RAILWAY ENGINEERING

&
RUNWAY ENGINEERING
Site selection for railway Station
• The proposed site should be on a fairly
level ground with good drainage facilities.
• It should be near town or city.
• Sufficient area for future development
• It should be able to serve the needs for
civil and military authorities.
• The site should be such that permissible
gradient should be easily attained.
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Construction of Permanent Way
• Land Acquisition
• Earthwork (formation, ballast, sleepers,
rails)
• Construction of Bridges
• Construction of Station Building and Staff
Quarters
• Plate Laying
• Ballast Laying
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 Plate Laying
• The operation of laying out rails and
sleepers over the compacted formation is
known as plate laying.
• The packing of ballast is not covered
under plate laying since the formation is
allowed to consolidate under the traffic
carried out by the railway line.

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 Plate Laying (cont’d)
• In plate laying the point upto which the
track has already been laid is known as
rail head.
• The point from which laying of track is to
start is known as base.

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Methods for Track Construction
• Side Method/ Tramline Method
• Telescopic Method
• American Method

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 Tramline Method
• This method is used when a track already
exist such as doubling of track.
• The material required for track
construction are carried to the site in
material trains.
• The assembly of the track component is
started from one end by the manual labor.

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 Tramline Method
• This method can be employed for laying of
new track.
• In this case construction material is carried
out on trucks or temporary track
• The temporary is placed at a lower level
as compared to main track.
• The work of linking of track can be started
at more than one point.

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Telescopic Method
• In this method rails, sleepers and fittings
are unloaded from the material train as
close to the rail head as possible.
• The sleepers are carried either by carts or
by the men along the adjoining service
roads and spread on the ballast.
• Rails are carried by rail carrier or by men.

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Telescopic Method
• Labour working on the laying of track may
be divided into three groups
– Material Gang
– Linking- in- gang
– Packing-in-gang

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Telescopic Method
• Material Gang
– their responsibility is to unload the material
from the train
– To arrange the material item wise
– to transport it to site.
– The transportation of the rail is a specialized
job and this party is specially trained for this
job.

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Telescopic Method
• Linking- in- gang
– their responsibility is to fix the rails to the sleepers
and link the rail together to the fish plates.
• Following sequence is adopted for linking
– Marking the centre line of track
– Laying of sleepers
– Placing of bearing plate above the sleepers
– Fixing of rails to sleepers
– Provision of expansion joints
– Joining by fish plate
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Telescopic Method
• Packing-in-gang
– The function of this gang is to pack the earth
below and round the sleepers and bring the
track to level
– To bring the track to correct alignment and
level.

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American Method
• This is a mechanical method
• In this method special track laying
machines are used.
• Preassembled panels of track, each panel
consisting of rails with appropriate number
of sleepers are taken to the rail head with
machinery and is linked.

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Material Depot
• In any method of linking the progress
depends upon very much on correct and
regular supply of material at the rail head.
• To ensure this supply, one or more
material depots are established.
• The main depot is usually laid out at a
convenient site near the point of junction
of the new track with an existing railway.

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 Material Depot
• Materials required for the construction of new
railway line are received from the material train
at the main depot and are arranged at the main
depot.
• The layout should be such that the wagons can
be unloaded and removed quickly.
• Mechanical devices e.g cranes for unloading
heavy material may also be employed.

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 Material Depot
• Minimum two sets of wagons are necessary.
• If one wagon is at the rail head, the other is
loaded at the depot.
• If the distance between the rail head and depot
is large, subsidiary depot near the rail head may
be established.
• The stock of the material is so arranged that the
correct number of each item is available for
loading without any loss of time.
• The material train should be marshalled in
correct order.

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 Maintenance Organization
• General Manager (GM)
• Divisional Superintendent (DS for each
division)
• Divisional Executive Engineer (DEN)
• Assistant Executive Engineer (AEN)
• Work Manager (WM)
• Assistant Work Manager (AWM)

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 Gang length and Gangmen
• Gang length is the basic organization unit for
track maintenance and is under the charge of
gang mate
• An average gang length on a single track is 3
miles.
• The number of gangmen for each gang depends
on
– Soil formation
– Age and condition of track material
– Intensity of traffic
– Speed, curves and grades

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 Duties of Various Staff
• Mate
– Is the incharge of the railway property in a
section
– Responsible for ordinary work of maintenance
and safety of track.
– Controls the gang-men, sees the cleanliless
and tidiness of track and yards

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 Keyman
• The position of keyman is next to mate and
generally take up the duties in the absence of
mate.
• His duty is to go along the whole section walking
on one side and returning on the other side and
checking any discrepancies in the track.
• Is responsible for inspection of all the fastenings
and joints.
• His tools are keying hammer, bolt hammer, hand
signals flag etc
• The most important task is greasing the fish
plates and oiling of fish bolts
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Maintenance of Permanent Way
• Perception to determine bad running spots
• Facility to ascertain the cause of these
defects
• Regularity of detailed inspection of track,
to note these defects and to rectify them
• Overhauling of the track in-accordance
with the instruction laid down

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• Maintenance of Track consists of
– Ballasting and surfacing
– Aligning the track
– Proper drainage
– Careful attention to track constituents

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 Ballasting and Surfacing
• Ballast under the sleeper get loose and
depression appear in the plane of rails
• The joints, which are subjected to constant
blows from passing wheel are particularly
affected.
• On soft formations, the whole rail length get
depressed
• The frequency of ballast depends upon condition
of ballast, riding quality of track, traffic density
and train speed over section.

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Alignment of track
• Due to side movement of vehicle over the track,
the wheel flanges exerts a side thrust on the
side of rails.
• When this thrust is of fair magnitude, the track is
pulled out of alignment.
• If this defect is not rectified and alignment is
permitted to become irregular, the quality get
badly affected.
• The maintenance on curve is either repacking or
re-alignment

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 Maintenance on Bridges
• Special care is required for maintenance
of track fastening on bridges.
• At the junction of the bridge girder with the
bank, there is a considerable change in
the resiliency of track.
• Sleepers on the bridges are spaced so
that derailed wheel cannot fall through.
• The bearing of the girder is coated with oil
from time to time
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 Removal of Weeds and Bush
• Presence of weed and bush is a constant
source of trouble to the maintenance staff.
• For proper functioning, it is to be kept
clean of weeds because there presence
stop drainage, collects and retains dust
and with subsequent decay fills the ballast
voids and clogs them.

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 Process of Over hauling
• Opening of track • Final straightening
• Conditions of and packing
sleepers, fastening • Boxing
and other fittings • Making up of
• Re-gauging formation
• Packing
• Straightening
• Drainage

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Tools for maintenance
• Beater cum pickaxe to pack the ballast under the sleeper
• Rail gauge for checking the gauge
• Cant board to provide super elevation
• Spirit level and height board for testing cant
• Spanners for tightening and loosening fish bolts
• Auger for drilling spike hole
• Jim crow for bending of rails
• Ballast screen
• Keying Hammers
• Fog Signals

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 Railway Track Drainage
• A slight increase in the moisture content
would considerably reduce the bearing
power of the subgrade.
• This may even cause the subgrade to
become unstable.
• The ingress of water in case of roads is
checked by bituminous treatment on the
surface where as for railways it is not
possible
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 Ingress of Water
• Water from rain
• Capillary action from subsoil
• Water seeped below the track from
adjoining area
• Water retained by the soil mass due to
hydroscopic action

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 Drainage System
• Surface Drainage
• Sub-surface Drainage

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 Surface Drainage
• By providing side drains
• By provision of cross drainage works e.g
bridges and culverts

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 Sub-surface Drainage
• Seepage water from adjoining area
– By lowering GWT
– By using catch drain at the top of cutting
• Due to capillary action
– By providing pervious layer in the
embankment
– By providing inverted filter

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 To err is human

To safeguard against that is

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Rail Signalling
How to know train location
• There was no system to track the location
of train
• Once the train went out of sight there was
no method to check its location

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 History of Signalling
• Policemen would provide signals to the
trains
• Flags were used during day
• Lights were used
at night

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Fixed Signal

Disc and Cross Bar 40

 Semaphore Signals
• Use a signal
arm which
could be
positioned at
different
angles

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 History of Railway Signalling
• 1825 First railway line was opened
between Darlington to Stockton (UK)
– Uniformed men on horses guided the train
• 1830 First passenger train between
Liverpool and Manchester
– Policemen were posted at fixed intervals

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 Signalling and Interlocking
• The primary purpose of signalling and
interlocking is to control and regulate the
movement of trains safely and efficiently.
• Signalling includes the use and working of
signals, points, block instrument and other
allied equipment in a predetermined
manner.

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 Interlocking
• The mechanical connection established
between various levers operating the
signals and points in such a way that the
working of signal mechanism may not go
contrary to the desired purpose.

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Area where signalling can
prevent accidients
• Accident at stations

• Accident at block section

• Accidents at level crosing

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 Interlocking Principle
CHECK

• Complete route for reception of train is

unoccupied
• All points are correctly set & locked
• All Conflicting signals are at Danger
Position(RED)
• Level Crossing gates (if any) are closed

Till Then

All above are True 46

 Old
Interlocking

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Electric Point

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 Runway Engineering
• Runway Engineering includes planning and
design of airports
• Planning
– Airport Master Plan (Airport Layout/ Location)
– Airport Configuration
– Air traffic control
– Air Travel Demand Forecasting
– Airfield Capacity (Runway, Taxiway and Apron)
– Terminal Capacity (Arrival and departure)
– Airport Environmental and Noise issues
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 Runway Engineering
• Design
– Aircraft characteristics
– Structural design airport pavements (runway,
taxiway and apron)
– Geometric design of Airfield
– Airport lighting, marking and Drainage

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 Brief Historic perspective
• 1903- Wright Brothers first flight in North
Carolina (120 ft)
• 1914- Air passenger transport began in
Germany
• 1918- First International service between France
and Spain
• 1918- US postal service (Washington DC and
New York)
• 1927- Service between London and New York
• 1927- Pan American Service Miami-La Havana
(Cuba)
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 Brief Historic perspective
• 1950s – Introduction of Jet Engines
• 1960s (late) – Introduction of Boeing 747
• 1990 – Commercial airlines world wide
carried more than 1.0 billions passengers

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 Regulatory Authorities
• International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO)
• International Air Transport Association
(IATA)
• US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
• Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)

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 International Civil Aviation
Organization
• Inter-governmental organization formed in 1947
as specialized agency of United Nation
(Headquater: Montreal, Canada)
• Objectives
– Safe and orderly growth of air travel around the world.
– Aircraft design and operation for peaceful purpose
– Development of airways, airport and air navigational
facilities
– Requirement for safe, regular, efficient and economic
travel
– Prevent uneconomic waste by unreasonable
competition

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 ICAO
• Provides opportunity to all countries to
operate internationally
• Avoid discrimination between member
countries
• Meets every three years to review
organization working and set future goals

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 International Air Transport
Association (IATA)
• International organization founded in 1919.
– To promote safe, regular and economic air transport.
– To foster air commerce and study the problems connected
therewith.
– To provide a mean for international collaboration
– To cooperate with ICAO and other international organizations.
• ICAO major focus is on setting standards where IATA is
primarily concerned with
– Traffic coordination
– Fares, rates and charges for travel agent commission
• Members are from individual airlines representing the
country

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US Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA)
• Objectives
– Promote safe air carrier operations
– Controlling the use of airways and promotes civil aeronautical
developments
– Research and development of air navigation facilities
– Enforce safety standards and regulations including aviation
system, equipment devices, materials, concept and procedures.
– Aircraft registration and issue of safety certificates
– Aviation accident evaluation
• Training and Education
– Advisory circulars
– Establishing design methods and standards

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Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority
• Created in December 1982
• Airport management and development
– Enforces high performance standards for efficiency and service
in airport operations and the development of air cargo industries
• Air service development
– Promotes safe and efficient commercial aviation
– Promotes trade and economic growth
• Air space management and organization
– Provides air traffic control service to ensure a safe expeditious
flow
– Provides search and rescue service
– Airspace capacity in cooperation with ICAO, IATA and other
groups.
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 CAA
• Regulatory and Advisory Services
– Regulate the operations of Pakistan
registered aircraft (training centres)
– Surveillance of aircraft engineering activities
– Regulates the operation of aerospace
industries and personnel fitness
– Advises the government on matter related
Civil Aviation Authority

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 Components of an Airport
• Airport
– Any area defined on the land (including any building,
installation and equipment) intended for arrival/
departure and movement of aircraft.
• Aircraft
– Flying machine heavier than airpower driven.
• Aviation
– Flying with the help of machines heavier than air.

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 Components of an Airport
• General Aviation
– General aviation is the term used to designate all
flying done other than by the commercial airlines.
• Airfield
– Portion of airport used exclusively for landing and
takeoff.
• International Airport
– Is one handling international air traffic and functioning
according to the rule set forth by ICAO. It contains
custom facilities in addition to normal facilities.

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Layout of an
Airport

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 Layout of Airport
• Terminal building-
– facilitates passengers arriving at or departing
from airport. These include enquiry counter,
telephone, security personals, restaurant,
visitor gallery, parking area, waiting rooms,
wash rooms, baggage clear section
• Apron-
– parking area for loading and unloading of
passengers
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 Layout of Airport
• Holding apron/ Warmup Pads/ Runup Pads
– located near the end of runway to hold the planes until runway
is clear or some plane that cannot take off due to malfunction.
Size should be large so that other planes ready to take off can
pas it.
• Taxiway
– connects runway with other parts of airport e.g aprons, hangers,
or paved path for taxing the aircraft to and from the runway.
• Hanger
– aircraft shelters and maintenance area.
• Air Traffic Control (ATC)
– includes control tower, guidance system, lighting system etc

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 Airport Types

• Conventional Take off and Landing

(CTOL)
– Most common (3-4 km) Lahore airport
– Serving general aviation as well as air carrier
• Reduced take off and Landing (RTOL)
– For smaller aircraft (85-145 passengers)
– Runway length 1000-1300 m
– May allow steep approach to reduce noise
and cost

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 Airport Types

• Short take off and Landing (STOL)

– Runway length 500-1000 m.
• Vertical takeoff and Landing
– Commonly called heliports
– Aircraft lift off and lands vertically
– Operational area 25-50 square meters

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 Airport Classification System

• Functional Classification
– US Airport Network
– British National Airport System
• Geometric Classification
– ICAO Airport Reference code
– FAA Classification

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Functional Classification

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