Reporter: Date: Group No.: 2 Rating: Experiment No. 10 Ointments Questions: 1. State The Uses Of: A. Ointments

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REPORTER:

DATE:

GROUP NO.: 2
RATING:

Experiment No. 10
OINTMENTS

QUESTIONS:
1. State the uses of:

a. Ointments
- The topical ointment can be used to treat certain skin
infections such as infected wounds, burns, skin
grafts, boils, and acne.
b. Creams
- The provision of a barrier to protect the skin
This may be a physical barrier or a chemical barrier as
with sunscreens
- To aid in the retention of moisture (especially water-
in-oil creams)
- Cleansing
- Emollient effects
- As a vehicle for drug substances such as local
anaesthetics, anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs or
corticosteroids), hormones, antibiotics, antifungals
or counter-irritants.
c. Gels
- can be used to administer drugs via the skin or bodily
cavities, depending on the desired therapeutic effect
and the site of action or administration.
d. Pastes
- It consists of fatty base (e.g., petroleum jelly) and
at least 25% solid substance (e.g., zinc oxide).
Pastes are the semisolid preparations intended for
external application to the skin. Usually they are
thick and do not melt at normal temperature. Remain on
the area for longer duration.
- pastes may act to absorb moisture and chemicals within
the exudates.
- The opaque nature of pastes (due to the high solids
content) enables this formulation to be used as a
sunblock.

2. State 5 principles of compounding ointments.


a. Ointments prepared by Fusion method:
When an ointment base contain a number of solid
ingredients such as white beeswax, cetyl alcohol, stearyl
alcohol, stearic acid, hard paraffin, etc. as components
of the base, it is required to melted them. The melting
can be done in two methods:
Method-I The components are melted in the decreasing
order of their melting point i.e. the higher m.p.
substance should be melted first, the substances with
next melting point and so on. The medicament is added
slowly in the melted ingredients and stirred thoroughly
until the mass cools down and homogeneous product is
formed.
b. OINTMENT PREPARED BY TRITURATION
- This method is applicable in the base or a liquid present
in small amount.
(i) Solids are finely powdered are passed through a
sieve (# 250, # 180, #125).
(ii) The powder is taken on an ointment-slab and
triturated with a small amount of the base. A steel spatula
with long, broad blade is used. To this additional
quantities of the base are incorporated and triturated
until the medicament is mixed with the base.
(iii) Finally liquid ingredients are incorporated. To avoid
loss from splashing, a small volume of liquid is poured
into a depression in the ointment an thoroughly
incorporated before more is added in the same way.
Splashing is more easily controlled in a mortar than on a
tile.
Example:
(i) Whitfield ointment (Compound benzoic acid ointment
B.P.C.)
(ii) Salicylic acid sulphur ointment B.P.C.
c. OINTMENT PREPARATION BY CHEMICAL REACTION
Chemical reactions were involved in the preparation of
several famous ointments of the past, e.g. Strong
Mercuric Nitrate Ointment, of the 1959 B.P.C.(a) Ointment
containing free iodineIodine is only slightly soluble in
most fats and oils but readily soluble.Iodine is readily
soluble in concentrated solution of potassium iodide due
to the formation of molecular complexes KI.I2, KI.2I2,
KI.3I2 etc.These solutions may be incorporated in
absorption-type ointment bases.e.g. Strong Iodine
Ointment B.Vet.C (British Veterinary Pharmacopoeia) is
used to treat ringworm in cattle. It contains free
iodine. At one time this type of ointments were used as
counter-irritants in the treatment of human rheumatic
diseases but they were not popular because: They stain
the skin a deep red color.
d. Incorporation of solids
- The drug (the pink powder) is usually the smaller
quantity of the two ingredients. Add an amount of
the ointment that is approximately equal in size to
the drug.
- Spatulate the mixture, Continue adding until all of
the ointment is used. Spatulate after each addition.
e. Incorporation of Liquids
- Liquid substances are added to an ointment after
consideration of an ointment bases capacity to accept
the volume required.
- Small amount of an aqueous solution may be
incorporated into an oleaginous ointment
- Hydrophilic ointment bases readily accept aqueous
solution. Addition of aqueous preparation to a
hydrophobic base
- First the aqueous solution incorporated into a small
amount of a hydrophilic base.
- Second that mixture then added to the hydrophobic
abase.

3. What are the types of ointment bases? Give one example


each.

1-Hydrocarbon Bases (Oleaginous bases):


- They are water-free, and aqueous preparations may be
incorporated into them only in small
amounts.
- They are used chiefly for their emollient effect
because they are retained on the skin for
prolonged periods; do not permit the escape of moisture
from the skin to the atmosphere.
- As such they act as occlusive dressings.
A-Petrolatum (Yellow Petrolatum, Vaseline)
- Petrolatum is a mixture of semi-solid hydrocarbons
obtained from petroleum.
- Petrolatum is varying in color from yellowish to light
amber.
- It melts at temperatures between 38° and 60°C.
- It may be used alone or in combination with other
agents as an ointment base.
B-White Petrolatum (White Vaseline)
- It is petrolatum that has been decolorized; it differs
only in this respect to petrolatum and is
used for the same purpose.
- White petrolatum is more acceptable to a patient than
petrolatum.
C-Yellow Ointment (Simple Ointment)
Each 100g of Yellow Ointment contains 5 gm of yellow wax
and 95gm of petrolatum.
D-Mineral Oil (Liquid Petrolatum)
- It is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from
petroleum.
- It is useful as a levigating substance to wet and to
incorporate solid substances, e.g., salicylic
acid, zinc oxide, into the preparation of ointments that
consist of oleaginous bases as their
vehicle.

2-Absorption Bases:
-Absorption bases may be of two types:
(1) Those that permit the incorporation of aqueous
solutions, resulting in the formation of
W/O emulsions (ex. Hydrophilic Petrolatum and Anhydrous
Lanolin).
(2) Those that are already W/O emulsions (emulsion bases)
and permit the incorporation of
small, additional quantities of aqueous solutions (ex.
Lanolin and Cold Cream).
- These bases are useful as emollients—although they do
not provide the degree of occlusive
afforded by the oleaginous bases. On the other hand, they
are also useful pharmaceutically to
incorporate aqueous solutions of drugs, e.g., sodium
sulfacetamide, into oleaginous bases.
(1)a-Hydrophilic Petrolatum
- It is composed of cholesterol, stearyl alcohol, white
wax, and white petrolatum.
- It has the ability to absorb water, with the formation of
W/O emulsion.
(1)b- Anhydrous Lanolin
- Anhydrous Lanolin is insoluble in water, but mixes
without separation with about twice its
weight of water.
- The incorporation of water results in the formation of
a W/O emulsion.
- Although its rancid odor is offensive, this base finds
particular use as a vehicle for the
application of compound tincture of benzoin and sucrose to
treat bedsores.
(2)- a- Lanolin
Lanolin is a semisolid, fat-like substance obtained from
the wool of sheep. It is a W/O
emulsion that contains between 25 and 30 % water.
Additional water may be incorporated
into lanolin by mixing.
(2)-b-Cold Cream
- It is a semisolid, white, W/O emulsion prepared with
Cetyl esters wax, white wax, mineral
oil, sodium borate, and purified water.
- The sodium borate combines with the free fatty acids
present in the waxes to form sodium
soaps that act as the emulsifiers and makes the W/O
emulsion stable.
- Cold Cream is employed as an emollient and ointment
base.

3-Water- miscible/removable Bases:


- They are O/W emulsions that are capable of being
washed from skin or clothing with water.
- These bases, which resemble creams in appearance, may
be diluted with water or with
aqueous solutions.
- From a therapeutic viewpoint, they have the ability to
absorb serous discharges in
dermatologic conditions.
- Certain medicinal agents may be better absorbed by the
skin when present in a base of this
type than in other types of bases.
Hydrophilic Ointment
- It contains sodium lauryl sulphate as the emulsifying
agent, with stearyl alcohol and white
petrolatum representing the oleaginous phase of the
emulsion and propylene glycol and water
representing the aqueous phase.
- Methyl paraben and propyl paraben are used to preserve
the ointment against microbial
growth.

4-Water-soluble Bases:
- Unlike, water-removable bases, which contain both
water-soluble and water-insoluble
components, water soluble bases contain only water-soluble
components.
- They are commonly referred to as "greaseless" because
of the absence of any oleaginous
materials.
- Because they soften greatly with the addition of
water, aqueous solutions are not effectively
incorporated into these bases, thus, they are better used
for the incorporation of non-aqueous
or solid substances.
- They are prepared by blending macrogols (poly ethylene
glycol (PEG)) of high and low
molecular weights.

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