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Troubleshooting ATechniciansGuide-2ndEd Mostia TOC

This document is a chapter from a book on troubleshooting techniques for technicians. It discusses various methods for learning troubleshooting skills, including experience, apprenticeships, mentoring, classroom instruction, and individual study. It also outlines a seven-step logical/analytical framework for troubleshooting problems in a methodical manner, including defining the problem, collecting information, analyzing the information, determining if more information is needed, proposing a solution, testing the solution, and completing any repairs. The chapter provides an example of how to apply this seven-step procedure to troubleshoot an issue.

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Budes Daniel
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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0% found this document useful (1 vote)
301 views8 pages

Troubleshooting ATechniciansGuide-2ndEd Mostia TOC

This document is a chapter from a book on troubleshooting techniques for technicians. It discusses various methods for learning troubleshooting skills, including experience, apprenticeships, mentoring, classroom instruction, and individual study. It also outlines a seven-step logical/analytical framework for troubleshooting problems in a methodical manner, including defining the problem, collecting information, analyzing the information, determining if more information is needed, proposing a solution, testing the solution, and completing any repairs. The chapter provides an example of how to apply this seven-step procedure to troubleshoot an issue.

Uploaded by

Budes Daniel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Mostia2005.

book Page iii Wednesday, October 12, 2005 1:25 PM

TROUBLESHOOTING
A TECHNICIAN’S GUIDE

2ND EDITION

William L. Mostia, Jr., P. E.

ISA TECHNICIAN SERIES


Mostia2005.book Page vii Wednesday, October 12, 2005 1:25 PM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Learning to Troubleshoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1


1.1 Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Information and Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Diversity and Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Learning from Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Apprenticeships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Mentoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Classroom Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Individual Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 Logic and Logic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Chapter 2 The Basics of Failures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7


2.1 A Definition of Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 How Hardware Fails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.1 Measures of Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2.2 The Wear-out Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 How Software Fails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Environmental Effects on Failure Rates . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4.1 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.2 Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.3 Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.4 Exceeding Instrument Limits . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 Functional Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6 Systematic Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.7 Common-cause Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.8 Root-cause Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Chapter 3 Failure States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19


3.1 Overt and Covert Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 Directed Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2.1 Failure Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
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viii Table of Contents

3.3 Directed Failure States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21


3.4 What Failure States Indicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Chapter 4 Logical/Analytical Troubleshooting Frameworks . . . . . . . . 27


4.1 Logical/Analytical TroublEshooting Framework. . . . . 27
4.2 Specific Troubleshooting Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3 How a Specific Troubleshooting Framework Works . 33
4.4 Generic Logical/Analytical Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.5 A Seven-step Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.5.1 STEP 1: Define the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.5.2 STEP 2: Collect Information Regarding
the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.5.3 STEP 3: Analyze the Information . . . . . . . . 40
4.5.4 STEP 4: Determine Sufficiency of
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.5.5 STEP 5: Propose a Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.5.6 STEP 6: Test the Proposed Solution . . . . . . 47
4.5.7 STEP 7: The Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.6 An Example of How to Use the
Seven-step Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.6.1 STEP 1: Define the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.6.2 STEP 2: Collect Information Regarding
the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.6.3 STEP 3: Analyze the Information . . . . . . . . 49
4.6.4 STEP 4: Determine Sufficiency of
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.6.5 STEP 5: Propose a Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.6.6 STEP 6: Test the Proposed Solution . . . . . . 49
4.6.7 STEP 7: Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.7 Vendor Assistance Advantages and Pitfalls . . . . . . . 50
4.8 Why Troubleshooting Fails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.8.1 Lack of Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.8.2 Failure to Gather Data Properly. . . . . . . . . . 51
4.8.3 Failure to Look in the Right Places . . . . . . . 51
4.8.4 Dimensional Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
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Troubleshooting ix

Chapter 5 Other Troubleshooting Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59


5.1 Why Use Other Troubleshooting Methods? . . . . . . . 59
5.2 Substitution Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.3 Fault Insertion Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.4 “Remove and Conquer” Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.5 “Circle the Wagons” Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.6 Trapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.7 Complex to Simple Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.8 Consultation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.9 Intuition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.10 Out-of-the-Box Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Chapter 6 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.1 General Troubleshooting Safety Practices . . . . . . . . 69
6.2 Human Error in Industrial Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.2.1 Slips or Aberrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.2.2 Lack of Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.2.3 Overmotivation and Undermotivation . . . . . 72
6.2.4 Impossible Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
6.2.5 Mindset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
6.2.6 Errors by Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
6.3 Plant Hazards Faced During Troubleshooting . . . . . . 73
6.3.1 Personnel Hazards (Electrical). . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.3.2 General Practices When Working With
or Near Energized Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
6.3.3 Static Electricity Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.3.4 Mechanical Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.3.5 Stored Energy Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.3.6 Thermal Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.3.7 Chemical Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.4 Troubleshooting in Electrically Hazardous
(Classified) Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.4.1 Classification Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.4.2 Area Classification Standards. . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.4.3 Troubleshooting in Electrically
Hazardous Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.5 Protection, Procedures, and Permit Systems . . . . . . 95
6.5.1 Operations Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.5.2 Maintenance Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
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x Table of Contents

6.5.3 Work Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97


6.5.4 Loop Identification and System Interaction. . 98
6.5.5 Safety Instrumented Systems . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.5.6 Critical Instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Chapter 7 Tools and Test Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107


7.1 Hand Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.2 Contact-type Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
7.2.1 Volt-Ohm Meters (VOM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
7.2.2 Digital Multimeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.2.3 Oscilloscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.2.4 Voltage Probes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.2.5 Thermometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.2.6 Insulation Testers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.2.7 Ground Testers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.2.8 Contact Tachometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2.9 Motor/Phase Rotation Meters . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2.10 Circuit Tracers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2.11 Vibration Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.2.12 Protocol Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.2.13 Test Pressure Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.2.14 Portable Recorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.3 Noncontact Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.3.1 Clamp-on Amp Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.3.2 Static Charge Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.3.3 Magnetic Field Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.3.4 Noncontact Proximity Voltage Detectors . . 119
7.3.5 Magnetic Field/Current Detectors . . . . . . . 120
7.3.6 Circuit and Underground Cable Detectors . 120
7.3.7 PhotoTachometers and Stroboscopes . . . . 120
7.3.8 Clamp-On Ground Testers . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.3.9 Infrared Thermometer Guns and
Imaging Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.3.10 Leak Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.4 Simulators/Process Calibrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.5 Jumpers, Switch Boxes, and Traps . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.6 Documenting Test Equipment and Tests . . . . . . . . 125
7.7 Accuracy of Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
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Troubleshooting xi

Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Chapter 8 Troubleshooting Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129


8.1 Mechanical Instrumentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
8.1.1 Mechanical Field Recorder, EXAMPLE 1 . . 129
8.1.2 Mechanical Field Recorder, EXAMPLE 2 . . 130
8.1.3 Mechanical Field Recorder, EXAMPLE 3 . . 130
8.2 Process Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.2.1 Pressure Transmitter, EXAMPLE 1 . . . . . . 130
8.2.2 Pressure Transmitter, EXAMPLE 2 . . . . . . 131
8.2.3 Temperature Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.2.4 Flow Meter (Orifice Type) . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.3 Pneumatic Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.3.1 Pneumatic Transmitter, EXAMPLE 1 . . . . . 132
8.3.2 Pneumatic Transmitter, EXAMPLE 2 . . . . . 132
8.3.3 Pneumatic Transmitter, EXAMPLE 3 . . . . . 133
8.3.4 Pneumatic Transmitter, EXAMPLE 4 . . . . . 133
8.3.5 Pneumatic Transmitter, EXAMPLE 5 . . . . . 134
8.3.6 I/P (Current/Pneumatic) Transducer. . . . . . 134
8.4 Electrical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . 134
8.4.1 Electronic 4-20 mA Transmitter .... . . . . 134
8.4.2 Computer-Based Analyzer . . . . .... . . . . 135
8.4.3 Plant Section Instrument Power Lost. . . . . 136
8.4.4 Relay System. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . 136
8.5 Electronic Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
8.5.1 Current Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
8.5.2 Voltage Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.5.3 Control Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
8.5.4 Ground Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
8.6 Valves ..................... . . . . . . . . . . 144
8.6.1 Valve Leak-By, EXAMPLE 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 144
8.6.2 Valve Leak-By, EXAMPLE 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 145
8.6.3 Valve Oscillation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
8.7 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
8.7.1 Low Reading on Flow Transmitter. . . . . . . 145
8.7.2 Inaccurate Pay Meters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
8.7.3 Plant Material Balance Off . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
8.8 Programmable Electronic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.8.1 PLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.8.2 PLC Card. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.8.3 PLC Pump Out System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
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xii Table of Contents

8.9 Communication Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148


8.9.1 RS-232, EXAMPLE 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
8.9.2 RS-232, EXAMPLE 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
8.9.3 RS-485, EXAMPLE 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
8.9.4 RS-485, EXAMPLE 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
8.9.5 Fieldbus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
8.9.6 Programmable Logic Controller, Remote
Input-Output (PLC RIO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
8.9.7 Communication Loop Has Noise Problems . 150
8.9.8 Communication Loop Has Noise Problems . 151
8.10 Transient Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8.10.1 DCS with PC Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8.10.2 PC Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) . . . . . . . . . 152
8.10.3 Printer Periodically Goes Haywire . . . . . . 152
8.11 Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
8.11.1 PLC-Controlled Machine Trips. . . . . . . . . 153
8.11.2 PLC Relay “Race” Problem . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.11.3 FORTRAN Interface Program . . . . . . . . . 154
8.12 Flow Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.12.1 Flow Meter, EXAMPLE 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.12.2 Flow Meter, EXAMPLE 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
8.13 Level Meters . . . . . .............. . . . . . . . 155
8.13.1 Level Meter (D/P), EXAMPLE 1. . . . . . . . 155
8.13.2 Level Meter (D/P), EXAMPLE 2. . . . . . . . 156
8.13.3 Level Meter (Radar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
8.13.4 Level Meter (Ultrasonic Probe) . . . . . . . . 157

Chapter 9 Troubleshooting Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159


9.1 Mechanical Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
9.2 Process Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
9.3 Pneumatic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
9.4 Electronic Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
9.5 Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
9.6 Calibration Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
9.7 Tools and Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
9.8 Programmable Electronic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
9.9 Serial Communication Links (Loops) . . . . . . . . . . . 165
9.9.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
9.9.2 Modbus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
9.9.3 Communication Information Sources . . . . . . 169
9.10 Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) . . . . . . . . . . 169
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Troubleshooting xiii

9.11 Critical Instrument Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170


9.12 Electromagnetic Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
9.13 Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
9.14 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Chapter 10 Aids to Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175


10.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
10.2 Maintainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
10.2.1 Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
10.2.2 Accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
10.2.3 Testability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
10.2.4 Reparability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
10.2.5 Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
10.2.6 Accuracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
10.3 Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
10.4 Tagging and Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
10.5 Equipment Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
10.6 Manuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
10.7 Maintenance Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . 182
10.8 Vendor Technical Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
10.9 Direct Vendor Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
10.10 Maintenance Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Appendix A Answers to Quizzes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Appendix B Relevant Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Appendix C Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

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