Name: Sudarshan Sharma G. Standard: 12-Science (A) - Roll No.30 Subject:Chemistry Topic: Dye Cotton and Woolen Clothes With Malachite Green

Name: Sudarshan Sharma G.
Standard: 12-Science(A).
Roll No.30
Subject:Chemistry
Topic: Dye cotton and woolen clothes with malachite green.

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Objective
3. Requirements
4. Procedure
5. Conclusion
6. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
Dyes are colored substances which canadhere to the surface of materials
andare used to give color to paper, food- stuffs, and various textiles such ascotton, wool,
synthetic fibres, silk etc.For example, alizarin, indigo, congored, etc. Chemically, a
dye contains: i.Some group (such as azo,indigoid,triphenylmethyl, anthraquinone,etc.)
which is responsible for thecolor of the dye
.ii.Some groups (such asNH2, -SO3H,-COOH, etc) which makes the dye stick to the fabric by
formation ofsome salt.
Dyeing is the process of adding color to textile products like fibres,

yarn and fabrics. The temperature and time controlling are two key factors in dyeing. The
primary source of dye, historically has been nature, with the dyes being extracted from
plants and animals. Since the 18th century, humans produced artificial dyes to achieve
abroader range of colors and to render the dyes more stable to resist washingand general use.
The dyed fabrics appear to be colored because a particular dye absorbsradiations of some
specific wavelengths from the visible region of electromagnetic radiations which fallon the
surface. The remaining radiations (complementary colors) of light are reflected. The
color which weobserve is due to the reflected light. For example, if a dye absorbs the light
in the wavelength region corresponding to red, then it would appear green, which is the
complementary color of red. Similarly, if a dye absorbs blue color, it would appear orange.
Methods to apply dye
Dyes are applied to textile goods by dyeing from dye solutions and by printing from dye
pastes. Methods include:
1. Direct application
2. Yarn dyeing
Characteristics of a dye
1. It must have a suitable color.
2. It must be capable of being fixedto the material.
3. When fixed it must be fast to detergents, soaps, water, dry- cleaning solvents, light
and dilute acids.
Types of dye
The dyes are classified by dyemanufacturers for marketing into the following types:
1. Acid dyes:
These are azo dyes andare characterized by the presence of acidic groups. The presence of
soluble and serves as the reactive points for fixing the dye to the fibre. They are chiefly
used for dyeing wool, silk and nylon. For example, Orange I and Orange II.
2. Basic dyes:
These dyes contain NH 2or NR 2. In acidic solutions, these form water soluble cations
and usethe anionic sites on the fabric to
get used for dyeing wool, silk and nylon. For example, aniline yellow, butter yellow.
3. Direct dyes
These are also azo dyes and are used to dye fabrics directly by placing in aqueous
solution of the dye. These dyes attach to the fabrics by means of hydrogen bonding.
4. Disperse dyes:
These dyes are applied in the form of dispersion of minute particles of the dye in a
soap solution in the presence of phenol or benzoic acid. These dye sare used to dye
rayons, Dacron, nylon, polyesters etc. For example, celliton fast pink B and
celliton fast blue B.
5. Fibre ractive dyes:
These dyes arelinked to the fibre by OH or NH2

group present on the fibre. These dyes induce fast color on fabricswhich is retained for a
longer time. These dyes are used for dyeing cotton, wool and silk.
6. Insoluble dyes:
These dyes are directly synthesized on the fibre. The fabric to be colored is soaked in an
alkaline solution of phenol and then treated with a solution of diazotized amine to produce
azo dye. The color induced by such dyes is not so fast. These dyes are used for dyeing of
cotton, silk, polyester nylon, etc. For example, nitro aniline red.
7. Vat dyes:
These dyes are water- insoluble and before dyeing these are reduced to colorless
compounds in wooden vats by alkaline reducing agents. The fibre is then soaked in the
solution of the dye. Fibre is then exposed to air or anoxidizing agent. By doing so the
colorless compound gets deoxidized to colored dye on the fabric. For example, indigo.
8. Mordant dyes:
These dyes are applied after treating the fabric with precipitates of certain substances
(mordant material)which then combines with the dye to form a colored complex called
lake. Some of the mordants are
salts of aluminium, iron andtannic acids. Depending on the mordant used, the same
mordantdye can give different colors andshades. For example, alizarin gives red color with
aluminium and black violet with iron mordant. Mordant dyes are used for dyeing of wool,
silk and cotton.
OBJECTIVE
“To dye wool and cotton with malachite green.”
REQUIREMENTS
500 ml beakers,
Tripod stand,
Wire gauze,
Glass rod,
Spatula,
Wool cloth and cotton cloth
Chemicals required:
sodium carbonate, tannic acid, tartaremetic acid, and malachite green dye
PROCEDURE:-
1. Preparation of sodium carbonate solution:

2. Take about 0.5 g of solid sodium carbonate and dissolve it in250 ml of water.
3. Preparation of tartaremetic solution.
4. Take about 0.2 g of tartaremetic and dissolve it in 100ml of water by stirring with
the help of glass rod
5. .Preparation of tannic acid solution:
6. Take 100 ml of water in a beaker and add about 1.0 g of tannic acid to it. Heat the solution.
On heatinga clear solution of tannic acid is obtained.
7. Preparation of dye solution.
8. Take about 0.1 g of malachite green dye. and add to it 4oo ml of water. On warming a clear
solution of the dye results.
9. Dyeing of wool:Take about 200 ml of dye solution and dip it in the woolen cloth to be
dyed. Boil the solution for about 2 minutes. After that remove the cloth and wash it
with hot water 3-4 times, squeeze and keep it for drying.
10. Dyeing of cotton: Cotton does not absorb malachite green readily,therefore it
requires the use of amordant. For dyeing a cotton clothdip it in sodium carbonate
solution for about 10 minutes and then rinsewith water. Then put the cloth inhot
tannic acid solution for about 5 minutes. Now take out the cloth from tannic acid
solution and keep it in tartaremetic solution for about5 minutes. Remove the cloth
and squeeze it with spatula to remove most of the solution. Now place the cloth in
boiling solution of the dye for about 2 minutes. Remove and wash the dyed cloth
thoroughly with water, squeeze and keep it for drying.
11. Dyeing of cotton directly: Take another piece of cotton cloth and pit it directly into
boiling solution of the dye. Keep it dipped for about2 minutes. Remove the cloth,
wash with water, squeeze and keep it for drying. Compare the color of this cloth
with that dyed by using mordant.
OBSERVATIONS
1. The color of wool cloth dyed directly by dipping in hot solution of malachite green
dye is fast
2. The color of cotton dyed cloth directly (without using mordant)by dipping in hot
solution of malachite green is not so fast to washing and is of low intensity.
3. The color of cotton cloth dyed indirectly by using mordant and then by dipping in hot
solution of malachite green is fast to washing and is of high intensity.
Dying of cotton fabrics.

Name: Sudarshan Sharma G. Standard: 12-Science (A) - Roll No.30 Subject:Chemistry Topic: Dye Cotton and Woolen Clothes With Malachite Green

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Name: Sudarshan Sharma G. Standard: 12-Science (A) - Roll No.30 Subject:Chemistry Topic: Dye Cotton and Woolen Clothes With Malachite Green

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Name: Sudarshan Sharma G.

Topic: Dye cotton and woolen clothes with malachite green.

Dyeing is the process of adding color to textile products like fibres,

Methods to apply dye

5. Fibre ractive dyes:

These dyes arelinked to the fibre by OH or NH2

“To dye wool and cotton with malachite green.”

Wool cloth and cotton cloth

1. Preparation of sodium carbonate solution:

Dying of cotton fabrics.

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