Reporter: Date: Group No.: 2 Rating: Experiment No. 10 Ointments Questions: 1. State The Uses Of: A. Ointments
Reporter: Date: Group No.: 2 Rating: Experiment No. 10 Ointments Questions: 1. State The Uses Of: A. Ointments
Reporter: Date: Group No.: 2 Rating: Experiment No. 10 Ointments Questions: 1. State The Uses Of: A. Ointments
DATE:
GROUP NO.: 2
RATING:
Experiment No. 10
OINTMENTS
QUESTIONS:
1. State the uses of:
a. Ointments
- The topical ointment can be used to treat certain skin
infections such as infected wounds, burns, skin
grafts, boils, and acne.
b. Creams
- The provision of a barrier to protect the skin
This may be a physical barrier or a chemical barrier as
with sunscreens
- To aid in the retention of moisture (especially water-
in-oil creams)
- Cleansing
- Emollient effects
- As a vehicle for drug substances such as local
anaesthetics, anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs or
corticosteroids), hormones, antibiotics, antifungals
or counter-irritants.
c. Gels
- can be used to administer drugs via the skin or bodily
cavities, depending on the desired therapeutic effect
and the site of action or administration.
d. Pastes
- It consists of fatty base (e.g., petroleum jelly) and
at least 25% solid substance (e.g., zinc oxide).
Pastes are the semisolid preparations intended for
external application to the skin. Usually they are
thick and do not melt at normal temperature. Remain on
the area for longer duration.
- pastes may act to absorb moisture and chemicals within
the exudates.
- The opaque nature of pastes (due to the high solids
content) enables this formulation to be used as a
sunblock.
2-Absorption Bases:
-Absorption bases may be of two types:
(1) Those that permit the incorporation of aqueous
solutions, resulting in the formation of
W/O emulsions (ex. Hydrophilic Petrolatum and Anhydrous
Lanolin).
(2) Those that are already W/O emulsions (emulsion bases)
and permit the incorporation of
small, additional quantities of aqueous solutions (ex.
Lanolin and Cold Cream).
- These bases are useful as emollients—although they do
not provide the degree of occlusive
afforded by the oleaginous bases. On the other hand, they
are also useful pharmaceutically to
incorporate aqueous solutions of drugs, e.g., sodium
sulfacetamide, into oleaginous bases.
(1)a-Hydrophilic Petrolatum
- It is composed of cholesterol, stearyl alcohol, white
wax, and white petrolatum.
- It has the ability to absorb water, with the formation of
W/O emulsion.
(1)b- Anhydrous Lanolin
- Anhydrous Lanolin is insoluble in water, but mixes
without separation with about twice its
weight of water.
- The incorporation of water results in the formation of
a W/O emulsion.
- Although its rancid odor is offensive, this base finds
particular use as a vehicle for the
application of compound tincture of benzoin and sucrose to
treat bedsores.
(2)- a- Lanolin
Lanolin is a semisolid, fat-like substance obtained from
the wool of sheep. It is a W/O
emulsion that contains between 25 and 30 % water.
Additional water may be incorporated
into lanolin by mixing.
(2)-b-Cold Cream
- It is a semisolid, white, W/O emulsion prepared with
Cetyl esters wax, white wax, mineral
oil, sodium borate, and purified water.
- The sodium borate combines with the free fatty acids
present in the waxes to form sodium
soaps that act as the emulsifiers and makes the W/O
emulsion stable.
- Cold Cream is employed as an emollient and ointment
base.
4-Water-soluble Bases:
- Unlike, water-removable bases, which contain both
water-soluble and water-insoluble
components, water soluble bases contain only water-soluble
components.
- They are commonly referred to as "greaseless" because
of the absence of any oleaginous
materials.
- Because they soften greatly with the addition of
water, aqueous solutions are not effectively
incorporated into these bases, thus, they are better used
for the incorporation of non-aqueous
or solid substances.
- They are prepared by blending macrogols (poly ethylene
glycol (PEG)) of high and low
molecular weights.