributing to inadequate control
performances.

Requirements:

1. The following surveys, as described in the Control Performance Criteria Training

Document, shall be conducted when called for by the Co-ordination Centre:

An Area Control Error survey to determine the Control Areas’ interchange error(s) due to
equipment failures, improper scheduling operations, or improper AGC performance.

An Area Frequency Response Characteristics survey to determine the Control Areas’

response to changes on system frequency.

A Control Performance Criteria survey to monitor the Controls Area’s control performance
during normal conditions and during disturbances.

H. CONTROL EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS….

 -Page 33 -

Criteria:

The control equipment of each Control Area shall be designed and operated
to enable the Control Area to continuously meet its System and
Interconnection control obligations and measure its performance. The control
equipment shall be designed and operated in accordance with accepted
industry norms.

All Control Area interconnections shall be equipped to telemeter MW power

flows at the Points of Interconnection to both area Control Centres
simultaneously. The telemetering shall be from an agreed-upon terminal
ultilising common metering equipment.

The Control Centre displays and consoles shall present a clear and
understandable picture of Control Area parameters. This shall include the
necessary information from the Control Area itself as well as all the necessary
information from other Control Areas.

Requirements:

1. Each Control Area shall perform control error checks at the end of
every hour using tie-line MWh meters to determine the accuracy of
its control equipment.

2. The Control Centre shall adjust control settings to compensate for

equipment error until repairs can be made.

3. All tie-line flows between Control Areas shall be included in each

Control Area’s ACE calculation.

4. Control Centres shall be provided with a recording of all variables

necessary to monitor control performance, generation response, and
after-the-fact analysis of area performance. As a minimum, Area
Control Error (ACE), system frequency, and net actual tie-line
interchanges shall be continuously recorded.

5. Adequate and reliable back-up power supplies shall be provided and

periodically tested at the Control Centres and other critical locations
to ensure continuous operation of AGC and vital data recording
equipment during the loss of normal power supply.

6. All tie-line MW and MWh/hr measurements shall be telemetered to

both Control Centres and shall originate from a common, agreed
upon terminal using common primary metering equipment.

--oOo--
APPENDIX 1.A : TIME ERROR CORRECTION PROCEDURES
 -Page 34 -

1. A time correction may be terminated after five (5) hours or after any hour in which a
time correction of 0.5 seconds has NOT been achieved. A time correction may be
extended beyond five (5) hours if the average correction has exceeded 0.5
seconds per hour.

2. After the termination of a time correction because of the “5-hour rule” above, or
failure to make a correction of 0.5 seconds per hour, slow time correction may be
reinstated after the frequency has returned to 50 Hz or above for a period of sixty
(60) minutes. At least one (1) hour should elapse between the termination and re-
initiation notices.

3. The Monitor may postpone or cancel a time correction if requested to do so by any

Member, or if warranted by the overall capacity situation.

4. The time reference for the Southern African Power is UTC (Universal Time Co-
ordinated) plus two (2) hours.

---oOo---

APPENDIX I.B : TRANSFER CAPABILITY

 -Page 35 -

TRANSFER LIMIT CRITERIA

1. STUDY METHOD….

The transfer limits must be determined for normal operation and emergency
condition using steady state, stability and voltage collapse models. This must be
done using, as far as possible, the N-1 criteria. These limits must be identified and
the limit which have the most severe consequences if exceeded, should be
recommended as the transfer limit to the appropriate Control Centres. If an operating
condition in a system creates a problem, it shall be reflected in the calculation of the
transfer limit of the tie-line.

2. CONTINGENCIES….

The following single contingencies are recommended:

Steady State:

 Loss of any transmission line having an impact on the loading of the tie-lines

 Loss of the largest reactive power source

 Evaluation of the danger of voltage collapse

2.2. Transient Condition:

 System intact:

 Step-up transformer in the ZESA/ZESCO system.

 Loss of one or several generators due to a common cause

 Tripping of one large generator in the Eskom / BPC system

 Loss of any transmission line or tie-line that could have an

impact on the interconnected system

 Evaluate the ARC policy on tie-lines.

 Evaluate auto-reclose following single line-to-ground fault on any

transmission line that will have an impact on the Interconnection.

APPENDIX I.B : TRANSFER CAPABILITY (CONTD)

 -Page 36 -

3. RESULT ANALYSIS….

The results of the above studies must show the following criteria are met:

3.1 Steady State:

 No transmission line or transformer should be loaded more than 100% of its

nameplate rating.

 The busbar voltages should remain within the following bands

Normal operation:

VOLTAGE MIN kV (PU) MAX kV (PU)

400 kV 380 (0,95) 420 (1,05)

330 kV 313,5 (0,95) 345,5 (1,05)
275 kV 261 (0,95) 289 (1,05)
220 kV 209 (0,95) 231 (1,05)
132 kV 125 (0,95) 138 (1,05)

The voltage at the following power stations must remain within the following
bands:

Kariba South: Hwange;

324 kV (0,98 pu) 338 kV (1,024 pu)

335 kV (1,015 pu) 345 kV (1,045 pu)

For a N-1 criteria the voltage at Kariba South must remain within the following
band:

322 kV (0,9 75 pu)

340 kV (1,03 pu)

3.2 Transient Condition:

 The interconnected systems must remain in synchronism following the

disturbances mentioned in 2.2.

APPENDIX I.B : TRANSFER CAPABILITY (CONTD)

 -Page 37 -

 Following the first swing, the busbar voltages on the Interconnection should not
be lower than the values specified in the table below for more than 100 msec:

VOLTAGE VOLTAGE DIP

400 KV -10 %
330 KV -10%
275 KV -10%
220 KV -10%
132 KV -10%

4. GENERAL….

 The system to be studied should be clearly defined as well as the year to study;

 The transfer limits should be studied for peak and minimum load conditions;

 The output of each station should be clearly specified;

During emergencies, the Control Centres can operate the lines at a higher loading than
the transfer limits. During such conditions, the Control Centres must realize that they
could experience severe voltage dips, should a fault occur. These risks must be
accepted if transfer limits are exceeded.

A report has to be issued by the study group and evaluated by the OSC. The transfer
limits shall be updated once the OSC accepts new results and recommendations.

---oOo---

APPENDIX I.C : INADVERTENT INTERCHANGE ENERGY

ACCOUNTING PRACTICES
 -Page 38 -

A. INTRODUCTION….

Uniform accounting practices will help to identify and eliminate errors. They will also
highlight poor control performances that contribute to the accumulation of inadvertent
interchanges.

These practices outline the methods and procedures required to reconcile energy
accounting and inadvertent interchange balances.

The Control Areas must adhere to the Operating Guidelines to properly monitor and
account for inadvertent interchanges.

B. SCHEDULES….

All hourly schedules and schedule changes shall be agreed to between the relevant
Control Areas prior to implementation. The Agreement shall cover magnitude, rate of
change and common starting time.

Dynamic schedule integrated on an hourly basis shall be agreed to between the

relevant Control Areas after the end of the hour, but in such a manner as not to
impact on inadvertent account.

C. ACCOUNTING PROCEDURES….

1. Daily accounting- Each Control Area shall agree with adjacent Control Areas upon
the following quantities for each hour and on a daily basis:

Scheduled interchanges (MWh).

Actual interchanges (MWh) as derived from the SCADA system.
Total amounts during each day for on-peak and off-peak periods (for
operational purposes).

2. Monthly accounting- After having agreed on scheduled and actual interchanges

during the on-peak and off-peak hours of each day, adjacent Control Areas shall
verify that the accumulated values for the month end balance.

3. The on-peak and off-peak hours are defined as follows:

Weekdays: on-peak : 06H00 - 20H00

off-peak : 20H00 - 06H00

APPENDIX I.C : INADVERTENT INTERCHANGE

 -Page 39 -

ENERGY ACCOUNTING PRACTICES (CONTD)

Saturdays : on-peak : 07H00 - 13H00

off-peak : 00H00 - 07H00
off-peak : 13H00 - 24H00

Sundays : off-peak : 00H00 - 24H00

D. ADJUSTMENTS FOR ERRORS….

1. Periodic adjustments shall be made to correct for differences between hourly

telemetered MWh totals and the totals derived from the tariff meters on the
tie-lines.

2. Adjacent Control Areas shall agree upon the differences described above
and shall assign the relevant corrections to the on-peak and off-peak hours.

3. Any adjustment necessary due to known meter errors, transmission losses

or other circumstances shall be split between on-peak and off-peak hours as
appropriate.

---oOo---

A. REAL POWER (MW) SUPPLY….

 -Page 40 -

Criteria:

Each Control Area shall operate its active power resources so as to ensure a level of
operating reserve sufficient to account for such considerations as errors in
forecasting, generation or transmission equipment unavailability, loss of generating
units, forced outage rates, maintenance schedules, regulating requirements and load
diversity between Control Areas. Following the loss of load or of active power
resources, the Control Area shall take appropriate steps to reduce its Area Control
Error to zero within ten (10) minutes and to protect itself against the next
contingency.

The Operating Sub-Committee shall specify the operating reserve policy in terms of:

(i) the permissible ratio between Spinning and Quick

Reserve,
(ii) the procedure for applying Operating Reserve policy in
practice, and
(iii) the limitations, if any, upon the amount of interruptible load
which may be considered as Quick Reserve.

1. Requirements:

The System Controller shall be kept informed of all generation and transmission resources
available for use.

The System Controller shall have all the necessary information, including weather forecasts
and past load patterns, to predict the system’s near-term load pattern.

Each Operating Member shall provide, as a minimum, Operating Reserve as follows:

An amount of Spinning Reserve responsive to Automatic Generation Control (AGC), which

is sufficient to provide normal regulating margin, plus

An additional amount of Operating Reserve sufficient to reduce the Area Control Error to
zero within ten (10) minutes following the loss of generating capacity which would result
from the most severe single contingency. Interruptible load may be included in Quick
Reserve provided that it can be interrupted in less than ten, (10) minutes and remain
disconnected until replacement generation can be brought to service.

A. REAL POWER (MW) SUPPLY (CONTD.)….

Additional resources shall be made available as soon as practicable to restore the

necessary Operating Reserve after the initial reserve has been used as the result of an
incident.
 -Page 41 -

In order to ensure compliance with Clause 1.3 above, the Operating Reserve shall be
sufficiently dispersed throughout the system, shall take into account the effective
contribution of unused generating capacity in an emergency, the time required for these
contributions to be effective, the transmission limitations at the time and all the local
requirements that may exist.

All Operating Members shall from time to time, review the adequacy of their Operating
Reserve policy by evaluating the impact of all relevant contingencies.

2. Operating Reserve Obligation:

Every Operating Member in SAPP shall be obliged to maintain their

calculated portion of Operating Reserve sufficient to cover 150% of the loss
of the sent out capacity of the largest generating unit in service in the
Interconnection at that time. Furthermore, this operating reserve shall be
sufficient to reduce the Area Control Error (ACE) to zero within ten (10)
minutes after a loss of generation.

The Operating Reserve shall be made up of Spinning Reserve and Quick

Reserve. At least 50% of the Operating Reserve shall be Spinning Reserve
which will automatically respond to frequency deviations. Interruptible load
may be included in the Quick Reserve provided that it can be interrupted
remotely in less than ten (10) minutes from the Control Centre.

The above shall establish the minimum amount of Operating Reserve that
each Operating Member will be obliged to carry and indicates the level below
which a Member is at fault.

Each Member shall declare its annual peak demand and its largest unit that is
in service, everytime these values change.

The following formula shall be used to calculate the minimum System

Operating Reserve Requirements (SORR) of an Operating Member;

A. REAL POWER (MW) SUPPLY (CONTD.)….

SORR = PORR x (2Ds/Dt + Us/Ut)

3

where:
 -Page 42 -

SORR = Minimum System Operating Reserve Requirement

PORR = Total Pool Operating Reserve Requirement
Ds = Individual System’s Annual Peak Demand
Dt = Total Sum of Individual System’s Annual Peak Demand
Us = Individual System’s Largest Unit (sum of Us)

An example where the sharing of Spinning Reserve between Operating Members

has been calculated can be found on the following Table:

Largest Maximum Operating Spinning Quick

Generator Demand Reserve Reserve Reserve
ESKOM 920 27972 1091,6 545,8 545,8
ZESA 220 1767 119,0 59,8 59,5
ZESCO 150 1030 76,1 38,0 38,0
BPC 33 215 16,4 8,2 8,2
EdM 24 169 12,3 6,1 6,1
NAMPOWER 80 321 34,0 17,0 17,0
SNEL 62 400 30,7 15,3 15,3
LEC 0
SEB 0
TANESCO 0
ENE 0
TOTAL 1489 31874 1380 690 690

Recommendations:

The effect of station service generators on area security should be considered before
their shut down for economic reasons.

B. REACTIVE POWER (MVAR) SUPPLY….

Criteria:

Each Control Area shall supply its own reactive power requirements and shall keep
appropriate reserves to maintain voltage levels during a contingency. This includes the
Control Area’s share of the reactive power required by the interconnections between
 -Page 43 -

Members’ Systems. The reserves shall be located electrically where they can be applied
effectively and timeously when a contingency occurs.

Control Areas shall co-ordinate the use of voltage control equipment to maintain
transmission voltages and reactive power flows at levels consistent with the Interconnection
security.

Requirements:

1. The System Controller shall receive all the necessary information on available
generation and flows of reactive power.

2. Reactive sources shall be operated so that scheduled voltages can be maintained

under all normal and first contingency conditions.

3. Reactive energy sources shall be dispersed and located in such a way that they can
be applied effectively and quickly when contingencies occur.

4. Prompt action shall be taken to restore reactive energy resources if these drop below
acceptable levels.

5. The System Controller shall take all necessary actions, including load reductions, to
prevent voltage collapse when reactive energy sources are insufficient.

Recommendations:

1. Surveys to determine compliance with voltage limits and reactive power

requirements should be conducted on a regular basis.

2. Reactive power reserves should be automatically applied in the event of an

emergency.

C TRANSMISSION OPERATION….

Criteria:

Transmission equipment is to be operated within its nameplate rating except for

temporary conditions after a contingency has occurred.

C. TRANSMISSION OPERATION (CONTD.)….

When line loadings, equipment loadings or voltage levels deviate from the ratings or
are excepted to exceed emergency ratings following a contingency, with the result
that the reliability of the Interconnection is at risk, Control Areas experiencing or
causing the condition shall take immediate steps to remedy the situation. These
steps include informing other Systems, adjusting generation, changing schedules
 -Page 44 -

between Control Areas, initiating load relief measures and taking every action that
may be required.

Transmission system operation shall be co-ordinated between Control Areas. This

includes co-ordination of equipment outages, voltage levels, MW and MVAr flows,
and switching operations that affect two or more Systems.

Requirements:

1. System Controllers shall monitor all critical transmission system loadings and
shall check that voltage limits and emergency ratings are not exceeded.

2. Transmission Planned Outages shall be co-ordinated with other Systems that are
likely to be affected.

3. Transmission Forced outages shall be communicated to any System that may be

affected.

4. Forced Outages of key transmission facilities shall be communicated to all

adjacent Systems as quickly as possible.

5. Each Control Area shall use appropriate, up-to-date studies as reference for
establishing transmission operation procedures.

Recommendations:

1. Important transmission lines should be kept in service during light-load periods

whenever possible. They should be removed from service for voltage control
only after all other reactive control measures have been implemented in full and
provided that studies can show that system reliability is not degraded below
acceptable levels.

D. RELAY CO-ORDINATION….

Criteria:

Systems and Control Areas shall co-ordinate the application, and maintenance of
protective relays. They shall develop criteria which will enhance system reliability
with minimum adverse effects on the Interconnection.

D. RELAY CO-ORDINATION ( CONTD)….

System Controllers shall be familiar with the intended operation of protective relays
and shall have access to the information relating to the operation of these relays.

Requirements:
 -Page 45 -

1. Appropriate technical information concerning protective relays shall be available

in each Control Centre.

2. System Controllers shall be familiar with the purpose, operation and limitations of
protection schemes.

3. If equipment or protection relay fails and reduces system reliability, the

appropriate personnel shall be notified and corrective action shall be carried out
as soon as possible.

4. All new protective schemes and all modifications to existing protective schemes
shall be co-ordinated between neighbouring Systems if these neighbouring
Systems are affected by the change.

5. Protection on major transmission lines and interconnections shall be co-ordinated

with other interconnected Systems.

6. Neighbouring Systems shall be notified in advance of changes in generating

sources, transmission, load or operating conditions which could require changes
in their protection schemes.

7. The Control Centres shall monitor the status of every Special Protection System
(SPS) and notify all affected Systems of each status change.

Recommendations:

1. Protection design and operation should consider the following:

Protection schemes should be of minimum complexity consistent with

achieving their purpose.

Back-up protection schemes should be in service to enable Members to

carry out normal maintenance and calibration on the main protective
scheme without having any impact on protection availability.

Protection schemes should not normally operate for brief overloads,

transient surges or power swings.

D. RELAY CO-ORDINATION ( CONTD)….

High speed relays, high speed circuit breakers and automatic reclosing
should be used where studies indicate their application will enhance
stability margins. Single pole tripping and reclosing may be appropriate
on some lines.
 -Page 46 -

Automatic reclosing under out-of-step conditions should be prevented by

blocking relays.

Under-frequency load shedding relays should be co-ordinated so as to

ensure system stability and integrity.

Protection applications, setting and co-ordination should be reviewed

periodically and whenever major changes in generation, transmission,
load or operating conditions are anticipated.

The adequacy of the communication channels used for line and other
protections, should be assessed periodically. Automated channel
monitoring and failure alarms should be provided for protection
communication channels if such failure can cause loss of generation,
loss of load or cascading outages.

2. Each Member shall implement protection philosophy and preventive

maintenance procedures which will improve their system reliability with the least
adverse effects on the Interconnection. These procedures shall be provided to
all relevant staff and should specify when instruction and training are necessary.
Each Member should co-ordinate these procedures with any other Members that
could be affected. These procedures should include:

Planning and application of protection schemes.

Review of protection schemes and settings.

Intended operation of protection schemes under normal, abnormal and

emergency conditions.

Testing and preventive maintenance of relays shall be scheduled at

regular intervals, as well as other key protection equipment and
associated components.

2.4.1 Testing operation of the complete protection scheme should be

tested under conditions as close as possible to actual
conditions, including actual circuit breaker operation where
feasible.

D. RELAY CO-ORDINATION ( CONTD)….

2.4.2 The testing of communication channels between protection

relays belonging to different Systems, should be carried out
and the test results recorded.
 -Page 47 -

Analysis of actual protection operation.

3. A prompt investigation should be made to determine the cause of abnormal

protection performance and correct any deficiencies in the protection scheme.

4. Special Protection Systems (SPS):

The Control Centres shall monitor the status of each Special Protection System (SPS) and
notify all affected Members of any change in status.

SPS should be designed for periodic testing without affecting the integrity of the protected
System. They should normally achieve at least the same level of reliability as that provided
by other protection schemes.

SPS should be designed with inherent security to minimize the probability of mal-operation,
even with the failure of a primary component.

Each SPS should be reviewed periodically to determine if it is still required and if it will still
perform the intended functions. Seasonal changes in the SPS or its relay settings and the
concerned Member shall then inform the other Members about the new settings.

Every time an SPS operates, the incident should be reviewed and analysed for correctness.

5. Prompt action shall be taken to correct the causes of mal-operation.

Background

Protection greatly influences the operation of interconnected Systems, especially under

abnormal conditions. Protection schemes used on the interconnection for generator
tripping and other remedial measures, are of primary concern to the respective
Members. However, the protection for internal use in a System often directly, or
indirectly, affects adjacent Systems.

D. RELAY CO-ORDINATION ( CONTD)….

Special Protection Systems also known as Remedial Action Schemes, are relay
configurations designed to perform functions other than isolation of electrical faults.
These schemes are usually installed to maximize transfer capability. However, they
may be used to maintain system or generator stability or to control active and
reactive power flows on critical components immediately following a disturbance, or
to split a system or open an interconnection at preplanned locations to prevent
 -Page 48 -

cascading. The general design objective for any SPS shall be to perform its intended
function(s) in a dependable manner while refraining from unnecessary operation. An
SPS can expose a System to a greater reliability risk. The integrity of a whole
System may depend on its correct operation.

E MONITORING SYSTEM PARAMETERS….

Criteria:

Each System and Control Area shall continuously monitor those parameters (such as
MW, Flow, MVAr flow, frequency, voltage, phase angle, etc.), internal and external to
its System or Control Area, that indicate the condition of the Interconnection.

The Control Centres shall be provided with adequate equipment to accomplish this
objective. Measuring instruments of suitable range and reliability for both normal and
emergency conditions shall be installed and maintained at strategic points.

Requirements:

1. Monitoring equipment shall be used to bring to the System Controller’s

attention, any deviation from normal operating condition and to indicate, if
appropriate, the need for corrective action.

2. Each Control Area shall use sufficient instruments of suitable range, accuracy
and sampling rate to ensure accurate and timely monitoring of the
Interconnection under normal and emergency situations.

3. Control Centres shall monitor transmission line status, MW and MVAr flows,
voltages, Load Transfer Capability (LTC), settings and status of rotating and
static reactive resources.

4. Control Centres shall monitor system frequency.

5. Reliable instrumentation, including voltage and frequency meters with

sufficient range to cover probable contingencies, shall be available in the
Control Room of every power station.

E MONITORING SYSTEM PARAMETERS (CONTD)….

6. Automatic oscillographs and other recording devices shall be installed at key

locations and set to standard time to assist post- disturbance analysis.

7. Because of possible system separation, frequency information from several

locations shall be monitored at the Control Centres.
 -Page 49 -

8. Monitoring shall be sufficient, so that in the event of system separation, both

the existence of the separation and the boundaries of the separated areas
can be determined.

9. Transmission line monitoring shall be capable of evaluating the impact of

losing any significant transmission or generation facility on the
Interconnection both inside and outside the Control Area.

10. Critical unmanned facilities shall be monitored for physical security

11. Planned Outages of generation or transmission facilities shall be taken into

account in the monitoring scheme.

12. Voltage schedules shall be co-ordinated from a central location within each
Control Area and co-ordinated with adjacent Control Areas.

13. All tie-line SCADA metering between Control Areas, shall be available to all
the Operation Members’ Control Centres.

Background:

The System Controllers must have information available to them at all times so that
they can accurately assess the status of the system under normal operating
conditions, make the correct decisions following the occurrence of a contingency and
rapidly restore system integrity after a disturbance.

F. INFORMATION EXCHANGE- NORMAL SYSTEM CONDITIONS

Criteria

System conditions – information concerning system conditions shall be transmitted to

all Control Centres as needed.
 -Page 50 -

Requirements:

1. Each Control Area shall disseminate information on actual and scheduled

interchanges, voltages and Planned Outages which may have adverse effect
on other Control Areas.

F. INFORMATION EXCHANGE – NORMAL SYSTEM CONDITIONS (CONTD.)..

2. Control Centers shall notify other Systems of current or foreseen operating

conditions which may affect the Interconnection reliability. Examples of
operating conditions that may affect reliability are: critically loaded facilities,
Planned and Forced Outages, the commissioning of new facilities, abnormal
voltage conditions, new or degraded protective systems, Force Majeure and
new or degraded communication channels.
 -Page 51 -

Recommendations:

To ensure that communication networks are functioning properly and timely

exchange of information takes place, specific monitoring and testing
procedures of communication facilities, should be developed, documented
and implemented in every System.

G. INFORMATION EXCHANGE – DISTURBANCE REPORTING….

Criteria:

Disturbance reporting – Disturbances or unusual occurrences which may jeopardize

the operation of the Interconnection, that will result, in equipment damage or
customer supply interruptions, shall be studied pro-actively and in sufficient depth to
enable the Operating Members to take the appropriate measure to prevent such
incidents. The facts surrounding a disturbance shall be made available to all Control
Centres.

Requirements:

1. Major operating problems that could affect other Systems shall be reported
as soon as possible to neighbouring Systems. These could include loss of
generation, of load or of facilities

2. Large disturbances affecting two or more Systems shall be promptly

analysed by the affected Members.

3. Based on the magnitude and duration of the disturbance or abnormal

occurrence, those Systems or Control Areas responsible for investigating the
incident shall provide oral and if necessary, written reports.

Recommendations:

1. If an operating problem cannot be resolved quickly, the probable duration and

possible effects should be reported to the other Control Centres.
G. INFORMATION EXCHANGE – DISTURBANCE REPORTING (CONTD.)

2. The Control Centre experiencing a disturbance, should provide a written

preliminary report to the other Control Centres within fourteen (14) days.

3. When there has been a disturbance affecting the Interconnection, Member’s

delegates to the Operating Sub-Committee, should make themselves
available to the System or Systems immediately affected, in order to assist in
the investigation.
 -Page 52 -

Background :

Other affected Systems must be kept informed of potential or actual operating

problems. Disturbances which result in substantial customer interruptions attract
news media. The event and its causes will also be of considerable interest to the
Operating Members, and should be viewed by the Control Centres as a learning
experience.

H. MAINTENANCE CO-ORDINATION….

Criteria

Each system shall establish schedules for inspection and preventive

maintenance of its generation, transmission and protection facilities: as well as of
its control, communication and other auxiliary systems. These maintenance and
inspection schedules shall be co-ordinated with other Control Centres and
Control Areas to ensure that the outage pattern does not violate agreed upon
reliability criteria.

Requirements:

1. Planned generator and transmission Outages that may affect the reliability
of Interconnected operations, shall be planned and co-ordinated
(notification of cancellation at least twenty-four (24) hours in advance)
between the affected Systems and Control Areas. Special attention shall
be given to the results of pertinent studies. A Planned Outage shall be
advised at least two (2) weeks in advance and confirmed in writing. Each
Control Area must be advised of any return of equipment to service.

2. If mutually agreed between Members an unplanned outage may be

converted to a planned outage, provided that the requesting member
submits a documented case specifying the reason for the extended
unplanned outage and the time period before the equipment is returned to
service.

3. Scheduled generator and transmission outages that may affect the

reliability of interconnected operations shall be planned and co-ordinated
among affected Members and control areas. Special attention shall be
given to results of pertinent studies.

H. MAINTENANCE CO-ORDINATION (CONTD.)….

4. Scheduled outages of system voltage regulating equipment, such as

automatic voltage regulators on generators, supplementary excitation control,
synchronous condensers, shunt and series capacitors, reactors, etc., shall be
co-ordinated as required.
 -Page 53 -

5. Scheduled outages of telemetering and control equipment and associated

communication channels shall be co-ordinated between the affected systems
and control areas.

6. Annual maintenance plans shall be co-ordinated between the effected

members and submitted to the Operating Sub-Committee in October of the
previous year.

---oOo--

GUIDELINE III : EMERGENCY OPERATIONS….

A. INSUFFICIENT GENERATING CAPACITY….

Criteria:

A Control Area which experiences a shortage of generation, shall promptly balance

 -Page 54 -

its generation and interchange schedules to its load without regard to cost , to avoid
excessive use of the assistance provided by interconnection frequency bias. The
reserve inherent to frequency deviation is intended to be used only as a temporary
source of emergency energy and is to be promptly restored to enable the
interconnected Systems to withstand the next contingency. A Control Area unable to
balance its generation and interchange schedules to its load shall shed sufficient
load to ensure that its Area Control Error (ACE) is corrected.

A Control Area anticipating a shortage of generation, shall bring to service all

available generation, postpone equipment maintenance, schedule energy purchases
and prepare itself to reduce load.

Requirements:

1. Agreements between neighbouring Systems or within the SAPP, shall contain

provisions for compulsory emergency assistance to Operating Members for
periods not exceeding six (6) hours.

2. When a shortage of generation occurs, generation and transmission facilities

shall be used to the fullest extent practicable to promptly restore normal system
frequency and voltage, and return ACE to the performance criteria specified in
Guideline I.E

2.1 If Automatic Generation Control (AGC) has become in-operative, manual

control shall be used to balance generation and scheduled interchanges
to load.

2.2 The deficient System shall schedule all available assistance that is
required with as much advance notice as possible.

2.3 The deficient System shall use the assistance provided by the frequency
bias only for the time needed to accomplish the following:

2.3.1 Load its operating reserve as fast as possible.

2.3.2 Analyse its ability to recover using only its own
resources.
2.3.3 If necessary, determine the availability of assistance
from other Members and schedule that assistance.

A. INSUFFICIENT GENERATING CAPACITY (CONTD.)….

3. If all other steps prove inadequate to remedy the situation, the deficient
system shall take immediate action which includes, but is not limited, to the
following:
 -Page 55 -

3.1 Schedule all available emergency assistance from other Systems.

3.2 Implement manual load shedding.

4. Unilateral adjustment of generation to return frequency to the scheduled

value by other Control Centres, beyond that supplied through frequency bias
and new interchange schedules, shall not be attempted. Such adjustment
may result in the transfer limits of the transmission facilities being exceeded.

Recommendations:

1. Generators and their auxiliaries should be able to operate reliably at

abnormal voltages and frequencies.

2. Plant operators should be supplied with instructions specifying the frequency

and voltage below which it is undesirable to continue to operate generators
connected to the system.

2.1 Protection systems should be installed to automatically trip the

generators at pre-determined high and low frequencies.

2.2 If feasible, generators should be separated with some local, isolated

load still connected. Otherwise, generators should be separated
carrying their own auxiliary load.

2.3 Identify and address the problems that could delay the restoration of the
System.

3. Emergency sources of power should be available to facilitate safe shutdown,

enable turning gear operation, minimize the likelihood of damage to either
generation units or their auxilaries, maintain communication channels and
facilitate re-start.

B. TRANSMISSION - OVERLOAD, VOLTAGE CONTROL….

Criteria:

If a transmission facility becomes overloaded or if voltage / reactive power levels

are outside established limits and the condition cannot be relieved by normal
means such as adjusting generation or service schedules, and if a credible
 -Page 56 -

contingency under these conditions would adversely impact the Interconnection,

appropriate relief measures, including load shedding, shall be implemented
promptly to return the transmission facility to within established limits. This action
shall be taken by the System or Control Area experiencing the problem if that
System or Control Area can be identified, or by other Systems or Control Areas,
as appropriate, if that identification cannot readily be made.

Requirements:

1. If an overload on a transmission facility or an abnormal voltage/reactive

power condition persists and is caused by another System, the affected
System shall notify the neighbouring or remote System of the severity of
the overload or abnormal voltage/reactive conditions and request
appropriate remedy.

2. If an overload on a transmission facility or abnormal voltage/reactive

condition persists and equipment is endangered, the affected System
may disconnect the facility at risk. Neighbouring Systems impacted by the
disconnection shall be notified prior to switching, if practicable, otherwise,
promptly thereafter.

3. Action to correct a transmission overload shall not impose unacceptable

stress on internal generation or transmission equipment, reduce system
reliability beyond acceptable limits, or unduly impose voltage or reactive
burdens on neighbouring Systems. If all other means fail, corrective
action may require load shedding.

4. Systems shall take all appropriate action up to and including shedding of

firm loads in oeder to keep the transmission facilities within acceptable
operating limits.

C. LOAD SHEDDING….

Criteria:

After taking all other remedial steps, a System or Control Area whose integrity is
In jeopardy due to insufficient generation or transmission capacity shall shed
customers rather than risk an uncontrolled failure of components making up the
Interconnection.

C. LOAD SHEDDING (CONTD.)….

Requirements:

1. When a severe under-frequency occurs, automatic load shedding shall be co-

ordinated throughout the Interconnection together with other operations, such as
 -Page 57 -

generator tripping or isolation, shunt capacitor tripping, and other automatic actions
which occur during abnomal frequency or voltage conditions.

2. Automatic load shedding shall be in steps and initiated by one or more of the
following parameters: frequency, rate of frequency decay, voltage level, rate of
voltage decay or power flow. See table in Appendix III.A “Automatic Under
frequency Load Shedding in the SAPP”.

3. If a System or Control Area is separated from the Interconnection and there is

insufficient generating capacity to restore system frequency following automatic
under-frequency load shedding, additional load shall be shed manually before re-
synchronising.

Recommendations:

1. Voltage reduction for load relief should be restored to in the distribution networks.
Voltage reductions on the sub-transmission or transmission system may be
effective in reducing load; however, voltage reductions should not be restored to on
the high voltage transmission system unless the system has been isolated from the
Interconnection.

2. In those situations where it will be beneficial, manual load shedding should be

implemented to prevent voltage collapse or imminent separation from the
Interconnection due to transmission overload.

D. SYSTEM RESTORATION….

Criteria:

After a system collapse, restoration shall begin as soon as possible, provided it can
proceed in an orderly and secure manner. Systems and Control Areas shall co-
ordinate their restoration actions. Priority shall be given to the auxiliary supply of
power stations and of transmission sub-stations. Even though the restoration is to be
expeditious, Control Centres shall avoid premature action to prevent another
collapse of the System.

Customer load shall be restored as generation and transmission equipment becomes

available, recognizing that load and generation must remain in balance at normal
frequency during this process.

D. SYSTEM RESTORATION (CONTD.)….

Requirements:

1. Each Member shall have a restoration plan:

 -Page 58 -

Operating personnel shall be trained in the implementation of the plan. Such

training should include simulation exercises, if practicable.

The restoration plan shall be updated, as necessary, to reflect changes in the

power network and correct deficiencies found from experience and during the
restoration exercises.

Each Control Area shall identify interconnections with adjacent Control Areas
that may be used to restore power and obtain agreement for their use.

Telecommunication facilities needed to implement the plan shall be

periodically tested.

2. Following a disturbance in which one or more areas are isolated, steps shall
immediately be taken to return the system to normal:

The Control Centre shall determine the extent and condition of the isolated
area(s).

The System Controller shall then take the necessary action to restore system
frequency to normal, including adjusting generation, placing additional
generators on line, or shedding load.

When voltage, frequency and phrase angle permit, the Control Centre may re-
synchronise the isolated area(s) with the surrounding area(s), properly
notifying adjacent Systems of the size of the area being reconnected and the
capacity of transmission lines effecting the reconnection.

E EMERGENCY INFORMATION EXCHANGE….

Criteria:

A System or Control Area which is experiencing or anticipating an emergency shall

communicate its current and future status to neighbouring Systems and Control
Areas within the SAPP. Systems able to provide emergency assistance shall make
known their capabilities.

E. EMERGENCY INFORMATION EXCHANGE (CONTD.)….

Requirements:
 -Page 59 -

1. A System shall inform neighbouring Systems and Control Areas within the
SAPP, through pre-determined communication channels, whenever the
following situations are anticipated or arise:

The System’s condition is burdening other Systems or reducing the

reliability of the Interconnection.

The System is unable to purchase capacity to meet its load and reserve
requirements on a day-ahead basis or at the start of an hour.

The System’s line loadings and voltage/reactive power levels are such
that a single contingency could threaten the reliability of the
Interconnection.

The System anticipates 8% or greater voltage reduction or appeals to

the public for load reduction because of an inability to purchase
emergency capacity.

The System has instituted 8% or greater voltage reduction or appeals to

the public to reduce load or load shedding for system wide problems.

F. SPECIAL SYSTEM OR CONTROL AREA ACTION….

Criteria:

Because the facilities of each System may be vital to the secure operation of the
Pool, Systems and Control Areas shall make every effort to secure the
Interconnection. However, if a System or Control Area establishes that it is
endangered by remaining interconnected, it may take such action as it deems
necessary to protect its network.

If the Interconnection is split, abnormal frequency and voltage deviations may

occur. To permit re-synchronising, relief measures shall be applied by the
System(s) causing the frequency and voltage deviations.

Requirements:

1. When an emergency occurs, a prime consideration shall be to safeguard the

Interconnection. This will permit maximum assistance to the System(s) in
trouble.

F. SPECIAL SYSTEM OR CONTROL AREA ACTION (CONTD.)

2. If an area is separated during a disturbance, interchange schedules between

Control Areas or fragments of Control Areas within the separated area shall
be immediately reviewed and appropriate adjustments made in order to
 -Page 60 -

facilitate restoration. Attempts shall be made to maintain the adjusted

schedules whether generation control is manual or automatic.

Recommendations:

1. If abnormal levels of frequency or voltage resulting from a disturbance make

it unsafe to operate the generators or their support equipment connected to
the System, their separation or shutdown should be accomplished in a
manner which minimizes the time required to re-synchronise and restore
the System.

2. AGC should remain operative whenever possible.

G. CONTROL CENTRE BACK-UP….

Criteria:

Each Control Area shall have a plan to continue its operations in the event that its
Control Centre becomes inoperable.

Recommendations:

1. When a Member develops a plan to ensure continued operations in the

situation where a Control Centre becomes in-operable, Guideline I should be
taken into account to ensure that the Control Area does not become a
burden to the other Systems.

If the Control Area has a back-up Control Centre, it should be remote

from the site of the main Control Centre.

Each Control Area should have communication equipment installed at

its back-up Control Centre, capable of communicating with the key
points of its own Control Area and with the other Control Areas.

--oOo--

APPENDIX III. A: UNDER- FREQUENCY LOAD SHEDDING SETTING

OF ALL UTILITIES
 -Page 61 -

AUTOMATIC UNDER-FREQUENCY LOAD SHEDDING IN THE SAPP

UTILITY UNDER-FREQUENCY % LOAD OF MAX TIME DELAY

DEMAND TO BE
SHED
ESKOM Voluntary

1. 49,2 Hz 10% 0,3 seconds

2. 49,1 Hz 0,3 seconds
3. 49,0 Hz 0,3 seconds

Mandatory

1. 48.8 Hz 10% 2 seconds

2. 48,5 Hz 10% 2 seconds
3. 48,2 Hz 10% 2 seconds
4. 47,9 Hz 10% 2 seconds

ZESA Mandatory

1. 48,8 Hz 5% No time delay

2. 48,5 Hz 5% No time delay
3. 48,2 Hz 5% No time delay
4. 49,0 Hz 5% 20 seconds
5. Rate 15% No time delay
0,8Hz/secs

APPENDIX III. A: UNDER- FREQUENCY LOAD SHEDDING SETTING

OF ALL UTILITIES
 -Page 62 -

AUTOMATIC UNDER-FREQUENCY LOAD SHEDDING IN THE SAPP (CONTD.)….

UTILITY UNDER-FREQUENCY % LOAD OF MAX TIME DELAY

DEMAND TO BE
SHED
ZESCO Mandatory

1. 48,8 Hz 5% No time delay

2. 48,5 Hz 5% No time delay
3. 48,2 Hz 5% No time delay
4. 49,0 Hz 5% 20 seconds
5. Rate 0,8 Hz/ 15% No time delay
seconds

BPC Mandatory

1. 49,0Hz 4.7% 2 seconds

2. 48,7Hz 5.2% 2 seconds
3. 48,3Hz 9.4% 2 seconds
4. 48,1Hz 24.1% 2 seconds

NAMPOWER Under review

SNEL

EDM No scheme

LEC No scheme

SEB No scheme

GUIDELINE IV: OPERATING PERSONNEL

A RESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY….

Criteria:
 -Page 63 -

Each System Controller shall be delegated sufficient status and authority to take any
action necessary to ensure that the System or Control Area for which he is
responsible, is operated in a stable and reliable manner.

Requirements:

1. Each Control Area and Control Centre shall provide its System Controllers
with a clear definition of their authority and responsibilities.

2. Each Control Area and Control Centre shall advise the other Control Centres
of the authority and responsibilities of its own System Controllers.

B. SELECTION….

Criteria:

Each Control Centre Area shall selects its System Controllers using criteria likely to
promote reliable and safe operation.

Recommendations:

1. Personnel selected as System Controllers should be capable of directing

other operating personnel in their own System, and, at the same time,
working efficiently with their counterparts in other Control Centres.

A System Controller should have:

 a high level of intellectual ability and above-average

reasoning capability especially when under stress:

 reasonable mechanical, electrical and mathematical

aptitudes, communication, supervision and decision-
making skills.

System Controllers should also be proficient in lower-level assignments.

2. To maintain an adequate level of capability and expertise in system

operations, each System should have and implement screening techniques
and selection procedures for its System Controllers. These should include:

B. SELECTION (CONTD)….

Evaluation of the candidates against a fairly detailed job description.

Analysis of the candidate’s past records and experience.

 -Page 64 -

In-depth interview with each candidate.

Evaluation of intelligence, logical frame of mind, technical aptitudes,

mathematical and communications skills together with psychological fitness.

Educational and academic background.

Physical examination.

3. Establish a Grading Committee in each Control Area to evalute/interview candidates

and assess them against a detailed job description.

C. TRAINING….

Criteria:

Each System and/or Control Area shall provide its personnel with training that is
designed to promote reliable and safe operation.

Requirements:

1. Each Control Area shall provide its System Controllers with guidelines to
resolve those problems that can be caused by realistic contingencies and
known restrictions on equipment.

2. Each System Controller shall be thoroughly educated and trained in the

Control Area operating policies and in the basic principles of interconnected
system operation as outlined in these Operating Guidelines.

Recommendations:

1. Each System should implement a training program for its Control Centre
personnel.

Training should include both classroom and on-the-job training.

Each System should periodically simulate emergency situations in order

to maintain a high level of readiness among Control Centre personnel.

Inter-Utility exchanges of System Controllers should be encouraged.

C. TRAINING (CONTD)….

2. Each System should consider training on power system simulator.

3. Each System should consider the list of items in Appendix IV. A for inclusion in
their training program.
 -Page 65 -

4. Each System should consider the simulation of unusual occurrences as part of

their training program.

Background:

The increasing sophistication of Control Centres which covers control equipment,

instrumentation and data presentation techniques, plus the interconnection of
adjacent Systems, requires careful selection and training of Control Centre
personnel. Proper and quick action during an emergency, as well as minute-to-
minute operation of a complex system, depends upon human performance. Each
System Controller should be well qualified, adequately educated, mentally suited,
and thoroughly conversant with the principles and procedures of interconnected
system operations.

To operate a power system effectively, a System Controller must have a thorough

understanding of the basic principles of electricity and since a power system consists
of a variety of components, equipment and apparatus, through understanding of their
characteristics and how these devices integrate to form a system, is absolutely
essential. The System Controllers should also be capable of supervising others, of
good communication and of proper decision-making.

In anticipation of abnormal situations on the Interconnection, System Controllers

should receive special training to increase their awareness and make them capable
of quickly conveying key information to other Control Centres.

D. RESPONSIBILITY TO OTHER OPERATING GROUPS

Criteria:

The operating personnel of each System and Control Area shall be responsive to
requests for information emanating from other Systems or Control Areas and from
the Operating Sub-Committee.

Requirements:

1. The operating personnel of Systems and Control Areas shall be aware of the
operating information required by other Systems or Control Areas and by the
Operating Sub-Committee.

D. RESPONSIBILITY TO OTHER OPERATING GROUPS (CONTD.)

Background:
 -Page 66 -

A key element of good system operation is the efficient transfer of information to

other operating personnel in the SAPP during normal and emergency conditions.

---oOo---

APPENDIX IV. A. : SUGGESTED ITEMS FOR INCLUSION

IN THE TRAINING COURSE OF SYSTEM CONTROLLERS

This Appendix lists the items that should be included in a training course for System
Controllers.
 -Page 67 -

A. NORMAL OPERATIONS….

1. Basics of Power Flows:

Alternating Current (AC):

Generation
Transmission
Transformation
Loads and effect on system
Phase angle
Phase shifting transformers
Reactors
Capacitors
Parallel flows

Direct Current (DC):

Transmission
Interconnections

2. Voltage Control:

Load characteristics
Standards
Schedules
Cause for voltage deviations
Generation excitation
Transformer taps
Reactive sources e.g

Generators
Synchronous condensers
Capacitors
Reactors
Static VAr compensators

Line and cable switching

A. NORMAL OPERATIONS (CONTD.)….

3. Concepts of Active Power Control:

Operating Reserve
 -Page 68 -

Dispatching techniques
Generators AGC’s and Governors
Area Control Error (ACE)
Interchange control
Inadvertent interchange
Special operating programme(s)

4. Economic Operation:

Dispatching techniques
Heat rates
Fuel costs
Start-up and shutdown costs
Pumped storage costs
Unit commitment
Economic loading
Effects of Transmission losses
Reactive flows
Utilisation of limited energy capacity
Pumped storage capacity
Incremental and decremental costs
Accounting procedures

5. Operating Guidelines and Constraints:

Operating Manual
Operating Guidelines
Control Performance Criteria
Reliability Criteria for Interconnected Systems Operation
Contingency assessment.

Generator outages
Transmission lines outages
Transformer outages
Busbar Outages
Combination of above
Outages of reactive energy sources

A. NORMAL OPERATIONS (CONTD.)….

Equipment capabilities and limits:

Thermal
 -Page 69 -

Voltage / Reactive
Relay
Stability

Reserve requirements (special)

Time error and frequency
Voltage
Switching-voltage and redistribution of power flows

6 Operating considerations:

Safety of personnel and equipment

Synchronising
Line switching and clearance
Ferro resonance
Metering failures
Maintenance scheduling criteria:

Generation
Transmission
Substation
Protection

B. ABNORMAL OPERATIONS….

1. Dynamic Performance of System:

Transient stability
Oscillations
Relay action
Control-initiated swings
Causes of disturbances
Special Protection System (SPS)

B. ABNORMAL OPERATIONS (CONTD.)….

2. Dynamic Performance of Equipment:

 -Page 70 -

Governor response
Exciter response
Relays and breakers
Under-frequency relays:
Metering
Automatic controls:

Plant
AGC
Voltage
Generator and load tripping
System separation

Special Protection System (SPS)

3. Recognition of Abnormal Conditions:

Loss of load
Breaker operation
Line fault
Generator trip
Frequency deviation
Interchange deviation
Voltage level
System separation
Communication with power stations, substations and other utilities
Parallel flows

4. Remedial Action:

Islanding
Load shedding
Generator dropping / trips
Shifting generation
Switching generation
Isolated system operation
High-and-low –frequency operation
High-and-low-voltage operation

B. ABNORMAL OPERATIONS (CONTD.)….

5. Recovery:

Generation start-up capabilities and pick-up rates

 -Page 71 -

Sectionalising
Load pickup priorities and problems
Synchronising within a System and at the Points of Interconnection

C. COMMUNICATIONS….

1. Facilities Available:

Common power line carrier schemes

Private microwave systems
Radio
Emergency power supplies
Satellite communication systems

2. Information Exchange:

Standard terminology
Neighbouring Systems
Power Plants
Substations
Management
News Media
Governmental agencies

D. INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM OPERATION….

1. SAPP Operating Criteria and Guidelines:

2. Philosophy of Operation:

Benefits
Obligations
Responsibilities
Authority

D. INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM OPERATION (CONTD.)….

3. Effects on System Performance:

Frequency
 -Page 72 -

Interchanges
Reserves
Mutual assistance
Pooling arrangements
Communications

4. Abnormal Operations:

Responsibilities
Actions required

D. MODERN POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AIDS….

1. Equipment:

Man-machine interface
Supervisory control
Data acquisition
Fail over and restart

2. Theory and use of Software Applications for Normal and Emergency

Conditions:

Interaction of software results on Systems and other programs

Effects

3. Alternative Control Methods during Equipment and Software

Unavailability:

4. Typical Software Applications:

Economic dispatch
AGC
Unit commitment
Operator load flow
Contingency analysis

E. MODERN POWER SYSTEM CONTROL AIDS ( CONTD.)….

Corrective strategies
State estimation
Interchange accounting
 -Page 73 -

Transmission evaluation
Automated billing

F. SUPERVISORY SKILLS….

1. Personnel supervision
2. On-the-job training, preparation of
3. Verbal communication
4. Decision - making
5. Influence of stress

---oOo---

GUIDELINE V: OPERATIONS PLANNING

A. NORMAL OPERATIONS….

Criteria:
 -Page 74 -

Each Control Area shall plan its future operations in-co-ordination with other affected
Control Areas to ensure that normal operation on the Interconnection proceed in an
orderly and efficient manner.

Requirements:

1. Each Control Area shall schedule its plant and interchanges so as to meet the
daily load pattern and the changes in load characteristics.

2. The results of studies dealing with the operation of the System shall be
available to System Controllers.

Recommendations:

1. Periodic reviews should be conducted with planning engineers to ensure

that the long- term plans comply with the SAPP Operating Guidelines.

2. A Control Centre should participate in the studies conducted by other

Control Centres when:

The facilities in a System may affect the operation of the

Interconnection.

The operating conditions impose restrictions on generating facilities.

It is necessary to know the operating limitations on the system when

all transmission facilities are in service.

It is necessary to know the operating limitations on the system when

transmission facilities are scheduled or forced out of service.

Voltage and reactive power schedules are likely to be restricted.

3. Studies should be made at least annually (or at such times as system

changes warrant) to determine the transfer capacity between Control Areas.

4. The determination of generating capability should take into account, among

other variables, weather, ambient air and water conditions, and fuel quality
and quantity.

A. NORMAL OPERATIONS (CONTD.)….

5. Each Control Area should determine the power transfer capabilities of its
transmission system and identify potential problems by conducting simulation
studies.
 -Page 75 -

Thermal and stability limits, previous short-and long term loading, voltage
limits and seasonal (temperature) characteristics should be considered
when determining the capability of transmission facilities.

Transfer capability studies should consider voltage, reactive, thermal, and

stability limits of internal and external system equipment. (Ref: “Transfer
Capability”); Generating unit and transmission facility outage patterns
should be considered. Studies should determine the additional reactive
power that is required under reasonable generating and transmission
contingencies.

6. Computer models and data utilized for analysis and planning system operations
should be updated and replaced as necessary to ensure that they can
accurately and adequately represent the System. The same software and
computer platforms should be used throughout the SAPP. (It is recommended to
move away from main frame computers to personal computers).

7. Neighbouring systems should use uniform line identifiers and ratings when
referring to transmission facilities being part of an interconnected network.

B. PLANNING FOR SHORT-TERM EMERGENCY CONDITIONS….

Criteria:

A set of contingency plans consistent with SAPP Operation Guidelines (particularly

Guideline III) shall be developed, maintained and implemented to enable the
Systems and Control Areas to cope with operating emergencies. These plans shall
be co-ordinated with other Systems and Control Areas as appropriate.

Requirements:

1. Plans developed and maintained to cope with operating emergencies shall

include procedures that can be executed by System Controllers.

Recommendations:

1. Appropriate government agencies should be informed about these plans.

C PLANNING FOR LONG-TERM EMERGENCY CONDITIONS….

Criteria:
 -Page 76 -

Each System and Control Area shall maintain comprehensive and co-ordinated
procedures to deal with long-term capacity or energy deficiencies.

Recommendations:

1. The SAPP should develop capacity and energy emergency plans that will
enable it to reduce to the fullest extent possible, the impact of a capacity of
energy shortage on its customers.

2. Appropriate governmental agencies should be appraised of the plans.

3. If existing interchange agreements cannot be implemented, new agreements

providing for emergency capacity or energy transfers, should be prepared.

4. The energy emergency plan should include or consider the following items:

Co-ordination with neighbouring Systems.

An adequate plan of fuel inventory which recognizes reasonable delays

or problems in the delivery or production of fuel.

Fuel switch-over and removal of environmental constraints for

generating units and other facilities.

The reduction of the System ‘s own energy use to a minimum.

Appeals to the public through the media for voluntary load reductions
and energy conservation including educational messages on how to
accomplish such load reduction and conservation.

Load management and voltage reductions.

The operation of all generating sources so as to save the fuel which is in

short supply.

Appeals to large industrial and commercial customers to reduce non-

essential energy use and maximize the use of customer-owned
generation that relies on fuels other than the one in short supply.

Use of interruptible and curtailable loads to conserve the fuel in short

supply.

C. PLANNING FOR LONG-TERM EMERGENCY CONDITIONS (CONTD)….

Request appropriate Government Agencies to direct programs which will

save energy.
 -Page 77 -

A mandatory load curtailment plan will be used as a last resort. This plan
should preserve the loads essential to the health, safety, and welfare of
the community.

Notify appropriate Government Agencies as the various steps of the

emergency plan are implemented.

Notify co-generators and independent power producers to maximize

availability and output.

5. The capacity emergency plan should address the following items:

Co-ordination with neighbouring Systems.

Plans to seek removal of environmental constraints which reduce the

capacity of generating units.

The reduction of the System’s own energy consumption to a minimum.

Implementation of load management as appropriate.

The operation of all generating sources to maximize output and

availability.

Appeals to large industry and commercial customers to reduce no

essential energy use during peak and standard hours and maximize any
customer owned generation.

Use interruptible load and curtailable customer loads to reduce capacity

requirements.

Request appropriate Government Agencies to direct programs which will

reduce capacity requirements.

A mandatory load curtailment plan will be used as a last resort. This plan
should preserve the loads essential to the health, safety, and welfare of
the community.

Notify appropriate Government Agencies as the various steps of the

emergency plan are implemented.

C. PLANNING FOR LONG-TERM EMERGENCY CONDITIONS (CONTD.)…

Notify co-generators and independent power producers to maximize

availability and output.
 -Page 78 -

6. Every System and Control Area should participate in the co-ordination of

capacity and energy emergency plans and offer all possible assistance during
such emergencies. The following steps should be taken:

Establish and maintain reliable communications between Systems.

If a capacity or energy emergency is foreseen, contact neighbouring

Systems as far in advance as possible to assess regional conditions
and arrange for all the relief that is available or necessary.

Co-ordinate transmission and generation maintenance schedules to

maximize capacity available or to conserve the fuel in short supply; this
includes cooling water for hydro stations.

Arrange deliveries of electrical energy from remote Systems through

normal channels.

Continue to assess the level of generating capacity available and of

energy supply and forecast future needs.

Criteria:

Each System and Control Area shall establish a program of manual and automatic
load shedding which is designed to arrest frequency or voltage decays, or extreme
power flows that could result in an uncontrolled failure of components of the
Interconnection. The program shall be co-ordinated throughout the Interconnection to
prevent excessive transmission loadings and voltage deviations.

Requirements:

1. Each System shall establish plans for automatic load shedding and System
Controllers shall have authority to implement manual load shedding when
necessary.

Load shedding plans shall be co-ordinated with those of other

Members.

1.2 Automatic load shedding shall be initiated as soon as system

frequency voltage has declined to a level agreed upon beforehand.

D. LOAD SHEDDING….

Automatic load shedding shall be carried out in steps and in

function of one or more of the following parameters: frequency,
 -Page 79 -

rate of frequency decay, voltage level, rate of voltage decay or

power flow levels.

The amount of load shed in each step shall be calculated to

minimize the risk of uncontrolled separation, loss of
generation, or system shutdown.

Automatic load shedding shall be co-ordinated throughout the SAPP

with under-frequency isolation of generating units, tripping of shunt
capacitors or any other automatic action which will occur under
abnormal frequency, voltage, or power flow conditions.

Recommendations:

1. Automatic load shedding plans should be based on system dynamic

performance where the greatest probable imbalance between load and
generation is simulated.

Plans to shed load automatically should be analysed to ensure that no

unacceptable over-frequency, over- voltage or transmission overload will
occur.

If over-frequency is likely, the amount of load shed should

be reduced or automatic over-frequency load restoration
should be provided.

If over-voltages are likely, the load shedding program should

be modified to minimize that probability.

2. When scheduling an automatic load shedding operation, the System Controllers

should consider the needs of their own Control Area or Utility as well as the
capabilities of the interconnectors.

3. A generation-deficient Control Area may establish an automatic isolation plan in

lieu of automatic load shedding, if by doing so it removes the burden it has
imposed on the Interconnection. This isolation plan may be implemented only
with the consent of neighbouring Systems and if it leaves the Interconnection
intact.

4. Each System and Control Area should consider isolating its generators to protect
them from extended abnormal voltage and frequency conditions. If feasible,
generators should be separated carrying their own auxiliary load.

E. SYSTEM RESTORATION….

Criteria:
 -Page 80 -

Each System and Control Area shall develop and periodically update a plan to
restore its electric network in a stable and orderly manner in the event of a partial or
total shutdown. This plan shall be co-ordinated with other Control Areas to ensure a
consistent restoration of the Interconnection.

A reliable and adequate source of black start power shall be provided. Where these
sources are remote from the generating units, instructions shall be issued to expedite
availability. Steps to restore generation, shall be verified by real life testing whenever
possible.

Requirements:

1. Each System and Control Area shall establish a restoration plan with adequate
operating instructions and procedures to cover emergency conditions, including
the loss of vital telecommunication channels.

Restoration plans must be developed with the intent of restoring the

integrity of the Interconnection.

Restoration plans shall be co-ordinated with neighbouring Systems.

2. System restoration procedures shall be verified by real life testing and

simulation.

Recommendations:

1. Where an outside source of power is necessary for starting up generating units,

switching procedures should be pre-arranged and periodically reviewed with
System Controllers and other operating personnel.

2. Periodic tests should, where possible, be carried out to verify black-start

capability.

3. In order to systematically restore loads without overloading the rest of the

system, opening circuit breakers should be considered to isolate loads in
blacked-out areas i.e. sectionalise the “dead” system.

4. Load shed during a disturbance should be restored only when doing so will have
an adverse effect on the System or the Interconnection.

Load may be restored manually or by supervisory control only by direct

action or by an order issued by the Control Centre as generating and
transmission capacity become available.

E. SYSTEM RESTORATION (CONTD.)….

Automatic load restoration may be used to reduce restoration time.

 -Page 81 -

Automatic restoration should be co-ordinated with neighbouring

Systems and Control Areas.

Automatic restoration should not aggravate frequency excursions,

overloading tie-lines, or burden any portion of the Interconnection.

5. All synchronoscopes should be calibrated in degrees. Voltage angle differences at

the points of re-synchronisation should be communicated in degrees.

6. Re-energising oil-filled pipe-type cables should be given special consideration,

especially if loss of oil pumps could cause gas pockets to form in pipes or potheads.

7. The following should be considered when trying to maintain normal transmission

voltage during restoration:

Remove shunt capacitors, switch-in shunt reactors or add small blocks of load
to prevent excessive Ferranti effect when energizing long transmission lines or
high-voltage cables at the end of a long, lightly-loaded system.

The capability of the generators to provide or absorb reactive power.

8. The Control Centres should know the re-synchronising points and procedures.
Procedures should provide for alternative courses of action when there is a lack of
information or loss of communication that would affect re-synchronising.

9. Each power station should have written procedures for orderly start-up and
shutdown of the generating units.

These procedures should be updated when required.

Exercises should be held periodically to ensure that plant operators are familiar
with the procedures.

10. Each power station should have a source of emergency power to reduce the time
required for restarting. Hydro-electric power stations should have built-in restarting
facilities.

11. Back-up voice telecommunication facilities, including emergency power supplies and
alternative telecommunications channels should be provided to ensure co-ordinated
control of operations during the restoration process.

E. SYSTEM RESTORATION (CONTD.)….

 -Page 82 -

12 Control Centres using SCADA systems should consider providing master

trip reset points to each sub-station and power station high voltage yard to
expedite the restoration process.

13 Protection schemes should be in working order during the restoration. Relay

polarization sources should be maintained during the process.

---oOo---

GUIDELINE VI: TELECOMMUNICATIONS….

 -Page 83 -

A FACILITIES….

Criteria

Each System and Control Area shall be equipped with adequate and reliable
telecommunication facilities internally and with other Systems and Control Areas to
ensure the exchange of information necessary to maintain the reliability of the
Interconnection. When possible, redundant facilities using alternative routes and
medium, shall be provided.

Requirements:

1. Reliable and secure telecommunication networks shall be provided within and

between Systems and Control Areas.

2. Dedicated telecommunication channels shall be provided between a Control

Centre and the Control Centre of each adjacent Syatem.

3. All dedicated telecommunication channels should not require intermediate

switching to establish communication.

4. Alternate and physically independent telecommunication channels should be

provided for emergency use to back up the circuits used for critical data and
voice communications.

5. Restoration services on critical telecommunications channels should be

available twenty-four (24) hours per day, every day of the year.

6. Each Control Centre should be able to take control of any telecommunication

channel for System Controller use when necessary.

Background:

In addition to internal System and Control Area telecommunication channels,

telecommunication channels shall be installed on every interconnection linking the
Member’s Systems. These channels should provide adequate telecommunication
capabilities during emergency situations, or when adverse operating conditions are
imminent.

B. SYSTEM OPERATION TELECOMMUNICATION PROCEDURES….

 -Page 84 -

Criteria:

Procedures for Control Centre to Control Centre communications, shall be

established by System and Control Areas to ensure that communication between
operating personnel are consistent, efficient, and effective during normal and
emergency conditions.

Requirements:

Each Control Area shall provide the means to co-ordinate telecommunications

between the Systems in the Control Area. This shall include the ability to
investigate and recommend solutions to telecommunication problems within the
Control Area and the Control Areas.

C. LOSS OF TELECOMMUNICATION….

Criteria:

Operating instructions and procedures shall be established by each Control Area to

enable operations to continue during the loss of telecommunication facilities.

Requirements:

Each Control Area shall have operating instructions and procedures to enable
continued operations during the loss of telecommunication facilities.

---oOo---

PROCEDURE FOR REVISING THESE OPERATING GUIDELINES….

INTRODUCTION….
 -Page 85 -

These Operating Guidelines shall be based on good logic, scientific reasoning and
operating experience. The Guidelines shall be correct, practical and highly
considered by all System Controllers. System Controllers shall contribute to the
updates and development of the Guidelines to ensure a practical operator’s
perspective.

The operating policies embodied in the Guidelines shall leave an adequate margin
for contingencies. The Directives of the Operating Sub-Committee shall be focused
towards interconnected system operations and shall set the pattern for future SAPP
and system policies.

The Operating Sub-Committee will continue to investigate the technical background

supporting these Guidelines with the assistance of individual Members and through
its own efforts. Any Member utility can recommend revisions to the Guidelines
through its representation at the Operating Sub-Committee.

REVISION PROCEDURES….

1. Any SAPP Member can recommend revisions to the Guidelines through its
representative at the Operating Sub-Committee.

A revision may cover a portion of, or the whole of the Guidelines.

The proposal for revision must be in writing, and must consider the
content of the other Guidelines to ensure compatibility and consistency.

The proposed revision must indicate whether it is a Requirement, a

Recommendation, or a Background item, why it is needed, and how it
improves the operating policies.

The language of the revision shall agree with the purpose. That is,
Criteria and Requirements are obligations, while Recommendations and
Background statements simply describe good operating practices.

The person(s) preparing a revision is consistent with the language and

format of the Guidelines.

2. The proposed revision shall be presented by an Operating Sub-Committee

representative to the Operating Sub-Committee.

PROCEDURE FOR REVISING OPERATING GUIDELINES (CONTD.)….

 -Page 86 -

3. The Sub-Committee may vote on the revision directly, or refer it to one or more
Work Groups for review or improvement.

4. If the revision is referred to a Work Group and the Work Group believes a new or
revised Guidelines is needed, it will prepare a draft for the Operating Sub-
Committee’s consideration.

5. If the Work Group rejects the proposed revision, the Operating Member can
appeal directly to the Operating Sub- Committee through its representative.

6. Guidelines revisions may be approved by the Operating Sub-Committee for a

“trial period.” The duration of the “trial period” is one year unless stated otherwise
by the Sub-Committee.

7. After a revision is presented to the Operating Sub-Committee and is accepted for

further processing:

The revision shall be distributed to the Operating Members for comments.

The comments are forwarded to the appropriate Work Group.

The Work Group produce a revised draft, and if necessary, after

considering all the comments, and submit to the Operating Sub-
Committee.

The Operating Sub-Committee votes on accepting this draft, and if

accepted, re-submit the document to the Members for final comments.

8. The adoption of amended or new Operating Guidelines require the approval of

the Operating sub-Committee as indicated in the Agreement Between Operating
Members. (NOTE: One vote per Operating Member).

9. This document does not need to be re-submitted for signature by the

Management Committee. The Management Committee must be informed in
writing of the amendment.

10. All approved revisions shall be numbered in sequence.

SIGNATORIES….
 -Page 87 -

IN WITNESS whereof the said Operating Members have here to set their hands:

SIGNED ON BEHALF OF BPC AT ____________________ON THIS_________DAY

OF___________________________________1996

SIGNED: ________________________ WITNESS:___________________________

NAME:__________________________ NAME: ____________________________

TITLE: ________________________ TITLE: _____________________________

SIGNED ON BEHALF OF EDM AT ____________________ON THIS_________DAY

OF___________________________________1996

SIGNED: ________________________ WITNESS:___________________________

NAME:__________________________ NAME: ____________________________

TITLE: ________________________ TITLE: _____________________________

SIGNED ON BEHALF OF ENE AT ____________________ON THIS_________DAY

OF___________________________________1996

SIGNED: ________________________ WITNESS:___________________________

NAME:__________________________ NAME: ____________________________

TITLE: ________________________ TITLE: _____________________________

SIGNED ON BEHALF OF ESCOM AT __________________ON THIS_________DAY

 -Page 88 -

OF___________________________________1996

SIGNED: ________________________ WITNESS:___________________________

NAME:__________________________ NAME: ____________________________

TITLE: ________________________ TITLE: _____________________________

SIGNED ON BEHALF OF ESKOM AT __________________ON THIS_________DAY

OF___________________________________1996

SIGNED: ________________________ WITNESS:___________________________

NAME:__________________________ NAME: ____________________________

TITLE: ________________________ TITLE: _____________________________

SIGNED ON BEHALF OF LEC AT ____________________ON THIS_________DAY

OF___________________________________1996

SIGNED: ________________________ WITNESS:___________________________

NAME:__________________________ NAME: ____________________________

TITLE: ________________________ TITLE: _____________________________

SIGNED ON BEHALF OF SEB AT ____________________ON THIS_________DAY

OF___________________________________1996

SIGNED: ________________________ WITNESS:___________________________

NAME:__________________________ NAME: ____________________________

TITLE: ________________________ TITLE: _____________________________

SIGNED ON BEHALF OF SNEL AT ____________________ON THIS_________DAY

 -Page 89 -

OF___________________________________1996

SIGNED: ________________________ WITNESS:___________________________

NAME:__________________________ NAME: ____________________________

TITLE: ________________________ TITLE: _____________________________

SIGNED ON BEHALF OF NAMPOWER AT _______________ON THIS_________DAY

OF___________________________________1996

SIGNED: ________________________ WITNESS:___________________________

NAME:__________________________ NAME: ____________________________

TITLE: ________________________ TITLE: _____________________________

SIGNED ON BEHALF OF TANESCO AT _________________ON THIS_________DAY

OF___________________________________1996

SIGNED: ________________________ WITNESS:___________________________

NAME:__________________________ NAME: ____________________________

TITLE: ________________________ TITLE: _____________________________

SIGNED ON BEHALF OF ZESA AT ____________________ON THIS_________DAY

OF___________________________________1996

SIGNED: ________________________ WITNESS:___________________________

NAME:__________________________ NAME: ____________________________

TITLE: ________________________ TITLE: _____________________________

 -Page 90 -

SIGNED ON BEHALF OF ZESCO AT __________________ON THIS_________DAY

OF___________________________________1996

SIGNED: ________________________ WITNESS:_________________________

NAME:__________________________ NAME: __________________________

TITLE: ________________________ TITLE: ____________________________

--oOo--
 -Page 91 -

APPENDIX 1….

CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT….

This document provides the Survey Co-ordinator of the SAPP Control Area Performance
Criteria with specific instructions to organize and report on the survey using forms contained
in the document as Tables A, B and C of this document.

The Control Area may use one of two methods for reporting its control performance:

(1) 24-hour reporting, or

(2) monthly reporting.

With the first method, the Control Area measures its compliance to A1 and A2 criteria for a
twenty-four (24) hour period selected at random each month by the Performance Sub-
Committee Chairperson. With the second method, the Control Area continuously monitors
its compliance to A1 and A2 criteria and reports its result at the end of each month. This
training document explains both methods of reporting in detail.

1. AREA CONTROL ERROR….

The basis for the calculation of control performance of a Control Area against the
Control Performance Criteria (CPC) is the Area Control Error (ACE). The value of
ACE to be used throughout the calculation should reflect an actual, unfiltered
quantity as displayed to the System Operator in the control room, but obviously
wrong values such as “spikes” due to telemetering error or other spurious influence
should be excluded from the calculation.

2. CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRIITERIA….

There are two (2) measures of the performance of ACE: they are referred to as A1
(Zero Crossing) and A2 (Ld Compliance as defined in Section 2.1.2). These
measures provide the System Operator with a convenient visual indication of how
well the Control Area has kept to minimum accumulation of un–intentional
inadvertent interchange.

The determination of A1 and A2 depend on whether the Control Area is operating

under normal or abnormal (disturbance) conditions. In addition to the criteria for
normal condition, there are two (2) additional criteria which apply during disturbance
conditions and which establish bounds for system recovery. The following discussion
expands the definitions of the criteria found in the Guidelines:” Control Performance
Criteria” and defines the criteria under both normal and disturbance conditions.
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CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT (CONTD.)

Normal Conditions:

The A1 and A2 criteria are the control performance standards for normal
operating conditions.

A1 Criteria –Zero Crossing:

The A1 Criterion requires that a Control Area’s ACE returns to zero

within ten (10) minutes of previously reaching zero. While good
control of this criteria will not totally eliminate the accumulation of un-
intentional inadvertent interchange, such accumulation would be small
provided the ACE crosses zero periodically.

A2 Criteria – Ld Compliance

The A2 Criterion requires that the average ACE for each of the twelve
(12) Intervals of six (6) minutes making up the hour, be within specific
limits, referred to as L d. This criterion complements the A1 Criterion
by establishing an upper bound for the average value of a Control
Area’ s ACE.

Ld Calculation:

Ld = (0,025)L + 5 MW

Where L may be calculated either of two ways:

METHOD A: L is the greatest hourly change (either

Increasing or decreasing) in the Control Area’s Net
Energy sent out that occurred on the day of the
Control Areas Winter or Summer peak demand.

METHOD B: L is the average of any ten (10) hourly

changes (either increasing or decreasing) in Net
Energy sent out that occurred during the year.

The Control Area shall determine its L d annually upon

the request of the Operating Sub-Committee. The
new Ld becomes effective on 1 April of each year.
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CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT (CONTD.)….

Disturbance Conditions:

During disturbance, controls cannot maintain ACE within the Criteria for normal
condition. This requires that a disturbance condition be defined. A disturbance is
said to have occurred when a sampled value of ACE exceeds the limit called L m
due to a sudden loss of generation or load. The value of Lm has been selected
as a function of Ld specifically.

Lm = 3Ld

Normal load and generation excursions (e.g. pumped storage hydro, arc furnace,
rolling steel mill, etc.) that cause the ACE to exceed L m are not included in the
definition of disturbance condition.

When a disturbance condition arises, other criteria apply in addition to the A1 and
A2 Criteria explained earlier.

2.2.1 B1 Criteria –System Recovery:

The B1 Criteria requires ACE to return to zero within ten (10) minutes,
following the start of a disturbance. Following the step change in ACE
attributed to a disturbance (as defined above), the ACE must recover and
achieve a zero reading in period not to exceed ten (10) minutes. Every
system should maintain sufficient reserve capability to restore control
completely and return to normal operation within ten (10) minutes.

2.2.2 B2 Criteria- Recovery Initiation:

The B2 Criteria requires that the ACE stops increasing and begins to
return to zero within one (1) minute following the start of the disturbance
(as defined above) ACE is permitted to evolve in the same direction as
the step change for a period not exceeding one (1) minute. A system
should maintain sufficient reserve capability such that after the initial
allowance of one (1) minute ACE will begin its recovery and tend towards
zero.
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CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT (CONTD.) .

3. CALCULATION OF CRITERIA…

3.1 A1 Criterion:

Compliance with the A1 Criterion is measured by starting a ten (10) minute

interval when the ACE reading is zero and starting the next ten (10) minute
interval when the ACE is zero again (or a sign change of ACE indicating a
zero crossing). To calculate the A1 Criteria, it is necessary to commit the
number of ten (10) minute intervals where zero was not reached.

Where: Tm is the maximum number of ten (10) minute intervals in a

reporting period during which the ACE did not reach zero.

And Tal is the maximum number of non-compliant ten (10) intervals recorded
during the reporting period.

3.1.1 Determination of Tm:

For a twenty-four (24) hour period which contains no interruptions in

telemetering, ACE is recorded consecutively for 1440 minutes, thus
Tm = 144. Should loss of telemetering or computer unavailability
result in a sustained interruption in the recording of ACE, Tm should
be reduced accordingly. To reduce Tm, record the time expired
during the sustained interruption in the recording of ACE, divide that
time in minutes by ten (10) truncate the result to a whole number
and reduce Tm by that number accordingly. Should non-consecutive
interruptions of ACE recording occur in a reporting period, each
should be treated separately in reducing Tm. For example, consider
a twenty-four (24) hour period in which for three (3) non-consecutive
periods, the recording of ACE was interrupted. These three (3)
periods extended sixty-four (64) minutes, thirty-seven (37) minutes
and ninety-eight (98) minutes. Dividing each by ten (10), would yield
6.4, 3.6 and 9.8 respectively. Truncating would yield 6, 3 and 9.
Therefore, for this twenty-four (24) hour period:

Tm = 144 - 6 - 3 - 9 = 126 (4)

If monthly average reporting is being used, Tm would be calculated

in the same way with Tm = 4464 for a thirty-one (31) month with no
interruptions in telemetering.
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CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT (CONTD.)….

3.1.2 Determination of Tal:

Once the ACE recording is initiated, if a ten (10) minute interval expires
before conditions arise which would result in the termination of the
timing interval, an incident of non-compliance is recorded. The incident
is recorded in the hour during which the interval expired. The total
number of such incidents of non-compliance recorded during a reporting
period is equal to Tal.

3.1.3 Termination conditions for the ten (10) minute timing interval.

In practice, there are five (5) conditions which can arise that would
cause the current ten (10) minute timing interval to terminate and a new
ten (10) minute interval to initiate. As will be explained, only one of
these five (5) conditions, namely the expiration of the ten (10) minute
timing interval, represent an incident of non-compliance.

3.1.3.1 Beginning of twenty-four (24) hour period:

For twenty-four hour reporting, the A1 Criterion measurement

begins at 00:00 and ends at 24:00. At 00:00, regardless of the
current ACE reading, the last ten (10) minute timing interval of
the previous twenty-four (24) hour period, is terminated and
first ten (10) minute timing interval of the new twenty-four (24)
hour period is initiated. If the last ten (10) minute interval of the
previous twenty-four (24) hour period was initiated 23:50 and
terminated at 24:00, the expiration of the ten (10) minute
interval would coincide with the end-of-day termination and
thus an incident of non-compliance should be recorded for the
24th hour of the previous day. If the last (10) minute interval is
initiated after 23:50 and terminated at 24:00, even though ACE
had not returned to zero, this interval is deemed compliant.

3.1.3.2 Zero ACE Crossing:

Any time ACE reads zero (or changes sign in successive

digital samplings), the current ten (10) minute interval is
terminated and new ten (10) minute interval starts. The interval
represented by the terminated interval is compliant.
Instantaneous telemetering errors or “spikes” that cause a
zero crossing should be ignored.
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CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT (CONTD.)…

3.1.3.3 Expiration of ten (10) minute timing interval:

Once initiated, if the ten (10) minute interval extends to

expiration (i.e. records a full ten (10) minute period), the
incident of non-compliance is recorded in the hour during
which the timing interval expired. A new ten (10) minute
interval is then initiated.

3.1.3.4 Occurrence of system disturbance:

For twenty-four (24) hour reporting only, the occurrence of a

system disturbance as defined in Section 2.2 of this
document terminates the current ten (10) minute interval and
a new ten (10) minute interval is initiated.

The terminated interval is compliant should the initiated ten

(10) minute timing interval expire and incident of non-
compliance would be recorded as defined in 3.1.3.3 above.
Disturbance conditions do not initiate a new timing interval if
monthly average reporting is used.

3.1.3.5 Interruption in recording of ACE:

Should a sustained interruption in the recording of ACE

occur resulting form a loss of telemetering or a computer
unavailability the current ten (10) minute timing interval is
terminated. The initiation of a new ten (10) minute timing
interval is suspended until the recording of ACE is restored.
A sustained interruption is defined as a continuous period
lasting longer than one (1) minute.

3.2 A2 Criteria:

Compliance with the A2 Criteria requires that the absolute value of the
algebraic mean of the ACE signal (d 2) for a ten (10) minute period does not
exceed the Control Area’s allowance limit, Ld (see Section 2.1.2.1). As was true
for the A1 Criterion, to calculate A2, it is necessary to identify the number of
incidents of non-compliance.

A2 = (Tm – Ta2) 100

( Tm)
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CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT (CONTD.)…

Where: Tm is the maximum number of ten (10) minute intervals in a

reporting period during which the recording of ACE was
uninterrupted.

Ta2 is the number of non-compliant A2 ten (10) minute intervals

recorded during a reporting period.

3.2.1 Determination of Tm and Ta2

Since the A2 Criteria requires the ACE be averaged over a discrete time
period, the same factors that limit Ta2 will limit Tm. The calculation to Tm and
Ta2, must be discussed jointly.

Each twenty-four (24) hour period beginning at 00:00 and ending at 24:00
contains 144 discrete ten (10) minute periods.

3.2.1(a) Determination of Tm and Ta2

Each hour (HH) contains six (6) discrete ten (10) minute periods, where
period 1 spans HH:00 – HH:10 , period 2 spans HH:10 – HH:20, period 3
spans HH:20 -HH:30, period 4 spans HH:30 – HH:40, period 5 spans HH:40
– HH:50, period 6 spans HH:50 –(HH+1) :00. For a system that samples ACE
every four (4) seconds, for example, the average ACE over a ten (10) minute
period would be defined by the algebraic sum of 150 ACE samples (starting
at HH:00:04 and ending at HH:10:00) divided by 150. Systems calculating the
A2 Criterion from the manual review of an ACE chart must sum the products
of visual readings and their respective length and divide that sum by ten (10)
minutes. Consider the example where ACE is visually perceived to average
10 MW for 1 minute, -5 MW for the next 1.5 minutes, -10 MW for the next two
(2) minutes, -15 MW for the next three (3) minutes, and –5 MW for the last
2,5 minutes. The ten (10) minute algebraic mean would equal:

[(10) (1)] + [(-5) (1.5)]+ [(-10)(2)] + [(-15) (3)] + [(-5) (2.5)] = -7.5 MW
_____________________________________________

10

An incident of non-compliance is recorded for any ten (10) minute period

where the absolute value of average ACE is greater than Ld.
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CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT (CONTD.)…

3.2.2 Conditions that impact the calculation of Tm and Ta2

Two (2) conditions may arise which impact the normal calculation of Tm and
Ta2. These conditions are the occurrence of system disturbance as defined in
Section 2.2 and a sustained interruption in the recording of ACE.

3.2.2.1 Disturbance conditions:

A disturbance condition is defined in Section 2.2. For twenty-four (24) hour

reporting only, the A2 Criterion is relaxed during these conditions recognizing
that a Control Area has ten (10) minutes with which to respond to the
disturbance.

3.2.2.1(a) Disturbance conditions:

For each such disturbance in a twenty-four (24) hour period, the discrete ten
(10) minute interval in which the disturbance occurred and the succeeding ten
(10) minute period interval are omitted from the calculation of A2. Functionally,
both ten (10) minute periods are eliminated from the calculation, thus Tm is
reduced by two (2) to normalize the percentage calculation of A2. Disturbance
conditions are not omitted in the A2 calculation if monthly average reporting is
used.

3.2.2.2 Sustained interruption in the recording of ACE:

In order to ensure that the average ACE calculated for any ten (10) minute
interval is representative of that ten (10) minute interval, it is necessary that
ACE remain uninterrupted for a period equal to or greater than five (5) minutes
during that ten (10) minute interval. Should a sustained interruption in the
recording for ACE due to loss of telemetering or computer unavailability result
in ten (10) minute interval not containing a consecutive five (5) minute sampling
of ACE, that ten (10) minute interval is omitted from the calculation of A2.
Functionally, the ten (10) minute interval is assumed complaint and Tm is
reduced by one to normalize the percentage calculation of A2.
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CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT (CONTD.)….

3.3 Examples:

Figure 1- A1 Zero Crossing Examples

Figure 1 demonstrates various examples of zero-crossing (Criteria A1) measurement

particularly involving the start of a new twenty-four (24) hour period. The vertical
dashed lines indicate the start of ten (10) minute timing interval. Most of these lines
coincide with a zero crossing of ACE. Note that these ten (10) minute timing intervals
are not cyclic to coincide with ten (10) minute increments during the hour. There are
three (3) incidents during this sixty (60) minute period where the ten (10) minute
timing interval is impacted by conditions other that a zero crossing.

1. Start of new day- Note that at 00:00, even though ACE equals -12 MW, a new
ten (10) minute timing interval is initiated.

2. Zero crossing (Criteria A1) violation - Note that at 00:12, even though ACE
equals 2 MW, a new ten (10) minute timing interval is initiated. Ten (10)
minutes has expired since the last zero crossing at 00:02 indication a
violation to be recorded in the hour ending 01: 00.

3. Interruption in ACE recording - Note that a ten (10) minute timing interval was
initiated at 23:34 and 23:43 even though ACE equals –2.5 MW in both
instances. According to the chart, there was a zero crossing at 23:32 and
again at 23:47. Although fifteen (15) minutes had expired since the last zero
crossing, a violation is not recorded because the time during which the
interruption of ACE recording occurred is not included in the determination of
the A1 Criterion.
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CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT (CONTD.)…

Figure II –A1-Zero Crossing & B1, 2 Disturbance Examples

Figure II demonstrates zero crossing (Criterion A1) examples and a disturbance

condition (Criteria B1 and B2). Note that ACE crosses zero at 06:42 and does not
again cross zero until 07:15, yet two (2) violations are recorded during this time
interval for twenty-four (24) hour reporting. The disturbance occurring at 07:05
causes the initiation of ten (10) minute timing interval for twenty-four (24) hour
reporting even though ACE equals –20 MW. For monthly average reporting, there
are three (3) violations during the same period since the disturbance does not
terminate the current ten (10) minute timing interval. Note that during the
disturbance, ACE begins to trend towards zero almost immediately, thus being well
within the one (1) minute requirements of the B2 Criteria and that ACE recovers to
cross zero at 07:15 which is within the ten (10) minute requirement of the B1 Criteria.
Note that if ACE did not cross zero until some time after 07:15, both the B1 and the
A1 Criteria (for twenty-four [24] hour reporting) would be violated.

Other items are of interest in Figure II. Note the violation that spans the time from
06:25 to 07:02. This violation is recorded in the hour in which the ten (10) minute
timing interval expired. Note also the violation that spans the time 07:20 to 07:30.
ACE reaches to –40 MW during this period and the absolute value is well beyond the
Ld, this period does not represent a disturbance condition to this value of ACE. Since
a disturbance is not recorded during this period and since ACE has not crossed zero,
the ten (10) minute timing interval expire at 07:30 and thus an A1 violation is
recorded.
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CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT (CONTD.)….

Figure III- A2- Ld Compliance B1, 2 Disturbance Examples

Figure III demonstrates various examples of Ld compliance (Criteria A2) and a

disturbance condition (Criteria B1 and B2). Note that unlike Figure I and II. Figure III
is separated into six distinct, cyclic ten (10) minute periods. The absolute value of the
algebraic mean of the ACE during each period, referred to as d2, is compared to L d
(10MW for this system) to determine a violation.

Note that the fifth interval (01:40 – 01:50) has recorded a violation because the
absolute value of the algebraic mean of 15,7 MW exceeds the L d of 10 MW. Since
disturbance conditions are included in the A2 calculation for monthly average
reporting, violations are also recorded for the second and third intervals (01:10 –
01:20 and 01:20 - 01:30) if monthly average reporting is used. For Control Areas
using twenty - four (24) reporting, the algebraic means would not be calculated for
these two (2) intervals. This elimination of the second and third interval from further
Criterion A2 analysis for twenty-four (24) hour reporting is due to the disturbance
condition that occurred at 01:15. The ten (10) minute allotment for the successful
recovery from a disturbance spanned both intervals. For this hour therefore, there
was one (1) violation out of four (4) intervals for twenty-four (24) hour reporting and
three (3) violations out of six (6) intervals for monthly average reporting.
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CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT (CONTD.)…

Note the pattern of the disturbance condition which began at 01:15. During this
disturbance, both the Criteria B1 and B2 were violated. ACE did not begin to trend to
zero until nearly two (2) minutes after occurrence (violating Criteria B2) and ACE was
not restored to zero until 01:27 (twelve (12) minute interval which violates Criteria
B1).

Figure IV – Ld Compliance Examples

Figure IV demonstrates various examples of Ld compliance coupled with an

interruption in the recording of ACE. At 12:09, ACE recording was interrupted and not
returned until 12:18. Since the ACE recording for the interval 12:10 – 12:20 did not
span a consecutive, uninterrupted period longer that five (5) minutes, this period is
eliminated from further Criterion A2 analysis. In contrast, the first ten (10) minute
interval of 12:00 – 12:10 is included in the analysis because ACE recording was
interrupted only for the last minute of the interval. In fact, the first interval is in
violation because the algebraic means of 12,4 MW exceeds the L d of 10.0MW The
algebraic means of 12,4 MW was calculated for the nine (9) minute during which
ACE was not interrupted. Thus, for this hour, there was one (1) violation out of five
(5) intervals.
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CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT (CONTD.)….

4. SURVEY PROCEDURES….

Control Performance Survey will be conducted monthly to analyse each Control

Area’s level of compliance with the A1 and A2 Control Performance Criteria. The
surveys provide a relative measure of each Control Area’s performance. Once a
Control Area starts using monthly average reporting, it may not revert to twenty-four
(24) hour reporting unless agreed to by the Regional Survey co-ordinator.

Issuance of Survey - Twenty- four (24) Hour Reporting:

Twenty-four (24) hour surveys will be conducted for periods selected by the
Chairman of the Performance Sub-Committee, on his own motion, or in
response to specific request from members of the Sub-Committee.

As soon as possible after the twenty-four (24) hour survey period is

chosen by the Chairman, the Chairman shall notify each Sub-
Committee member by letter of the survey dates.

Each Sub-Committee member shall notify each Control Area using

twenty-four (24) hour reporting within his Region by written request.
The Sub-Committee member shall provide, for each Control Area, a
copy of Table A, “SAPP Control Performance Criteria Survey- twenty-
four (24) Hour” and a copy of the “Control Performance Criteria
Training Document”.

Each Control Area shall return one completed copy of Table A to the
Sub-Committee member representing his Region.

If a Control Area is unable to report performance for the selected

period because sufficient data unavailable, the regional Sub-
Committee member will select another random day near to the
survey period for that Control Area to use.

Issuances of Survey – Monthly reporting

Monthly averages are to be completed after the end of each month.

Each Control Area using monthly average reporting shall return

one completed copy of Table B. “SAPP Control Performance
Survey – Monthly Average” to the Sub-Committee member
representing the Region by the 10th working day of the month
following the month reported.
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CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT (CONTD.)…..

Instructions for Control Area Survey - Twenty-Four (24) Hour Reporting:

From a manual review of the ACE chart or using data derived from digital
processing of the ACE signal, a representative from each Control Area will
complete Table A “SAPP Control Performance Criteria Survey - twenty-four (24)
Hour”.

4.3.1 Hourly tables:

For each hour in the survey period, record the number of A1

Criterion violations and the inadvertent interchange.

A1, A2 Criteria summary:

Total Sum the number of violations recorded on the hourly tables

and enter the sums on this row for each Criterion.

AVG/HR Divide the sum recorded on the TOTAL row by the

number of hours recorded in the survey and enter values on this
row.

MAX/HR For the hour in which the most violations have occurred
for each criterion, enter the respective number of violations on this
row.

MIN/HR For the hour in which the fewest violations have occurred
for each Criterion, enter the respective number of violations on
this row.

Percentage Compliance: Using the formulas and procedures

described earlier in this document, calculate the A1 and A2
Criteria and enter on this row.

Analysis of Best and Poorest Hours:

Review for each hour ten (10) minute algebraic means of ACE
(d2) calculated to identify A2 Criterion violations. Consider only
those hours where all six (6) periods are included in the analysis,
Sum the absolute values of the six algebraic means (ignore
signs), / d2 / and identify those hours with the least sum and
highest sum. Those hours are the BEST and POOREST hours,
respectively. Record for these respective hours, the hour, the
absolute value of the six (6) algebraic means / d2 / for the hour,
the TOTAL of the six (6) absolute values, and by dividing the
TOTAL by six (6) record the average absolute value.
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CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT (CONTD.)….

Instructions for Control Area Survey Monthly Reporting:

Using data derived from digital processing of the ACE signal, a representative
from each Control Area will complete Table B. “ SAPP Control Area
Performance Criteria Survey – Monthly Average “.

4.4.1 Hourly tables:

For each of the twenty- four (24) hourly periods of a day, report the
monthly total number, of A1 Criterion violations, A2 Criterion
violations, and the number of unavailable ten (10) minute intervals.
For example, if there was one violation for hour ending 01:00 every
day of a thirty –one (31) day month, a thirty-one (31) would be entered
for the 01:00 hourly period.

4.4.2 A1, A2 Criteria Summary:

Total sum the number of violations and unavailable ten (10) minute
intervals recorded on the hourly tables and enter the sums on this row
for each column.

Percentage Compliance: Using the formulas and procedures

described in Section 3 of this document, calculate the A1 and A2
Criteria and enter on this row.

4.5 Instructions for Regional and SAPP Surveys:

From a review of the Control Area’s surveys, each Regional Survey

Co-ordinator or Performance Sub-Committee Member will complete Table C “
SAPP Control Performance Criteria”.

4.5.1 Review Table A and Table B data received from each Control Area in
the Region for uniformity, completeness, and compliance to the
instructions. Iterate with Control Area survey co-ordinators where
necessary.

4.5.2 Transfer the data from each Table A and Table B to the appropriate
columns on Table C. Review the comments submitted and if
significant, identify them with the appropriate Control Areas.

4.5.3 Mail a copy of the completed Table C to the SAPP staff.

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CONTROL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA TRAINING DOCUMENT (CONTD.)….

The SAPP staff will combine the regional reports into a single summary
report and send one copy to each Sub-Committee member.

Each Sub-Committee member is responsible for sending the summary

report to the utilities in the Region.

---oOo---