RIO Reference Manual

OMICRON Test Universe

Article Number VESD5000 - Manual Version: RIO.AE.3

© OMICRON electronics 2002. All rights reserved.
This Reference Manual is a publication of OMICRON electronics GmbH, Oberes Ried 1, 6833 Klaus,
Austria.
All rights including translation reserved. Reproduction of any kind, e.g., photocopying, microfilming or
storage in electronic data processing systems, requires the explicit consent of OMICRON electronics.
Reprinting, wholly or in part, is not permitted.
This Reference Manual represents the technical status at the time of printing. The product information,
specifications, and all technical data contained within this reference manual are not contractually
binding. OMICRON electronics reserves the right to make changes at any time to the technology and/or
configuration without announcement. OMICRON electronics is not to be held liable for statements and
declarations given in this reference manual. The user is responsible for every application described in
this reference manual and its results. OMIRON electronics explicitly exonerates itself from all liability
for mistakes in this manual.

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 RIO - Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Table of Contents ............................................................................................3

1 Introduction to RIO ................................................................................ 9

2 Basic Elements of the RIO Format ....................................................... 11

2.1 RIO Format Structure ...................................................................................... 11
2.1.1 Blocks ...............................................................................................................................11
2.1.2 Rows ................................................................................................................................12
2.1.3 Dependencies ...................................................................................................................13
2.1.4 Unknown Data .................................................................................................................14
2.1.5 Error Output from the RIO Parser ......................................................................................14
2.1.6 RIO Parser Corrections.......................................................................................................16
2.2 Lexical Elements.............................................................................................. 16
2.2.1 Separators ........................................................................................................................16
2.2.2 Comment .........................................................................................................................17
2.2.3 Floating Point Constant.....................................................................................................18
2.2.4 Integer Constant ...............................................................................................................18
2.2.5 String Constant.................................................................................................................19
2.2.6 Boolean Constant .............................................................................................................20
2.2.7 Keywords..........................................................................................................................20
2.3 DEVICE Block .................................................................................................. 21
2.3.1 DEVICE Block Structure .....................................................................................................22
NAME............................................................................................................................................... 23
MANUFACTURER .............................................................................................................................. 23
SERIALNO ......................................................................................................................................... 23
DEVICE-TYPE..................................................................................................................................... 23
DEVICE-ADDRESS.............................................................................................................................. 23
SUBSTATION..................................................................................................................................... 23
SUBSTATION-ADDRESS ..................................................................................................................... 24
BAY .................................................................................................................................................. 24
BAY-ADDRESS................................................................................................................................... 24
PROTECTED-OBJECT-NAME ............................................................................................................... 24
ADDITIONAL-INFO2 .......................................................................................................................... 24
PHASES............................................................................................................................................. 24
VNOM .............................................................................................................................................. 24
VMAX-LL .......................................................................................................................................... 25
VPRIM-LL .......................................................................................................................................... 25
INOM ............................................................................................................................................... 25
IMAX................................................................................................................................................ 25
IPRIM................................................................................................................................................ 25
FNOM............................................................................................................................................... 25

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 OMICRON Test Universe

DEGLITCHTIME ................................................................................................................................. 26
DEBOUNCETIME ............................................................................................................................... 26
ININOM ............................................................................................................................................ 26
VLNVN.............................................................................................................................................. 27
2.3.3 Example for the “Device” Block .........................................................................................27

3 Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules .................................. 29

3.1 Structure of the DISTANCE Block ..................................................................... 29
3.2 Row and Value Descriptions............................................................................ 37
ACTIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 37
LINEANGLE ....................................................................................................................................... 37
PTCONN ........................................................................................................................................... 38
CTSTARPOINT ................................................................................................................................... 38
IMPCORR .......................................................................................................................................... 38
IMPPRIM........................................................................................................................................... 39
ARCRES............................................................................................................................................. 39
TTOLPLUS ......................................................................................................................................... 39
TTOLMINUS ...................................................................................................................................... 39
TTOLREL ........................................................................................................................................... 39
ZTOLREL ........................................................................................................................................... 40
ZTOLABS........................................................................................................................................... 40
KL..................................................................................................................................................... 40
RERL_XEXL........................................................................................................................................ 40
Z0Z1................................................................................................................................................. 41
KM ................................................................................................................................................... 41
RMRL_XMXL ..................................................................................................................................... 41
Z0MZ1.............................................................................................................................................. 42
TCBTRIP ............................................................................................................................................ 42
TCBCLOSE......................................................................................................................................... 42
PERC52A .......................................................................................................................................... 42
PERC52B........................................................................................................................................... 42
LINELENGTH ..................................................................................................................................... 43
Defines the length of the line in Ohms. If it is not set the length is undefined. ................................... 43
TYPE ................................................................................................................................................. 43
FAULTLOOP ...................................................................................................................................... 44
LABEL ............................................................................................................................................... 44
TRIPTIME .......................................................................................................................................... 44
ACTIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 44
INDEX............................................................................................................................................... 45
LINE.................................................................................................................................................. 45
LINEP................................................................................................................................................ 45
ARC .................................................................................................................................................. 46
ARCP ................................................................................................................................................ 46
INVERT ............................................................................................................................................. 46
AUTOCLOSE...................................................................................................................................... 47
ANGLE.............................................................................................................................................. 47
REACH.............................................................................................................................................. 47
OFFSET ............................................................................................................................................. 48
WIDTH.............................................................................................................................................. 48
AB .................................................................................................................................................... 48
TESTMODE ....................................................................................................................................... 48

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 RIO - Table of Contents

ITEST ................................................................................................................................................ 48
VTEST ............................................................................................................................................... 48
TPREFAULT ....................................................................................................................................... 49
TMAXFAULT ..................................................................................................................................... 49
TPOSTFAULT ..................................................................................................................................... 49
FAULTINCMODE ............................................................................................................................... 49
FAULTINCANGLE............................................................................................................................... 49
DCOFFSET......................................................................................................................................... 49
TREF ................................................................................................................................................. 50
ALLOWRED ....................................................................................................................................... 50
ZS..................................................................................................................................................... 50
KS..................................................................................................................................................... 50
KSISKL .............................................................................................................................................. 50

4 Overcurrent Test Module ..................................................................... 57

4.1 Structure of the OVERCURRENT Block ............................................................. 57
ACTIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 60
DISPLAY_ABSOLUTE .......................................................................................................................... 60
ITOL.................................................................................................................................................. 60
TTOL................................................................................................................................................. 60
PTCONN ........................................................................................................................................... 60
CTSTARPOINT ................................................................................................................................... 61
DIRECTIONAL.................................................................................................................................... 61
NAME (in subblock GROUP) .............................................................................................................. 61
NAME (in subblock UNIT).................................................................................................................. 61
ACTIVE (in subblock UNIT) ................................................................................................................ 62
IPICKUP............................................................................................................................................. 62
TINDEX ............................................................................................................................................. 62
PREDEFCHAR .................................................................................................................................... 62
CHAR................................................................................................................................................ 63
CHARI2T ........................................................................................................................................... 63
NAME (in subblock TABLE) ................................................................................................................ 64
POINT ............................................................................................................................................... 64

5 Basic and Advanced Differential Test Modules ................................... 69

5.1 Structure of the DIFFERENTIAL Block ............................................................... 69
5.2 Row and Value Descriptions............................................................................ 72
ACTIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 72
WINDING-COUNT ............................................................................................................................. 72
REF-WINDING ................................................................................................................................... 72
OBJECT-TYPE..................................................................................................................................... 72
ITOL.................................................................................................................................................. 72
TTOL................................................................................................................................................. 73
TREF ................................................................................................................................................. 73
TRET ................................................................................................................................................. 73
TMAX ............................................................................................................................................... 73
IREF .................................................................................................................................................. 73
USECT............................................................................................................................................... 73
CONVRELAY...................................................................................................................................... 74

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NAME............................................................................................................................................... 74
INULL-ELIMINATION.......................................................................................................................... 74
CONNECTION ................................................................................................................................... 74
CONNECTIONNUMBER...................................................................................................................... 74
NOM-PD-PH ..................................................................................................................................... 74
NOM-CT-PH...................................................................................................................................... 75
GROUNDING-CT-PH .......................................................................................................................... 75
NOM-PD-N ....................................................................................................................................... 75
NOM-CT-N ....................................................................................................................................... 75
GROUNDING-CT-N............................................................................................................................ 75
VN.................................................................................................................................................... 75
SN .................................................................................................................................................... 76
GROUNDING-TRF .............................................................................................................................. 76
ACTIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 76
IDIFF>> ........................................................................................................................................... 76
TDIFF>> .......................................................................................................................................... 76
IDIFF> .............................................................................................................................................. 76
TDIFF> ............................................................................................................................................. 77
DEFBIAS............................................................................................................................................ 77
BIASDIVISOR..................................................................................................................................... 77
TOLHARM......................................................................................................................................... 77
ORDER-HARM................................................................................................................................... 77
DELAYHARM..................................................................................................................................... 78
START............................................................................................................................................... 78
LINE.................................................................................................................................................. 78
STOP ................................................................................................................................................ 78
ACTIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 79
METHOD .......................................................................................................................................... 79
I-PICKUP> ........................................................................................................................................ 79
D-PHI................................................................................................................................................ 79
TTRIP> ............................................................................................................................................. 79

6 Meter Test Module .............................................................................. 87

6.1 Structure of the METER Block.......................................................................... 87
6.2 Row and Value Descriptions............................................................................ 87
ACTIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 87
TYPE ................................................................................................................................................. 88
DIRECTION........................................................................................................................................ 88
QUADRANT ...................................................................................................................................... 88
PULSE_TYPE ...................................................................................................................................... 88
CERTIFIED ......................................................................................................................................... 89
CLASS............................................................................................................................................... 89
PULSES_PER_REV .............................................................................................................................. 89
SETTLING .......................................................................................................................................... 89
CONSTANT ....................................................................................................................................... 89
V_PRIM............................................................................................................................................. 90
V_SEC............................................................................................................................................... 90
I_PRIM .............................................................................................................................................. 90
I_SEC ................................................................................................................................................ 90

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 RIO - Table of Contents

7 Synchronizer Test Module ................................................................... 93

7.1 Structure of the SYNCHRO Block ..................................................................... 93
7.2 Row and Value Descriptions............................................................................ 94
ACTIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 94
TCBCLOSE......................................................................................................................................... 94
TG_PHASE_SHIFT .............................................................................................................................. 94
.........................................................................................................................................STARTING 95
PHASE-SEQUENCE1 .......................................................................................................................... 95
PHASE-SYSTEM1............................................................................................................................... 95
PHASE-SEQUENCE2 .......................................................................................................................... 95
PHASE-SYSTEM2............................................................................................................................... 96
D-VMAX ........................................................................................................................................... 96
D-VMIN ............................................................................................................................................ 96
VTOLABS .......................................................................................................................................... 96
VTOLREL ........................................................................................................................................... 96
D-FMAX............................................................................................................................................ 97
D-FMIN............................................................................................................................................. 97
FTOLABS ........................................................................................................................................... 97
FTOLREL............................................................................................................................................ 97
D-PHASEANGLE ................................................................................................................................ 97
PHASEANGLE-TOLABS....................................................................................................................... 98
PHASEANGLE-TOLREL ....................................................................................................................... 98
INNER_LIMIT..................................................................................................................................... 98
OUTER_LIMIT.................................................................................................................................... 98

7.3 Example for Synchronizing .............................................................................. 99

8 Transducer Test Module .................................................................... 103

8.1 Structure of the TRANSDUCER Block.............................................................. 103
8.2 Row and Value Descriptions.......................................................................... 104
ACTIVE ........................................................................................................................................... 104
TRDCR_OUT.................................................................................................................................... 104
ANGLE_REF..................................................................................................................................... 104
ERROR_REF ..................................................................................................................................... 104
SETTLING ........................................................................................................................................ 105
TYPE ............................................................................................................................................... 105
TOLERANCE .................................................................................................................................... 105
PHASES........................................................................................................................................... 105
TYPE ............................................................................................................................................... 106
SYMMETRICAL ................................................................................................................................ 106
MIN_INP ......................................................................................................................................... 106
MIN_OUT ....................................................................................................................................... 106
KNEE_INP ....................................................................................................................................... 107
KNEE_OUT...................................................................................................................................... 107
MAX_INP........................................................................................................................................ 107
MAX_OUT ...................................................................................................................................... 107
SAT_OUT ........................................................................................................................................ 107

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9 VI-Starting Test Module ..................................................................... 111

9.1 Structure of the VI-Starting Block .................................................................. 111
9.2 Row and Value Descriptions.......................................................................... 111
ACTIVE ........................................................................................................................................... 111
ITOL................................................................................................................................................ 111
VTOL .............................................................................................................................................. 112
Specifies the tolerance value of the test voltage threshold................................................................ 112
I> .................................................................................................................................................. 112
I>> ............................................................................................................................................... 112
VLN(I>) ......................................................................................................................................... 112
VLN(I>>) ...................................................................................................................................... 112
VLL(I>) .......................................................................................................................................... 112
VLL(I>>) ....................................................................................................................................... 113

9.3 Example for VI-Starting ................................................................................. 113

10 Revision History ................................................................................. 115

Manufacturer Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

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 RIO - Introduction to RIO

1 Introduction to RIO
The Relay Interface by OMICRON (RIO) was developed out of a need for a
uniform data format for the parameters and settings of protective relays
produced by different manufacturers. RIO provides a common structure to
allow functionally similar relays from diverse manufacturers to be tested with
similar test procedures. Moreover, RIO permits relay settings and
characteristics to be imported into the OMICRON Test Universe software from
external sources.
Since RIO’s inception, it has established itself as the quasi-standard for storing
relay data. Various manufacturers of protective relays have adopted RIO for
exporting relay data to support testing and, in some cases, configuration.
The RIO format is open and is not proprietary to a specific relay manufacturer
or limited to a specific relay type. Moreover, RIO can be extended to handle
future requirements for protective relay testing.
RIO files are ASCII text based. Hence, they can be read and modified by any text
editor, or can be output from software programs. RIO uses a structure
involving keywords, blocks, and nesting. Indentation aids in visualizing
hierarchy and grouping of entries. Much of its notation has been carried over
from modern programming languages, including the ability to add comments
to make the RIO file readable and understandable.

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 RIO - Basic Elements of the RIO Format

2 Basic Elements of the RIO Format

The RIO format consists of:
Ÿ a nested block structure
Ÿ lexical elements
- nested comments
- floating point
- integer
- boolean and string constants
- keywords

2.1 RIO Format Structure

RIO data is organized in a block structure. A block can aggregate rows and
other blocks, called subblocks. If blocks are nested in other blocks, they can
appear in any order but must adhere to the block hierarchy. Every block and
row has a name which serves as a type of keyword.
The reasons for organizing the RIO data in a block structure include:
Ÿ The RIO format can be extended for a new function just by adding a
new block describing the parameters for the test function.
Ÿ The Omicron Universal RIO Parser (OMURP), which reads and writes RIO
files, can easily be extended for new test functions.
Ÿ Blocks used in different test functions (e.g. characteristics) can be used
multiple times.
Ÿ Blocks can be combined from other test functions to create new test
object descriptions.

2.1.1 Blocks
Every RIO file must contain at least one TESTOBJECT block. Moreover, the
TESTOBJECT block must contain a DEVICE block.
Multiple TESTOBJECT blocks are allowed at the outermost block-level. Outside
the outermost blocks, no data may appear excepted comments.
A block can have a minimal and maximal cardinality. The minimum cardinality
describes how often a block must appear when it is nested. The exception to
this is the TESTOBJECT block which is “nested” in the RIO file.

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In a similar manner, the maximum cardinality describes how often a block may
appear. The maximum must be greater or equal to the minimum cardinality.
Theoretically the maximum value for the maximum cardinality can be infinite.
Additionally a block can be related to other blocks or rows.
For detailed informations about these relationships, refer to Section 2.1.3
"Dependencies" on page 13.

2.1.2 Rows
A block also may contain rows. Similar to blocks, every row has a minimum
and maximum cardinality. Additionally a row can be related to other rows or
blocks. For detailed informations about these relationships see Section 2.1.3
"Dependencies" on page 13.
Every row has a name and a set of values. The name serves as a keyword for
that row. The set of values holds the data of that row. A value could be one of
the following types:
Ÿ Integer

- freely defined.1

- defined within a range.2

- defined within an enumeration.3

Ÿ Double

- freely defined.1

- defined within a range.2

- defined within an enumeration.3

Ÿ Boolean
- Possible values are TRUE or FALSE, or
- YES or NO.
Ÿ String
- freely defined. Any kind of string is allowed.

- defined within an enumeration.3

1
Means the value is not restricted in any way. TheoreticalIy it can have a range of -¥ ... +¥.
2
The value range is bounded by a minimum and a maximum. The bounds are included.
3
The allowed values are provided in an enumeration list.

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 RIO - Basic Elements of the RIO Format

For some value data, a default value may be defined. The parser uses the
default value if no value was set.
A value can be made optional. In such cases, if the value is missing, the parser
does not produce an error message and does not use the default value while
reading a RIO file.

2.1.3 Dependencies
Blocks and rows can be depended on each other in logical relationships such
as OR, AND, or XOR.
If blocks and rows are in an AND relationship, all of them must exist in the RIO
file at least once. In an OR relationship, one of them must exist. In an XOR
relationship, only one of them can exist in the RIO file.
Ÿ If row X and row Y are in an AND relationship in a block Z, there is only
one correct RIO entry:
BEGIN Z
X value1, value2
Y value1, value2
END Z
Ÿ If row X and row Y are in an OR relationship in a block Z, there are three
possibilities for describing the block Z in the RIO file:
a) BEGIN Z
X value1, value2
Y value1, value2
END Z
b) BEGIN Z
X value1, value2
END Z
c) BEGIN Z
Y value1, value2
END Z
Ÿ If row X and row Y are in a XOR relationship, there are two ways to
describe the block Z including X and Y:
a) BEGIN Z
X value1, value2
END Z
b) BEGIN Z
Y value1, value2
END Z

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It is also possible to have row/block and block/block relationships. The various

logical relationships have the same meaning as the row/row relationships.

2.1.4 Unknown Data

Unknown blocks and rows generally have no affect on the RIO parser when
reading RIO files. The parser ignores them in terms of performing special
operations, but keeps track of where the unknown data occurred. When the
parser outputs a RIO file, it tries to write the unknown data at the same
locations as before.

2.1.5 Error Output from the RIO Parser

The RIO parser produces error messages during parsing if the RIO file was not
defined according to the RIO specifications. Error messages include:
Ÿ “The parser block structure is invalid”
Means that there are mismatched END/BEGIN statement. It is possible
that an END or a BEGIN keyword is missing.
Ÿ “Wrong token found”
Means that a string was read which is not part of the RIO format.
Ÿ “Too much RIO data”
Means that a row or block is restricted to a maximum cardinality and the
count of read rows/block exceeds this maximum limit.
Ÿ “Row: name is missing”
Means there is a violation of the minimum cardinality of rows.
Ÿ “Block: name is missing”
Means there is a violation of the minimum cardinality of blocks.
Ÿ “RIO data of OR relationship still missing. Involved context:
name1,...”
Means a violation of an OR relationship has occurred, because none of
the specified rows/blocks within this relationship are present in the RIO
file. The involved context shows the names of the blocks/rows which are
part of this relationship. To correct the RIO file, add one of these
rows/blocks.

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 RIO - Basic Elements of the RIO Format

Ÿ “RIO data of AND relationship still missing. Involved context:

name1,...”
Means that an AND relationship is violated, because one or more of the
specified rows/blocks within this relationship are not present in the RIO
file. The involved context shows the names of the blocks/rows which are
missing data. To correct the RIO file, add all of the rows/blocks which are
shown as the involved context.
Ÿ “RIO data of XOR relationship still missing. Involved context:
name1,...”
Means that an XOR relationship has been violated, because none of the
specified rows/blocks within this relationship are present in the RIO file.
The involved context shows the names of the blocks/rows which are part
of this relation. To correct the RIO file, add only one of these
rows/blocks.
Ÿ “RIO data in XOR conflict. Involved context: name1,...”
Means that the XOR relationship has a conflict, because more than one
elements that are part of the relationship are present. To correct the RIO
file, delete all but one row/block in this relationship.
Ÿ “Row: name Invalid name of RIO data”
Means that the parser found a row within a block which is not part of
the specification of the block. It is a warning to inform you that
unknown data was found. This unknown data will be written back
without any changes.
Ÿ “Block: name Invalid name of RIO data”
Means that the parser found a subblock within a block which is not part
of the specification. It is a warning to inform you that unknown data
was found. The unknown data will be written back without any
changes.
Ÿ “Invalid value type.”
Means that the actual read value differs from the expected. For example,
if a row X specifies one value of type integer, the parser reports this error
if while reading this row it encounters a value like “3.5”.
Ÿ “Value still missing”
Means that a row is missing its value and it was not previously specified
as an optional value or given a default value.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

Ÿ “Violation of value restriction. Please check specification.”

Means that a value was encountered that is outside of the specified
enumeration or bounds range. For example, a row with one double
value and a lower bound of zero results in an error if a value of “-1” is
entered.
Ÿ “Invalid value index.”
Means that a given row has more values than specified. This message
occurs if more values are entered for one row than were specified.

2.1.6 RIO Parser Corrections

The RIO parser can be defined in different ways to correct corrupt RIO files.
However, these functions are for special use. They are not used except in
deleting rows or blocks which violate the specification for the maximum
cardinality. Items are deleted if they exceed the specified bound. The last invalid
data is the first delete [last-in/first-out (LIFO).]
In addition, the parser passes over unknown data, which means that the
unknown data is written back without any changes. This behavior is not
elaborated on in later sections for the various test module RIO specifications,
because it is valid for all rows and blocks of all test modules by default.

2.2 Lexical Elements

In this chapter we describe the syntax to write a RIO file.

2.2.1 Separators
A distinction is made between three kinds of separators: commas, spaces, and
tabs.
1. Commas are used to separate different values of a row. All types of
values, such as integers, doubles, and string values, can be separate
with a comma.
2. Tabs and spaces are used to separate non string values on the one hand
and keywords on the other hand. Every begin and end of a block must
be separate with tabs or spaces from the block name. The following
example shows a wrong setting of a block:
BEGINZ
ENDZ
These two lines will not be interpreted as a Z block. The parser reads
them as two separate lines with the names “BEGINZ” and “ENDZ”. To
declare a Z block, write the lines with spaces or tabs.

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 RIO - Basic Elements of the RIO Format

BEGIN Z
END Z.
Please note that spaces and tabs cannot separate values of type string.
To separate string values, use commas only. The reason is that it is
possible to write string values with or without quotes.
Suppose that a row X was specified with two string values. One way to
write it is with quotes like:
X “The first value”, “The second value”
On the other, it is also possible to write the row X without quotes like
X The first value, The second value.
The restriction is needed to separate strings with commas only.
Otherwise, there would be six unintended values in the example above.

2.2.2 Comment
In a RIO file, comments have the following forms.
Ÿ REM comments. The keyword “REM” indicates the beginning of the
comment. It terminates at the end of the line. A separator is required
between the REM keyword and the beginning of the comment text. This
is similar to the “remark” comments used in batch files. For example:
REM This is a REM comment
Ÿ C-line comments. The syntax “//” or “;” mark the begin of this kind of
comment. Like the REM comment, they terminate at the end of the line.
This is similar to the line comments used in the C programming
language. For example:
// This is a C-line comment
; This is another C-line comment
Ÿ C-block comment. It is bounded with “/*” at the beginning and “*/” at
the end of the comment. The whole text between these delimiters is
part of the comment. This is similar to the block comments used in the C
programming language. For example:
/* This is a block comment
with multiple
lines */

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 OMICRON Test Universe

2.2.3 Floating Point Constant

The syntax for floating point constants is given as:
[whitespace][sign][uint][.[uint]] [{e | E}[sign]uint]
sign plus (+) or minus (-).
uint unsigned integer.

e or E optional. Means 10 to some power, such as 10+4.

A separator must follow floating point constants. The separators comma,
tabulator, and whitespace are allowed for floating point constants. Some
examples are shown below:
13.5 is read as a floating point constant.
13 is also read as a floating point constant if the
corresponding value was defined.
13.5 abc is read as a floating point constant followed by a string
constant
13.14abc is read as a string constant and not as a floating point
constant followed by a string constant
abc13.14de is also read as a string constant

2.2.4 Integer Constant

The syntax for integer constants is given as:
[whitespace] [sign] [0{x | X}] [uint]
sign plus (+) or minus (-).
uint unsigned integer or hexidecimal integer.
0x or 0X optional. Means the number is hexidemical.
A separator must follow integer constants. The separators comma, tabulator
and whitespace are allowed.
For example:

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 RIO - Basic Elements of the RIO Format

13 is read as a integer constant

13.5 is read as the integer constant 14 if the type of the
corresponding value was defined as an integer
13.4 is read as the integer constant 13
13, abc is read as a integer constant followed by a string
constant
13abc is read as a string-constant and not as a integer
constant followed by a string constant
abc13de is also read as a string constant.

2.2.5 String Constant

A string constant is defined as any text. The text can be written in quotation
marks. Therefore, the separators for string values have to be commas only (“,“).
If the row is specified to hold only one string value, the whole text is read as a
string. Comments are only valid at the beginning and the end of the string. For
example in a row X:
Ÿ X /*comment*/ This is an example /*comment*/
The string for the first value of the row X is “This is an example”.
Ÿ X /*comment*/ “This is /*pseudo-comment */ an example”
/*comment*/
The string for the first value of the row X is “This is /* pseudo-
comment*/ an example”.
Ÿ X 1234.6685
Will be read as the string 1234.6685 for the first value of row X,
because the first value type of row X was defined to be a string.
Ÿ X “1234.6685”
Will also be read as the string 1234.6685 for the first value of row X.
If the row is specified to hold more than one value, the string values must be
separated with the comma separator. Otherwise, all characters are read as one
string. If row X is specified as a row with two values, the first one as a string
and the second as an integer value.
Ÿ X This is text, 123
It will be read as “This is text” for the first value and “123” as an integer
for the second

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 OMICRON Test Universe

Ÿ X This is a text 123

It will be read as the string “This is a text 123” for the first value and a
missing value for the second.

2.2.6 Boolean Constant

Boolean constants can be TRUE or FALSE. It is also permitted to write them as
YES or NO. They do not have to be written in uppercase letters, but it is
recommended for readability. For example for a given row X:
Ÿ X TRUE
Ÿ X FALSE
Ÿ X True
Ÿ X False
Ÿ X Yes
Ÿ X NO

2.2.7 Keywords
Keywords are names assigned to blocks and rows and also are used as part of
the delimiters for a block. The delimiters for a block are BEGIN and END
followed by a whitespace or tabulator and the name of the block. BEGIN shows
the beginning of the block and END the end. Keywords are not case-sensetive.
For example:
Ÿ BEGIN my_Block1
Row1 value1, value2
Row2 value1
END my_Block1
Ÿ Begin my_Block1
Row1 value1
Row2 value2

Begin my_Block2
Row1 value1
Row2 value2
End my_Block2

End my_Block1

20
 RIO - Basic Elements of the RIO Format

2.3 DEVICE Block

The next sections describe the block definitions within a RIO file used by the
various test modules in the OMICRON Test Universe.
The DEVICE block comes first, because it is part of every test module and
describes common settings of a device. Then, the RIO specifications are
described for OMICRON Distance, OMICRON Overcurrent, OMICRON
Differential (which includes basic and advanced), and OMICRON Meter test
modules.
The DEVICE block describes general data for the relay. In the DEVICE block, only
data is stored that is not specific to any protection function. The ININOM and
the VLVN row have been added in OMICRON Test Universe 1.3. Older versions
of the RIO parser ignore these new rows and write them back with no
modifications.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

2.3.1 DEVICE Block Structure

The DEVICE block has a flat structure. It contains no subblocks and no context
relationship between rows. Every row can be either omitted or supplied once.
Table 2-1:
Device structure
Keyword Min Max Refer to
BEGIN DEVICE 0 1
NAME 0 1 page 23
MANUFACTURER 0 1 page 23
SERIALNO 0 1 page 23
DEVICE-TYPE 0 1 page 23
DEVICE-ADDRESS 0 1 page 23
SUBSTATION 0 1 page 23
SUBSTATION_ADRESS 0 1 page 24
BAY 0 1 page 24
BAY-ADDRESS 0 1 page 24
PROTECTED-OBJECT-NAME 0 1 page 24
ADDITIONAL-INFO2 0 1 page 24
PHASES 0 1 page 24
VNOM 0 1 page 24
VMAX-LL 0 1 page 25
VPRIM-LL 0 1 page 25
INOM 0 1 page 25
IMAX 0 1 page 25
IPRIM 0 1 page 25
FNOM 0 1 page 25
DEGLITCHTIME 0 1 page 26
DEBOUNCSTIME 0 1 page 26
ININOM 0 1 page 26
VLNVN 0 1 page 27
END DEVICE

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 RIO - Basic Elements of the RIO Format

2.3.2 Row and Value Descriptions

NAME

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String No restrictions - Yes
The name or description of the device.

MANUFACTURER

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String No restrictions - Yes
The name of the manufacturer of the device.

SERIALNO

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String No restrictions - Yes
The serial- or model-number of the device.

DEVICE-TYPE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String No restrictions - Yes
The type of the device.

DEVICE-ADDRESS

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String No restrictions - Yes
The address of the device.

SUBSTATION

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String No restrictions - Yes
The name of the plant.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

SUBSTATION-ADDRESS

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String No restrictions - Yes
The address of the plant.

BAY

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String No restrictions - Yes
The name of the device feeder.

BAY-ADDRESS

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String No restrictions - Yes
The address of the device feeder.

PROTECTED-OBJECT-NAME

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String No restrictions - Yes
The name of the protected equipment. Also called “additional information1”.

ADDITIONAL-INFO2

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String No restrictions - Yes

PHASES

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Integer- 2; 3 3 No
Enumeration
The number of phases.

VNOM

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 100.0 No

The nominal or secondary voltage in volts L-L.

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 RIO - Basic Elements of the RIO Format

VMAX-LL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 200.0 No

The maximum voltage in volts L-L that the test device should be able to output
(max. possible values are determined by the test hardware).

VPRIM-LL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 110000.0 No

The primary voltage in volt L-L.

INOM

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 1.0 No

The nominal or secondary current Ampere.

IMAX

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 50.0 No

The maximal current in ampere that the test device should be able to output.
(max. possible values are determined by the test hardware).

IPRIM

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 1000.0 No

The primary current in ampere.

FNOM

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 50.0 No

The nominal frequency in Hertz.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

DEGLITCHTIME

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

The deglitch time in seconds. This value is used where signal smoothing
algorithms are implemented.
Figure 2-1:
Deglitch time t

Signal before filter:

Signal after filter:

DEBOUNCETIME

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

The debounce time in seconds. This value is used where signal smoothing
algorithms are implemented.
Figure 2-2:
Debounce time t

Signal before the filter:

Signal after the filter:

ININOM

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥ ... +¥ 1.0 No

The ININOM parameter and the VLNVN parameter are only relevant if the relay
has separate potential/current transformers for the residual voltage/current (to

26
 RIO - Basic Elements of the RIO Format

increase their sensitivity). The ratio of these separate transformers relative to

the transformer ratios of the single phases is expressed as a factor.
The factors ININOM and VLNVN are supported by the Distance and Advanced
Distance modules.

VLNVN

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥ ... +¥ sqrt(3.0) No

For detailed information please refer to ININOM on page 26

2.3.3 Example for the “Device” Block

The following shows an example of a device block within a RIO file and the
corresponding Device settings dialog.

BEGIN DEVICE
NAME "Anlage ABB/Abzweig 2"
DEVICE-TYPE "ABB LZ95"
SUBSTATION "Anlage ABB"
BAY "Abzweig 2"
PHASES 3
VNOM 5.77350269189626E+0001
VMAX-LL 2.16506350946110E+0002
VPRIM-LL 1.00000000000000E+0005
INOM 1.00000000000000E+0000
IMAX 1.25000000000000E+0001
IPrim 1.00000000000000E+0003
FNOM 5.00000000000000E+0001
DEBOUNCETIME 5.00000000000000E-0003
END DEVICE

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 OMICRON Test Universe

Figure 2-3:
Device settings dialog.

Figure 2-3 shows you the corresponding test object dialog after import a RIO
file with a device block shown above.

28
 RIO - Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules

3 Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules

The RIO format for Distance protection is integrated into the RIO format
definition. The overall RIO format consists of multiple independent blocks. The
general test object parameters are defined in the device block. For the distance
protection, a new “distance” block is added.

3.1 Structure of the DISTANCE Block

The DISTANCE block has a more complicated structure then the device block.
The block consists of additional ZONE and the DEFAULTS subblock.
The zone block holds three additional subblocks: SHAPE, MHOSHAPE, and
LENSTOMATOSHAPE.
As shown in the Table 3-1 on page 35, some XOR relationships exist between
rows and blocks. For example the KL row in the block DISTANCE has an XOR
relationship with the rows RERL_XEXL and Z0Z1. That means one and only one
of these rows has to be included in a RIO file. Otherwise the parser produces
an error.
Tolerances can be specified on a global basis in the distance block or on a per
zone basis in the zone blocks. Per zone values overwrite the global settings if
they exist.
Tolerances for trip times are set both relative in percent (TTOLREL) and absolute
in Ohms (ZTOLABS). Tolerances for impedances are also set both relative in
percent (ZTOLREL) and absolute in Ohms (ZTOLABS). The relative impedance
tolerance for a zone is converted into an absolute value on the line angle.
Specifically, the reach of the zone on the line angle is multiplied by the percent
value.
Figure 3-1:
Impedance tolerances
X

Z
max DZ% × Z , DZ abs.

jL
R

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 OMICRON Test Universe

The grounding factor can be set either with kL, RE/RL, and XE/XL or Z0/Z1. Only
one of these settings is allowed to determine the grounding factor mode. To
express these requirement with the RIO format, all three rows (KL, RERL_XEXL,
Z0Z1) are together in a XOR relation. This means that only one of these rows
can be set in the RIO description (please refer to KL on page 40, RERL_XEXL on
page 40 and Z0Z1 on page 41).
Also the mutual coupling factor could be describe in three different ways. It
can be set either with kM, RM/RL, and XM/XL or Z0M/Z1. Because only one of
these settings is allowed, the rows are described with a XOR relationship
(please refer to KM on page 41, RMRL_XMXL on page 41 and Z0MZ1 on page
42).
TCBTRIP, TCBCLOSE, PERC52A and PERC52B together determine the times for
the circuit breaker simulation. The CB trip time is used to delay the transition
into the post-fault stage after trip. It is applied whether CB simulation is turned
on or off. The CB close time is used to delay the transition into the pre-fault
stage. It is applied whether CB simulation is turned on or off. The value of
52a% (52b%) determines the delay of the 52a (52b%) contact relative to the
CB trip time on breaker opening or relative to the CB close time on breaker
closing. See the following figures for the timing.
Figure 3-2:
Circuit breaker simulation

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 RIO - Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules

There are three different types of shapes for a zone: a general shape defined by
individual lines and arcs, mho shape, and lens/tomato shape. This is
determined by the SHAPE, MHOSHAPE, and LENSTOMATOSHAPE block. They
are in a XOR relationship because only one of these blocks per zone is allowed.
A general SHAPE is constructed from multiple individual border elements,
which can be lines and arcs.
The following border elements with its parameters are possible for a shape:
LINE Defined by its start point with R and X in Cartesian
coordinates and the line angle in degrees.
LINEP Defined by its start point with Z and Phi in polar
coordinates and a line angle.
ARC Defined by its center point with R and X in Cartesian
coordinates, the radius of the arc, the starting angle in
degrees, the end angle in degrees, and the direction of
the arc (clockwise or counter-clockwise).
ARCP Defined by its center point with Z and Phi in polar
coordinates, the radius of the arc, the starting angle in
degrees, the end angle in degrees, and the direction of
the arc (clockwise or counter-clockwise).
The border elements are kept in an ordered list to form the overall border of
the shape. It is recommended to specify the border elements in counter-
clockwise direction.
It is assumed that a shape is only a "single" shape, which means that there is
only one single connected area where all points are considered "inside" of the
shape and only one additional area (the inversion in relationship to the whole
Cartesian space) where all points are considered "outside".
A shape does not necessarily have to be "closed". An "open" shape divides the
Cartesian space into two areas (half-spaces) which both extend to infinity. A
"closed" shape defines a finite area for "inside" and an infinite area for "outside".
Because each characteristic shape is considered to be a "single" shape, there are
a few constraints for the elements which are checked to get a valid
characteristic:
Ÿ Two adjacent elements in the ordered list of elements must have at least
one intersection point. Thus, two adjacent lines are not allowed to be
parallel and the radius of an arc must allow intersection.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

Ÿ No intersection between two non adjacent elements in the ordered list

of elements is allowed within the segment of the element which is
defined by the two intersection points with the preceding and
succeeding element. Otherwise the characteristic would fall apart into
multiple independent parts and is no longer "single".
The following figure illustrates a non-valid shape constructed from 4 lines:
Figure 3-3:
A non-valid shape

These constraints are verified by the geometrical algorithms. A non-valid shape

is rejected by the software.
A characteristic has a certain impedance tolerance associated with it. For each
individual characteristic, both an absolute DZ and a relative tolerance DZ% for
the impedance values are specified, where the wider tolerance is applied. The
relative tolerance is converted into an absolute value in the following way:
Ÿ Cut the characteristic shape with the line angle line. The first intersection
point with the line angle defines the reach of the zone.
Ÿ The magnitude of this reach value (|Z|) is multiplied by the percentage
of the relative tolerance to get an absolute value.
The geometrical algorithms calculate a tolerance band around the nominal
characteristic shape with a constant width which is the calculated Z tolerance.
The tolerance band is constructed in a way such that the euclidian distance
from the nominal shape for all point on the tolerance border is constant (and is
the Z tolerance). Therefore, the edges around vertices of the nominal shape are
rounded in the tolerance shapes.
With the implementation of the impedance tolerance, an "outer" and an "inner"
tolerance figure can be constructed. The tolerance figures do not necessarily
have to be single shapes any more.

32
 RIO - Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules

There are cases where the figures can fall apart into separate shapes.
Additionally, not all border elements from the nominal shape need to be part
of the tolerance figures (such as whenever their "size" is smaller than the
tolerance value).
Figure 3-4 illustrates a tolerance diagram with a few cases that have to be
addressed. It has two separate inner tolerance shapes, and not all border
elements are used as border elements for the tolerance shapes.
Figure 3-4:
Shape tolerances

A mho characteristic is a special kind of zone that is defined as a circle. The

mho characteristic is considered constant as it is for non polarized mho
characteristics and is parameterized with the following values:
Ÿ ANGLE phi
Ÿ REACH
Ÿ OFFSET.
The center of the circle is located on the line with the ANGLE and the radius r is
defined by the following equation:
r = (REACH + OFFSET) / 2
A positive OFFSET is in the opposite direction of the line.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

Figure 3-5:
MHO shape

A lens / tomato shape is parameterized with the following values:

Ÿ ANGLE phi
Ÿ REACH
Ÿ OFFSET
Ÿ and either WIDTH or AB.
The distance B on the figure is deduced according to the following equation:
B = REACH + OFFSET
A positive OFFSET is in the opposite direction of the line.
WIDTH and AB ratio are depending on each other. Only one of these values can
be specified.

34
 RIO - Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules

Figure 3-6:
Lens tomato shape

For A < B, the shape is a lens. For A > B the shape is a tomato. The valid part
is just the outer arcs of the two circles in the figure. For A = B, the lens/tomato
is a circle which can more easily be modeled with a mho shape.
Table 3-1:
Distance structure
Keyword Min Max XOR Relation Refer to
BEGIN DISTANCE 0 1
ACTIVE 0 1 page 37
LINEANGLE 0 1 page 37
PTCONN 0 1 page 38
CTSTARPOINT 0 1 page 38
IMPCORR 0 1 page 38
IMPPRIM 0 1 page 39
ARCRES 0 1 page 39
TTOLPLUS 0 1 page 39
TTOLMINUS 0 1 page 39
TTOLREL 0 1 page 39
ZTOLREL 0 1 page 40
ZTOLABS 0 1 page 40
KL 0 1 RERL_XEXL page 40
Z0Z1
RERL_XEXL 0 1 KL page 40
Z0Z1
Z0Z1 0 1 RERL_XEXL page 41
KL
KM 0 1 RMRL_XMXL page 41
Z0MZ1
RMRL_XMXL 0 1 Z0MZ1 page 41
KM

35
 OMICRON Test Universe

Keyword Min Max XOR Relation Refer to

Z0MZ1 0 1 KM page 42
RMRL_XMXL
TCBTRIP 0 1 page 42
TCBCLOSE 0 1 page 42
PERC52A 0 1 page 42
PERC52B 0 1 page 42
LINELENGTH 0 1
BEGIN ZONE 0 no
limit
TYPE 1 1 page 43
FAULTLOOP 0 1 page 44
LABEL 0 1 page 44
TRIPTIME 0 1 page 44
ACTIVE 0 1 page 44
TTOLPLUS 0 1 page 39
TTOLMINUS 0 1 page 39
TTOLREL 0 1 page 40
INDEX 1 1 page 45
ZTOLABS 0 1 page 40
ZTOLREL 0 1 page 40
BEGIN SHAPE 0 1 MHOSHAPE
LENSTOMATOSHAPE
LINE 0 no page 45
limit
LINEP 0 no page 45
limit
ARC 0 no page 46
limit
ARCP 0 no page 46
limit
INVERT 0 1 page 46
AUTOCLOSE 0 1 page 47
END SHAPE
BEGIN MHOSHAPE 0 1 SHAPE
LENSTOMATOSHAPE
ANGLE 0 1 page 47
REACH 0 1 page 47
OFFSET 0 1 page 48
INVERT 0 1 page 46
END MHOSHAPE
BEGIN LENSTOMATOSHAPE 0 1 SHAPE
MHOSHAPE
ANGLE 0 1 page 47
REACH 0 1 page 47

36
 RIO - Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules

Keyword Min Max XOR Relation Refer to

OFFSET 0 1 page 48
INVERT 0 1 page 46
WIDTH 0 1 AB page 48
AB 0 1 WIDTH page 48
END LENSTOMATOSHAPE
END ZONE
BEGIN DEFAULTS 0 1
TESTMODE 0 1 page 48
ITEST 0 1 page 48
VTEST 0 1 page 48
TPREFAULT 0 1 page 49
TMAXFAULT 0 1 page 49
TPOSTFAULT 0 1 page 49
FAULTINCMODE 0 1 page 49
FAULTINCANGLE 0 1 page 49
DCOFFSET 0 1 page 49
TREF 0 1 page 50
ALLOWRED 0 1 page 50
END DEFAULTS
END DISTANCE

3.2 Row and Value Descriptions

Similar to the device block, the rows and values of the distance blocks are
described here.

ACTIVE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No
Indicates if the function is active or not.

LINEANGLE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -360.0 ... +360.0 75.0 No
The line angle in degrees.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

PTCONN

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String-Enumeration BUS; LINE LINE No
Determines whether the voltages are turned off (dir busbar) or go back to
nominal (dir line) in the post-fault stage if a trip has occurred.
Figure 3-7:
Left-hand side: Busbar Busbar
Potential transformer on
line side

Relay
Right-hand side: PT
PT
Potential transformer on Relay
bus side

CTSTARPOINT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String-Enumeration BUS; LINE LINE No
This is used to invert the sign of the currents.
Figure 3-8:
Left-hand side: Busbar Busbar
Current transformer
grounded on line side

Right-hand side:
Current transformer
grounded on bus side

Protection relay Protection relay

IMPCORR

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No
If set, the fault impedance are multiplied by 1 A/l nom before the fault
quantities are calculated.

38
 RIO - Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules

IMPPRIM

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No
If set, all impedances are considered as primary impedances and are multiplied
by Vnom / Vprim Iprim / Inom before the fault quantities are calculated.

ARCRES

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No
If set ,the arc resistance is separated from the fault resistance so that the fault
resistance is composed of the part on the line plus the pure resistive arc
resistance. For the phase-to-ground faults, the arc resistance is not
compensated with the grounding factor (multiplied by (1+kL)).

TTOLPLUS

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

Tolerances can be specified on a global basis or on a per zone basis. Per zones
values overwrite the global settings if they exist. This row determines the global
or local time tolerance in positive direction.

TTOLMINUS

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

Determines the global or local time tolerance in negative direction.

TTOLREL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... 100.0 5.0 (0.0) No
Determines the global or local time tolerance in percent.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

ZTOLREL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... 100.0 5.0 No
The global or local Z tolerance in percentage.

ZTOLABS

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.05 No

Tolerance of Z in Ohms.

KL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No
Double -360.0.... +360.0 0.0 No
Determines the complex grounding factor directly. The first value indicates the
magnitude and the second the angle in degrees of the complex grounding
factor.

RERL_XEXL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 1.0 No
Double -¥... +¥ 1.0 No

This is the second option for describing the complex grounding factor. The first
value RE/RL and the second value XE/XL are calculated into kL according to the
following equations for each individual ZL.
R
fR = -----E-
RL
X
fX = -----E-
XL

Z R E + jX E
k L = -----E- = ---------------------
ZL R L + jX L

f R × R L + jf X × XL
k L = ---------------------------------------
R L + jX L

40
 RIO - Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules

Z0Z1

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 4.0 No
Double -360.0... +360.0 0.0 No
Z0Z1 is the third way to express the complex grounding factor. The first value
describes the magnitude, and the second describes the angle in degrees of the
complex grounding factor. Z0 and Z1 are converted into kL according to the
following equation.
1 Z
k L = --- æè -----0 – 1öø
3 Z1

KM

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No
Double -360.0... +360.0 0.0 No
Determines the mutual coupling factor kMdirectly. The first value indicates the
magnitude and the second the angle in degrees of the factor.

RMRL_XMXL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No
Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

The second way to describe the mutual coupling factor via the values RM/RL
and XM/XL. Both are calculated into kM according to the following equations
for each individual ZL.
RM
f R = ------
-
RL
XM
f X = ------
-
XL

ZM RM + jXM
k M = ------
- = -----------------------
ZL R L + jXL

f R × R L + jf X × XL
k M = ---------------------------------------
R L + jX L

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 OMICRON Test Universe

Z0MZ1

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No
Double -360.0... +360.0 0.0 No
Z0MZ1 is the last option for describing the mutual coupling factor. The first
value describes the magnitude while the second contains the angle in degrees
of the mutual grounding factor. Z0 and Z1 are converted into kM according to
the following equation.
Z0
k M = ------------
-
3 × Z1

TCBTRIP

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +1200.0 0.1 No
TCBTRIP, TCBCLOSE, PERC52A, and PERC52B together determine the times for
the circuit breaker simulation. This row describes the circuit breaker trip time in
seconds.

TCBCLOSE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +1200.0 0.1 No
TCBCLOSE describes the circuit breaker close time in seconds.

PERC52A

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +100.0 0.0 No
The setting of the delay time of the 52a contact in percent of the CB trip/close
time.

PERC52B

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... 100.0 100.0 No
Indicates the delay time of the 52b contact in percent of the CB trip/close time.

42
 RIO - Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules

LINELENGTH

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ No

Defines the length of the line in Ohms. If it is not set the length is undefined.

TYPE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration TRIPPING; STARTING; EXTENDED; TRIPPING No
NONTRIPPING
The following different zone types are available:
Tripping zone: Describe where the relay is supposed to trip
in the specified time.
Extended zone: Behave exactly like normal tripping zones. It
has the abiltiy to activate or deactivate all of
them with a single setting in the test settings.
No link from an extended zone to any
corresponding tripping zone is maintained.
Thus, no automatic activation of extended
zone in relationship to the corresponding
tripping zone or automatic deactivation of
the tripping zone if the corresponding
extended zone is active is possible.
Starting zone: Cross all the tripping and extended zones.
They have a trip time associated and block
outside. Starting zones are always non-
directional.
Non-Tripping zone: Do not have an associated trip time (and
therefore no time tolerances). They cross all
the tripping and extended zones. Non-
tripping zones are always non-directional.

43
 OMICRON Test Universe

FAULTLOOP

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration L1N; L2N; L3N; L1L2; L2L3; L3L1; ALL No
LN; LL; ALL; L1L2L3
In the fault loop column, the fault loop for the tripping characteristic is
selected. The fault loops are organized according to the following hierarchy.
Figure 3-9:
Fault loop organization

The characteristic that is be applied for a specific fault type in the test is
determined in a bottom up manner. The most specific fault loop is used. It is
possible to have characteristics defined at different levels in the hierarchy. The
more specific ones “override” the more general ones.

LABEL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String No restrictions Z1 No
The characteristic label can be customized by the user. A default label can be
deduced from the zone index, type and the fault loop, e.g. Z1 L-L.

TRIPTIME

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

The trip time in seconds.

ACTIVE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No
Indicates if the zone is active or not.

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 RIO - Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules

INDEX

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Integer -¥... +¥ 1 No

INDEX sets a unique index for all zones with the same type and fault loop. This
is necessary to reassign relative shots to the different zones of different relays.
It is recommended to number the zones from inside to outside as usual (first
zones number 1, second zone number 2,...).

LINE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No
Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No
Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No
String enumeration LEFT; RIGHT LEFT Yes

A LINE statement can exist only in a general shape. A line is defined by its
starting point with R and X in cartesian coordinates and a line angle (the third
value in the table). The last value sets a direction and is optional.

LINEP

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No
Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No
Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No
String enumeration LEFT; RIGHT LEFT Yes

A LINEP statement can also exist only in a general shape. A line is defined by its
starting point with Z and phi in polar coordinates and a line angle (the third
value in the table) in degrees. With the last value a direction can be set. This is
an optional value.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

ARC

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No
Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No
Double -¥... +¥ 1.0 No
Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No
Double -¥... +¥ 360.0 No
String enumeration CW; CCW CCW Yes
String enumeration LEFT; RIGHT LEFT Yes
An ARC statement can exist only in a general shape. An arc is defined by its
center point with R and X in cartesian coordinates, the radius of the arc, the
starting angle in degrees, the end angle in degrees, and the direction of the arc
(clockwise or counter-clockwise). The last two values are optional.

ARCP

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No
Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No
Double -¥... +¥ 1.0 No
Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No
Double -¥... +¥ 360.0 No
String enumeration CW; CCW CCW Yes
String enumeration LEFT; RIGHT LEFT Yes
An ARCP statement can exist only in a general shape. An arc is defined by its
center point with Z and phi in polar coordinates, the radius of the arc, the
starting angle in degrees, the end angle in degrees, and the direction of the arc
(clockwise or counter-clockwise). The last two values are optional.

INVERT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No
The INVERT flag indicates which part of the cartesian space has to be
considered as inside and outside. The flag toggles this notion of “inside” and
“outside”. For border elements, the following rules determine what is "inside":

46
 RIO - Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules

Ÿ A line has an implicit direction associated with the specification of the

line angle. The area which is "left" of the line is considered "inside" of the
shape.
Ÿ For an arc, the area that is inside of the circle with which the arc is
defined is considered "inside" of the shape.
The user can toggle the notion of the "inside" behavior of a single border
element with the additional LEFT/RIGHT flag. For a line, the user could change
the line angle (add 180°) so that the line points into the other direction as well.
By default, the area to the left of a line is considered "inside". This results in a
standard behavior as long as the users enters the elements in counter-
clockwise direction.

AUTOCLOSE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No
With the AUTOCLOSE flag, a shape can be forced to be closed automatically.
This is done by implicitly setting the LEFT/RIGHT flag for the last border element
so that the shape is closed. Additionally the AUTOCLOSE flag sets the "inside"
notion of the shape so that the inside of the closed shape is inside.
This is the same behavior as within the old RIO specification and can be used
for most cases.

ANGLE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 75.0 No

This row can be set in the mho or the lens tomato shape. It describes the angle
of the shape in degrees.

REACH

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 1.0 No

The reach of the mho or lens tomato shape in forward direction in Ohms.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

OFFSET

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No

The offset of the mho or lens tomato shape in backward direction in Ohms.

WIDTH

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 1.0 No

The width of the lens tomato shape in Ohms. Can only be set if the AB row
was not set.

AB

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 1.0 No

The ratio A/B of the lens tomato shape. Can only be set if the row width was
not set.

TESTMODE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration CONSTCURR; CONSTVOLT; CONSTCURR No
CONSTSOURCEIMP
The default test mode. Can be constant test current or constant test voltage.

ITEST

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0... +¥ 2.0 No

The default test current for constant current model.

VTEST

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0... +¥ 10.0 No

The default test voltage for constant voltage model.

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 RIO - Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules

TPREFAULT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0... +¥ 1.0 No

The default pre-fault time.

TMAXFAULT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0... +¥ 3.0 No

The default maximum fault time.

TPOSTFAULT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0... +¥ 0.5 No

The default post-fault time.

FAULTINCMODE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration RANDOM; ZERO; FIXED; RANDOM No
MAXOFFSET
The default fault inception mode.

FAULTINCANGLE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -360.0... +360.0 0.0 No
The default fault inception angle for fixed angle fault inception mode.

DCOFFSET

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No

The default flag for DC-offset.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

TREF

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration FAULT; START FAULT No
The default for the time reference.

ALLOWRED

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No

The default flag for allow automatic reduction of ITest/VTest.

ZS

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0 ... +¥ 0.0 No
Double -360.0... +360.0 75.0 No
The source impedance and source impedance grounding ( KS page 50) factor
in magnitude and angle. The 4 controls are: ZS magnitude in Ohms, ZS angle
in degrees, KS magnitude, and KS angle in degrees.

KS

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0 ... +¥ 1.0 No
Double -360.0... +360.0 0.0 No
ZS page 50

KSISKL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No

This setting fixes KS to KL.

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 RIO - Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules

3.3 Example for Distance

An example of a distance block is shown. It consists of six zones. Each zone is
modeled with general shape. The zones have no specific tolerances defined.
Therefore the general tolerances are applied.
BEGIN DISTANCE
LINEANGLE 75.0
PTCONN LINE
CTSTARPOINT LINE
IMPCORR NO
TTOLPLUS 0.1
TTOLMINUS 0.1
TTOLREL 0.5
ZTOLABS 0.1
ZTOLREL 0.5
KL 1.0, 0.0
IMPPRIM NO
IMPCORR NO
BEGIN ZONE
INDEX 1
LABEL “Z1”
TYPE TRIPPING
FAULTLOOP LL
TRIPTIME 0.02
BEGIN SHAPE
ARCP 1.5, 75.0, 1.5, 0.0, 360, ,
AUTOCLOSE YES
END SHAPE
END ZONE
BEGIN ZONE
INDEX 1
LABEL “Z1”
TYPE TRIPPING
FAULTLOOP LN
TRIPTIME 0.02
BEGIN SHAPE
LINE 0.0, 0.0, -15.0,
LINE 3.11364, 0.0, 74.4635,
LINE 0.0, 2.9382, 176.997,
LINE -3.09355, 0.0, -104.152,
AUTOCLOSE YES
END SHAPE
END ZONE

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 OMICRON Test Universe

BEGIN ZONE
INDEX 2
LABEL “Z2”
TYPE TRIPPING
FAULTLOOP LL
TRIPTIME 0.32
BEGIN SHAPE
ARCP 2.25, 75.0, 2.25, 0.0, 360.0, ,
AUTOCLOSE YES
END SHAPE
END ZONE
BEGIN ZONE
INDEX 2
LABEL “Z2”
TYPE TRIPPING
FAULTLOOP LN
TRIPTIME 0.32
BEGIN SHAPE
LINE 0.0, 0.0, -15.0,
LINE 3.11132, 0.0, 74.6227,
LINE 0.0, 4.40759, 176.997,
LINE -3.09847, 0.0, -104.492,
AUTOCLOSE YES
END SHAPE
END ZONE
BEGIN ZONE
INDEX 3
LABEL “Z3”
TYPE TRIPPING
FAULTLOOP LL
TRIPTIME 0.62
BEGIN SHAPE
ARCP 3.0, 75.0, 3.0, 0.0, 360.0, ,
AUTOCLOSE YES
END SHAPE
END ZONE
BEGIN ZONE
INDEX 3
LABEL TRIPPING
FAULTLOOP LN
TRIPTIME 0.62

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 RIO - Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules

BEGIN SHAPE
LINE 0.0, 0.0, -15.0,
LINE 3.11017, 0.0, 74.7017,
LINE 0.0, 5.87696, 176.997,
LINE -3.10049, 0.0, -104.632,
AUTOCLOSE YES
END SHAPE
END ZONE
BEGIN DEFAULTS
ITEST 2.0
TREF FAULT
END DEFAULTS
END DISTANCE
Figure 3-10:
Distance system settings.
General settings in the
distance block of the
example.

Figure 3-10 shows the general settings of the distance example. These settings
are between the BEGIN DISTANCE and BEGIN ZONE delimiters.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

Figure 3-11:
Distance zone settings of
the first zone block in the
above example.

Figure 3-11 shows the zones settings of the first zone block. You can find the
corresponding settings in the example above where the zone blocks are
defined. The current selected zone-graphic in the figure is marked as yellow.

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 RIO - Distance and Advanced Distance Test Modules

Figure 3-12:
Distance default block
settings

Figure 3-12 is the corresponding dialog box of the DEFAULT block in the
distance RIO example above. Because only two settings are explicitly set in the
example, most of the values are set by default as shown in the specification of
the distance settings.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

56
 RIO - Overcurrent Test Module

4 Overcurrent Test Module

This chapter describes the RIO format of the Overcurrent test module.

4.1 Structure of the OVERCURRENT Block

The module performs non directional overcurrent tests. The tests are executed
in the Current / Time plane.
It is possible to define up to three pick-up regions for each fault group. The
first region, labeled I>, can be definite time or inverse time. The other two
pick-up regions (I>> and I>>>) are always definite time. Each zone can be
defined as active or inactive, independently of the others.
The limitation to three pick-up regions is artificial and reduces the complexity
of the parameter entry dialog box. However, the software could be easily
modified in the future to permit any number of regions. Likewise, the
additional regions could permit inverse time characteristics, if required.
The test module can operate in absolute current or in multiples of the pick-up
current I> units (MTS, Multiples of Tap Setting). All the UI input fields are
adapt to the selected mode, as required. In the report and in the test point
table, both absolute and MTS values are displayed simultaneously.
The test points are entered in a list. The test points may be entered from the
keyboard into the dialog box’s fields or from the mouse by selecting points in
the diagram.
When a point is entered in the table, its nominal trip time is automatically
determined according to the device’s settings. For evaluation, absolute and
relative time tolerances are used. The user cannot edit a point’s values after it is
entered in the table. If changes are desired, the point has to be deleted and re-
entered.
The voltage settings are test settings, common for all test points. The user can
select a value for the fault voltage and a phase angle between the voltages and
the currents. Its default value is the device’s nominal voltage. A Test Object
Setting called “Directional” controls the voltages. If the relay is defined as
“Directional” the voltages are output; otherwise, no voltage is output.
The current settings are the fault current (different for each test point) and the
load current (common for all points in the table). Each point, regardless
whether it has been entered in the absolute or the relative input mode, stores
its corresponding fault current as MTS. The absolute value is used for display
only. If the nominal current setting changes, all absolute values are recalculated
from the MTS values.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

The load current is entered in times the device’s nominal current, and must be
smaller than the smallest Ipickup of all active units. This current is output during
the Pre-Fault and Fault stages of the shot sequence.
The fault groups presently are Line-To-Ground, Line-To-Line, Negative Sequence
and Zero Sequence. The Line-To-Ground group includes L1-N, L2-N and L3-N
faults; the Line-To-Line group includes L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L1 and L1-L2-L3 faults.
Line-line-ground faults are not permitted. The test module permits testing of
only one fault type at a time. If another fault type is desired, a new instance of
the test module must be used and the test points entered again.
The Negative Sequence and Zero Sequence groups expand the module to
allow testing of non-differential generator and motor protective units.
For each test point, a full shot sequence is executed, involving up to two
triples: one current triple and one voltage triple. The current triple is divided in
individual current signals which can be freely assigned as long as they all are
assigned to the same triple. The software checks only for the assigned current
signals, thus allowing the use of single-phase amplifiers. The voltage triple is
required only if the relay is defined as "Directional", and in this case a full triple
is required.
Alternatively, it is possible to test a point directly from the diagram. The point
and the results of the shot is just be displayed, and is not be entered in the
table or reported.
Both modes of testing are allowed only when the user has permission to test,
according to the defined protection levels.
The test module incorporates a “Static Output” feature. When selected, a
dialog opens in which the user is able to enter the fault type and the test
current. The test module then calculates the output values which are under the
control of an ON/OFF button. The dialog box provides a vector diagram of the
output magnitudes, plus a textual representation of the values output,
including angles. The values are not output if they exceed the maximum values
for the test object or the test equipment. This feature is available only in on-line
mode (CMC connected) and when the user has permission to test.

58
 RIO - Overcurrent Test Module

Table 4-1:
Overcurrent structure
Keyword Min Max XOR-Relation Refer to
BEGIN OVERCURRENT 0 1
ACTIVE 1 1 page 60
DISPLAY_ABSOLUTE 0 1 page 60
ITOL 0 1 page 60
TTOL 0 1 page 60
PTCONN 0 1 page 60
CTSTARPOINT 0 1 page 61
DIRECTIONAL 0 1 page 61
BEGIN GROUP 0 no
limit
NAME 1 1 page 61
BEGIN UNIT 0 no
limit
NAME 1 1 page 61
ACTIVE 1 1 page 62
IPICKUP 1 1 page 62
TINDEX 1 1 page 62
PREDEFCHAR 0 1 CHAR page 62
CHARI2T
TABLE
CHAR 0 1 PREDEFCHAR page 63
CHARI2T
TABLE
CHARI2T 0 1 PREDEFCHAR page 63
CHAR
TABLE
BEGIN TABLE 0 1 PREDEFCHAR
CHAR
CHARI2T
NAME 1 1 page 64
POINT 1 no page 64
limit
END TABLE
END UNIT
END GROUP
END OVERCURRENT

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 OMICRON Test Universe

4.2 Row and Value Descriptions

ACTIVE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) YES No
Indicates if the device is active or not.

DISPLAY_ABSOLUTE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No
Reserved for future use and not implemented yet.

ITOL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... 100.0 10.0 No
Double 0.0... +¥ 0.1 No

The current tolerance of the test module. The first value is relative in percent;
the second absolute in l/ln.

TTOL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... 100.0 3.0 No
Double 0.0... +¥ 0.1 No

The tolerance of the time of the device. The first value is relative in percent the
second absolute in seconds.

PTCONN

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration BUS; LINE LINE No
The connection of the voltage transformer. It could be at line or at busbar.

60
 RIO - Overcurrent Test Module

CTSTARPOINT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration BUS; LINE LINE No
The grounding of the current transformer star point. The direction is line or
busbar.

DIRECTIONAL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) YES No
The relay type. It describes if the voltages are incoming or outgoing.

NAME (in subblock GROUP)

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration LN; LL; I2; I0 - No
The name of the group from the set of standard group names. A group
contains only its name and several protective units. Each group is linked to a
group of faults, and represents the relay’s response to the faults. There are four
groups in the test object:

Group name Faults in the group

LN L1N, L2N, L3N
LL L1L2, L2L3, L3L1, L1L2L3
I2 Negative sequence
I0 Zero sequence

NAME (in subblock UNIT)

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration I>; I>>; I>>> - No
The name of the unit from a set of standard unit names. Currently, I>> and
I>>> must be definite time. Because this may change in the future, it should
not be implemented in the parser. The checking and transfer function in the
module takes care of this.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

ACTIVE (in subblock UNIT)

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No
Indicates if the unit is active or not.

IPICKUP

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 1.0 No

The pickup current of the unit.

TINDEX

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 1.0 No

The time index of the unit.

PREDEFCHAR

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration DEFTIME; INVERSE; DEFTIME No
VERY_INVERSE; EXTR_INVERSE
The selection of a pre-defined characteristic. A test module has the following
pre-defined characteristics:
Ÿ Definite Time
Ÿ IEC normally inverse
Ÿ IEC very inverse
Ÿ IEC extremely inverse
The user is not be able to edit these characteristics or to give the same name to
any newly defined characteristic.

62
 RIO - Overcurrent Test Module

CHAR

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String no restrictions - No
Double -¥... +¥ - No
Double -¥... +¥ - No
Double -¥... +¥ - No
Double -¥... +¥ - No
Double -¥... +¥ - No
Double -¥... +¥ - No

The definition for a characteristic based on the IEEE standard equation. The
order of parameters is: Name, A, B, P, Q, K1, K2. There are no default values;
each parameter must be specified. The IEEE standard equation is defined as
followed:
A × D + K1 - + B × D + K2
t(IT) = -------------------------------
IT ö P
æ ------------ - –A
è I S × I nø

t( I T ) is the theoretical tripping time in seconds

CHARI2T

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String no restrictions - No
Double -¥... +¥ - No
Double -¥... +¥ - No
Double -¥... +¥ - No

The definition for a characteristic based on the I2T equation. The order of
parameters is: Name, A, P, Q,. There are no default values; each parameter
must be specified. The I2T equation is defined as:
IT ö P
æ ------------ -
è I S × I nø
t(IT) = A × D × ln --------------------------------
IT ö P
æ ------------- –Q
è I S × I nø

t( I T ) is the theoretical tripping time in seconds

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 OMICRON Test Universe

NAME (in subblock TABLE)

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String no restrictions - No
The name of the table if the definition of I/t characteristics is defined in tabular
form. Must be present and cannot be empty.

POINT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ - No
Double 0.0... +¥ - No

These are the coordinates of one point in the current/time plane if the
definition of I/t characteristics may be made in tabular form. For this purpose,
the factors I/(In * Is) and the corresponding tripping times (t) are entered, and
stored as a table. The points are therefore be defined in times the Ipickup
value, which gives the user defined characteristic the same behavior as the
others.
Linear interpolation is carried out between the values given.
For those points of the characteristic which are smaller than the first value
given, it is considered that the first segment stretches to the left until it reaches
the desired point.
For points of the characteristic that are greater than the highest value given, it
is considered that the last segment stretches to the right until it reaches the
desired point.
The coordinates of one point in the current/time plane.

64
 RIO - Overcurrent Test Module

4.3 Example for Overcurrent

This example shows the overcurrent block with default settings. It has four
groups named LN, LL, I2 and I0. Every subblock of kind group has three units
named I>, I>> and I>>>. Every unit uses a predefined characteristic
PREDEFCHAR. Therefore no tables (user defined), IEEE standard equation and
I2T characteristics are used.
BEGIN OVERCURRENT
ACTIVE YES
DISPLAY_ABSOLUTE NO
DIRECTIONAL YES
PTCONN LINE
CTSTARPOINT LINE
ITOL 5, 0.1
TTOL 10, 0.1
BEGIN GROUP
NAME LN
BEGIN UNIT
NAME I>
ACTIVE YES
IPICKUP 1
TINDEX 1
PREDEFCHAR INVERSE
END UNIT
BEGIN UNIT
NAME I>>
ACTIVE YES
IPICKUP 4
TINDEX 0.1
PREDEFCHAR DEFTIME
END UNIT
BEGIN UNIT
NAME I>>>
ACTIVE NO
IPICKUP 10
TINDEX 0.05
PREDEFCHAR DEFTIME
END UNIT
END GROUP
BEGIN GROUP
NAME LL

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 OMICRON Test Universe

BEGIN UNIT
NAME I>
ACTIVE YES
IPICKUP 1
TINDEX 1
PREDEFCHAR INVERSE
END UNIT
BEGIN UNIT
NAME I>>
ACTIVE YES
IPICKUP 4
TINDEX 0.1
PREDEFCHAR DEFTIME
END UNIT
BEGIN UNIT
NAME I>>>
ACTIVE NO
IPICKUP 10
TINDEX 0.05
PREDEFCHAR DEFTIME
END UNIT
END GROUP
BEGIN GROUP
NAME I2
BEGIN UNIT
NAME I>
ACTIVE YES
IPICKUP 1
TINDEX 1
PREDEFCHAR INVERSE
END UNIT
BEGIN UNIT
NAME I>>
ACTIVE YES
IPICKUP 4
TINDEX 0.1
PREDEFCHAR DEFTIME
END UNIT
BEGIN UNIT
NAME I>>>
ACTIVE NO
IPICKUP 10
TINDEX 0.05
PREDEFCHAR DEFTIME
END UNIT

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 RIO - Overcurrent Test Module

END GROUP
BEGIN GROUP
NAME I0
BEGIN UNIT
NAME I>
ACTIVE YES
IPICKUP 1
TINDEX 1
PREDEFCHAR INVERSE
END UNIT
BEGIN UNIT
NAME I>>
ACTIVE YES
IPICKUP 4
TINDEX 0.1
PREDEFCHAR DEFTIME
END UNIT
BEGIN UNIT
NAME I>>>
ACTIVE NO
IPICKUP 10
TINDEX 0.05
PREDEFCHAR DEFTIME
END UNIT
END GROUP
END OVERCURRENT

67
 OMICRON Test Universe

Figure 4-1:
Overcurrent general settings

Figure 4-1 shows the general settings and the settings for the Line-Neutral
group in the RIO file example. This group is described in the group block with
the row “NAME LN”.

68
 RIO - Basic and Advanced Differential Test Modules

5 Basic and Advanced Differential Test Modules

This chapter describes the RIO format of the differential protection. It provides
a short overview about the structure and some general information. Then it
presents detailed information about the rows and values used in the
differential block and its subblocks.

5.1 Structure of the DIFFERENTIAL Block

The DIFFERENTIAL block consists of three subblocks: the LINEDIFF, DIFFBIAS
and WINDING.
The DIFFBIAS block has the DIFF, BIAS, and TRIPCHAR subblocks. IDiff>> and
IDiff> are defined in the DIFF block within the DIFFBIAS block. The
characteristic is created from points in the IDiff/IBias-plane. Each point is defined
by a value IBias /INPORef in the x-axis and a value IDiff/INPORef in the y-axis. The
representation with points was chosen such that vertical lines (with infinite
slope) can be described easily.
The values for IDiff>> / IDiff> provided in the DIFF block do not influence the
characteristic. The differential protection software limits the defined
characteristic at IDiff>> and IDiff>, because these are the upper and lower
limit lines.
In the DIFFBIAS tripping characteristic, only START, LINE, and STOP statements
may appear. This is particularly important for future format definitions,
because no new keywords/statements may be inserted in this section. Between
the characteristic keywords, only empty lines and comments are allowed.
However, it is not recommended to use them, because they are not copied to
the output file by the parser. If any unknown statements occur in the
characteristic block, the parser invalidates the whole characteristic.
The sequence order of the START, LINE, and STOP statements is fixed. Hence,
the START statement must appear first, the optional LINE statement(s) second,
and the optional STOP statement third. In the DIFFBIAS block, only one
characteristic may be defined.
The harmonic characteristic is defined in the CHARHARM subblock of the BIAS
block. Just as in the DIFFBIAS tripping characteristic, the sequence order of the
START, LINE, and STOP statements is fixed. However, CHARHARM permits more
than one characteristic to be defined.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

If each line segment is defined with its starting point and its slope, no START or
STOP commands are needed. This definition cannot be mixed with the
definition with START and STOP.
Example: LINESLOPE 1.0,0.2, 1.0
Ÿ First Parameter: IBias /INPO Ref of the starting point
Ÿ Second Parameter: IDiff/INPO Ref of the starting point
Ÿ Third Parameter: Slope of the line segment
For steps, the starting point of the second line is defined lying above or below
the previous line. The last line segment can be defined with slope 0.0 for
characteristics which are limited at the top.
The winding block can appear multiple times and has a basic structure. No
other subblocks are used within the WINDING block. Please note that every
row of this block must appear once.
The LINEDIFF subblock has a simple structure. The block and its rows have a
minimum and maximum cardinality of one. This means they must appear once
in the RIO definition of differential device.
Table 5-1:
Differential structure
Keyword Min Max Refer to
BEGIN DIFFERENTIAL 0 1
ACTIVE 1 1 page 72
WINDING-COUNT 0 1 page 72
REF-WINDING 0 1 page 72
OBJECT-TYPE 0 1 page 72
ITOL 0 1 page 72
TTOL 0 1 page 73
TREF 0 1 page 73
TRET 0 1 page 73
TMAX 0 1 page 73
IREF 0 1 page 73
USECT 0 1 page 73
CONVRELAY 0 1 page 74
BEGIN WINDING 0 no
limit
NAME 1 1 page 74
INULL_ELIMINATION 1 1 page 74
CONNECTION 1 1 page 74
CONNECTIONNUMBER 1 1 page 74
NOM-PD-PH 1 1 page 74
NOM-CT-PH 1 1 page 75
GROUNDING-CT-PH 1 1 page 75

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 RIO - Basic and Advanced Differential Test Modules

Keyword Min Max Refer to

NOM-PD-N 1 1 page 75
NOM-CT-N 1 1 page 75
GROUNDING-CT-N 1 1 page 75
VN 1 1 page 75
SN 1 1 page 76
GROUNDING-TRF 1 1 page 76
END WINDING
BEGIN DIFFBIAS 0 1
ACTIVE 1 1 page 76
BEGIN DIFF 1 1
IDIFF>> 1 1 page 76
TDIFF>> 1 1 page 76
IDIFF> 1 1 page 76
TDIFF> 1 1 page 77
END DIFF
BEGIN BIAS 1 1
DEFBIAS 1 1 page 77
BIASDIVISOR 1 1 page 77
TOLHARM 0 1 page 77
BEGIN CHARHARM 0 no
limit
ORDER-HARM 1 1 page 77
DELAY-HARM 1 1 page 78
START 1 1 page 78
LINE 0 0 page 78
STOP 1 1 page 78
END CHARHARM
END BIAS
BEGIN TRIPCHAR 1 1
START 0 1 page 78
LINE 0 no page 78
limit
STOP 0 1 page 78
END TRIPCHAR
END DIFFBIAS
BEGIN LINEDIFF 1 1
ACTIVE 1 1 page 79
METHOD 1 1 page 79
I-PICKUP> 1 1 page 79
D-PHI 1 1 page 79
TTRIP> 1 1 page 79
END LINEDIFF
END DIFFERENTIAL

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 OMICRON Test Universe

5.2 Row and Value Descriptions

ACTIVE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No
Indicates if the device is active or not.

WINDING-COUNT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Integer 0... +¥ 2 No

The number of windings. Up to three windings may be defined. Further

definitions are read by the parser (without any error message) and inserted in
the internal data structure. Whether or not the data is used depends on the
test module. An error message is shown, if the number of defined windings is
not the same as defined in the WINDING-COUNT statement.

REF-WINDING

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String no restrictions - No
The reference winding.

OBJECT-TYPE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration TRANSFORMER; TRANSFORME No
GENERATOR; BUSBAR; R
MOTOR
The type of the protected object.

ITOL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... 100.0 2.0 No
Double 0.0... +¥ 0.05 No

The tolerance of the current of the device. It can be set in relative in percent or
absolute.

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 RIO - Basic and Advanced Differential Test Modules

TTOL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... 100.0 3.0 No
Double 0.0... +¥ 0.01 No

The time tolerance of the device. It can be set relative in percent or absolute in
seconds.

TREF

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration FAULT; GSTART FAULT No
The time reference of the fault inception (FAULT) or the general starting
(GSTART).

TRET

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.25 No

The reset delay time of the protection device.

TMAX

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 1.5 No

IREF

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration INOM-PO; INOM-CT INOM-PRO No
Norming of the relays to
Ÿ INOM-PRO: the protected object nominal current
Ÿ INOM-CT: the current transformer nominal current

USECT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No
YES if the ct grounding inputs should be used. Otherwise NO.

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CONVRELAY

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No
YES if the transformer model should be deactivated. Otherwise NO.

NAME

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String no restrictions No
The name of the winding.

INULL-ELIMINATION

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Integer 0... +¥ 0 No

The I0 elimination of the protection device.

CONNECTION

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration Y; D; Z Y No
The connection of the P0 winding.

CONNECTIONNUMBER

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Integer 0... 11 0 No
The connection number of the P0 winding.

NOM-PD-PH

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ - No

The nominal current of the protection device current transformer.

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 RIO - Basic and Advanced Differential Test Modules

NOM-CT-PH

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ - No

The nominal primary current of the protection device current transformer.

GROUNDING-CT-PH

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration BUS; TRANSFORMER TRANSFORME No
R
The star point grounding of the current transformer. Can be BUS which means
internal -1 or TRANSFORMAR which means internal +1.

NOM-PD-N

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ - No

The nominal primary current of the ground current transformer.

NOM-CT-N

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ - No

The nominal primary current of the ground current transformer.

GROUNDING-CT-N

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration BUS; TRANSFORMER TRANSFORME No
R
The star point grounding of the ground current transformer. Can be GROUND
which means internal -1 or TRANSFORMER which means internal +1.

VN

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

The nominal voltage of the winding.

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SN

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

The nominal power of this winding in watt.

GROUNDING-TRF

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No

Indicates if the star point is grounded.

ACTIVE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No

Indicates if the Diffbias is active or not.

IDIFF>>

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

The higher differential current in l/lNPO

TDIFF>>

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

The higher differential pick-up time.

IDIFF>

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

The differential current in l/lNPO

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 RIO - Basic and Advanced Differential Test Modules

TDIFF>

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

The differential current pickup time.

DEFBIAS

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Integer 0... +¥ 1 No

The definition of the tripping characteristic related to lNPO:

Ÿ Bias = |lP+IS| / d
Ÿ Bias = |IP+IS|/d
Ÿ Bias = (|IP|+|IS| * K) / d
Ÿ Bias = max(IP, IS)
Ÿ Bias = sqrt (IP* IS * cos(a))
d stands for the divisor. Refer to BIASDIVISOR.

BIASDIVISOR

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 1.0 No

The divisor for the DEFBIAS statement.

TOLHARM

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.1 No
Double 0.0... 100.0 3.0 No
The tolerance absolute and relative.

ORDER-HARM

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Integer 0... +¥ - No

The order of the harmonic characteristic.

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DELAYHARM

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

The time delay.

START

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ - No
Double 0.0... +¥ - No

The first point of the harmonic or the tripping characteristic. The START
statement is required in the characteristic in any case. In a tripping
characteristic, the (double) parameters d1, d2 specify the START point, where
d1 is the IBias /INPO and d2 the IDiff/INPO reference value.

LINE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ - No
Double 0.0... +¥ - No

With a LINE statement, the next line-segment of the characteristic is defined.

The LINE statement(s) are optional and may appear multiple times. The starting
point of the line is defined by START point or by the endpoint of the previous
last line. The (double) parameters d1, d2 specify the endpoint of this line. In the
case of a tripping characteristic, d1 is the IBIAS/INPO and d2 the IDIFF/INPO
reference value.

STOP

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ - No
Double 0.0... +¥ - No

The endpoint of the harmonic or tripping characteristic. In case of tripping

IBIAS/INPO, IDIFF/INPO. As the LINE statement, the STOP statement is optional,
too. If STOP is left out, the characteristic is not limited at its top. Then the
characteristic continues infinitely in the direction which is given by the last line.
If the STOP statement is left out, at least one LINE must be specified.

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 RIO - Basic and Advanced Differential Test Modules

ACTIVE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No
Indicates if the line protection is active or not.

METHOD

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration CURRENT; ANGLE CURRENT No
Switch between current comparison or phase angle comparison.

I-PICKUP>

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

The pickup value of the phase current I/INPD

D-PHI

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

The differential angle between IP and IS for non-tripping.

TTRIP>

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.0 No

The command time.

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5.3 Example for Differential

The following shows an example of a differential block.
BEGIN DIFFERENTIAL
ACTIVE YES
WINDING-COUNT 2
REF-WINDING "PRIMARY"
OBJECT-TYPE TRANSFORMER
ITOL 2, 0.05
TTOL 3, 0.01
TREF FAULT
TRET 0.25
TMAX 1.5
IREF INOM-PO
BEGIN WINDING
NAME "PRIMARY"
INULL-ELIMINATION 2
CONNECTION Y
CONNECTIONNUMBER 0
NOM-PD-PH 1
NOM-CT-PH 200
GROUNDING-CT-PH TRANSFORMER
NOM-PD-N 1
NOM-CT-N 200
GROUNDING-CT-N TRANSFORMER
VN 115500
SN 4E+007
GROUNDING-TRF NO
END WINDING
BEGIN WINDING
NAME "SECONDARY"
INULL-ELIMINATION 2
CONNECTION Y
CONNECTIONNUMBER 0
NOM-PD-PH 1
NOM-CT-PH 800
GROUNDING-CT-PH TRANSFORMER
NOM-PD-N 1
NOM-CT-N 800
GROUNDING-CT-N TRANSFORMER
VN 30000
SN 4E+007
GROUNDING-TRF NO
END WINDING

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 RIO - Basic and Advanced Differential Test Modules

BEGIN DIFFBIAS
ACTIVE YES
BEGIN DIFF
IDIFF>> 2
TDIFF>> 0.023
IDIFF> 0.5
TDIFF> 0.03
END DIFF
BEGIN BIAS
DEFBIAS 1
BIASDIVISOR 1
TOLHARM 0.1, 3
BEGIN CHARHARM
ORDER-HARM 2
DELAYHARM 0.1
START 20, 0.5
STOP 20, 2
END CHARHARM
BEGIN CHARHARM
ORDER-HARM 5
DELAYHARM 0.15
START 45, 0.5
STOP 45, 2
END CHARHARM
END BIAS
BEGIN TRIPCHAR
START 0, 0.4
LINE 5, 1
STOP 9, 2.2
END TRIPCHAR
END DIFFBIAS
BEGIN LINEDIFF
ACTIVE NO
METHOD CURRENT
I-PICKUP> 0
D-PHI 0
TTRIP> 0
END LINEDIFF
END DIFFERENTIAL

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Figure 5-1 shows the settings for the two defined windings in the RIO file
example.
Figure 5-1:
First differential winding
settings.

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Figure 5-2 shows the CT-parameters in the primary and secondary winding
block. The USECT settings are mapped to the “Use Ground Current
Measurement Inputs (CT) checkbox.
Figure 5-2:
Second differential winding
settings

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Figure 5-3 shows the general settings. They are set between the BEGIN
DIFFERENTIAL and BEGIN WINDING delimiters. The CONRELAY settings are
shown in the “no Transformer Model(deactivated)” checkbox.
Figure 5-3:
Differential general settings

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 RIO - Basic and Advanced Differential Test Modules

Figure 5-4 shows the corresponding dialog box for the TRIPCHAR block.
Figure 5-4:
Differential bias
characteristic

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Figure 5-5 shows the harmonic settings as defined in the BIAS block, as well as
the second harmonic. It is defined in the CHARHARM block which is a subblock
of the BIAS block.
Figure 5-5:
Differential harmonic
restraint settings.

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 RIO - Meter Test Module

6 Meter Test Module

The meter test module checks many types of single function or multifunctional
energy meters. It includes load test, no load test, creep test, and count
mechanism test. In the following the RIO block of the meter test module will
be described.

6.1 Structure of the METER Block

The METER block has a simple structure. There are no relationships and
subblocks specified. The ACTIVE row is required, while all other rows are
optional and can only appear once.
Table 6-1:
Meter structure
Keyword Min Max Refer to
BEGIN METER 0 1
ACTIVE 1 1 Section
TYPE 0 1 Section
DIRECTION 0 1 Section
QUADRANT 0 1 Section
PULSE_TYPE 0 1 Section
CERTIFIED 0 1 Section
CLASS 0 1 Section
PULSES_PER_REV 0 1 Section
SETTLING 0 1 Section
CONSTANT 0 1 Section
V_PRIM 0 1 Section
V_SEC 0 1 Section
I_PRIM 0 1 Section
I_SEC 0 1 Section
END METER

6.2 Row and Value Descriptions

ACTIVE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) YES No
Indicates if the test module is active or not.

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TYPE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration MULTIFUNCTION; W_H; VAR_H; W_H No
VA_H; V2_H; V_H; I2_H; I_H
Describes the type of the meter test module.

DIRECTION

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration IMPORTING; EXPORTING; EXPORTING No
BIDIRECTIONAL
Specifies the energy direction. This setting applies only if either meter type
W_H or VAR_H was selected in the row TYPE.

QUADRANT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration Q1; Q2; Q3; Q4; Q_ALL Q_ALL No
Specifies the quadrant 1, 2, 3, 4 or all. This setting applies if an apparent
power meter (VA_H) was selected in the row TYPE.

PULSE_TYPE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration RISING; FALLING RISING No
Specifies the edge of the meter pulse which is considered by the hardware
as the moment of the pulse. Rising means high-active, falling means low-
active.
Figure 6-1:
Pulse type

high-active:

low-active:

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 RIO - Meter Test Module

CERTIFIED

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String no restrictions No
Specifies the entry that will late appear as “Certified”. Principally, this can be
any user-defined alphanumerical entry. It is recommended, however, to enter
the certification date and / or code of series test of the respective energy meter.

CLASS

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.5 No

Specifies the meter class (serves as default value for the tolerance).

PULSES_PER_REV

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Integer 0... +¥ 1 No

Specifies the number of pulses that are emitted during one full revolution of
the disk.

SETTLING

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 5.0 No

The settling time is the time to allow the meter to establish a stable operating
state. Enter the settling time as stated in the meter’s data sheet. Pre-defined
default value: 5 seconds. If there is no data sheet available, leave the default
value.

CONSTANT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ - No

The meter's constant in pulses per measured unit, secondary

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V_PRIM

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 100.0 No

Specifies the primary side value of the potential transformer.

V_SEC

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 100.0 No

Specifies the secondary side value of the potential transformer.

I_PRIM

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 1.0 No

Specifies the primary side value of the potential transformer in A.

I_SEC

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 1.0 No

Specifies the secondary side value of the potential transformer in A.

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 RIO - Meter Test Module

6.3 Example for Meter

The following shows an example of the meter block and its associated dialog
box (Figure 6-2).
BEGIN METER
ACTIVE YES
TYPE W_H
DIRECTION EXPORTING
QUADRANT Q_ALL
PULSE_TYPE RISING
CERTIFIED
CLASS 0.5
PULSES_PER_REV 1
SETTLING 5
CONSTANT 750
V_PRIM 100
V_SEC 100
I_PRIM 1
I_SEC 1
END METER

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Figure 6-2:
Meter settings

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 RIO - Synchronizer Test Module

7 Synchronizer Test Module

Synchronization relays are used to assist:
Ÿ connecting a generator to the network or power grid;
Ÿ reestablishing the connection between two parts of the network;
Ÿ manually closing of breakers, and
Ÿ performing a synchronism check.
Synchronizing relays are designed to measure two voltages with respect to
phase angle, frequency, and magnitude to safeguard against the
interconnection of two unsynchronised systems. Synchronizing relays are also
used in switching operations to link two parts of a system which are already
synchronously connected via other paths in the system. Auto-reclose is a good
example of such a switching operation.

7.1 Structure of the SYNCHRO Block

The rows of the SYNCHRO block correspond to the parameters of the system
settings page of the synchronizing testobject and establishe settings for the
systems that are to be synchronized. The Synchronizer Test Module can match
1-phase-to-1-phase, 1-phase-to-3-phase, 3-phase-to-1-phase, or 3-phase-to-
3-phase. Moreover, the phases can be in a Wye or Delta configuration. System
1 is always considered the reference system.
The CHARSYNC subblock reflects the settings of the synchronizing tab in the
testobject page. These parameters provide more details regarding how the
synchronizing relay is configured for the application. Coupling of System 1 and
System 2 through the circuit breaker is only permitted after synchronization to
within the specified voltage, frequency, and phase ranges.
Table 7-1:
Synchronizing structure
Keyword Min Max Refer to
BEGIN SYNCHRO 0 1
ACTIVE 1 1 Section
TCBCLOSE 1 1 Section
TG_PHASE_SHIFT 1 1 Section
STARTING 1 1 Section
PHASE-SEQUENCE1 1 1 Section
PHASE-SYSTEM1 1 1 Section
PHASE-SEQUENCE2 1 1 Section
PHASE-SYSTEM2 1 1 Section
BEGIN CHARSYNC 1 1
D-VMAX 1 1 Section

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Keyword Min Max Refer to

D-VMIN 1 1 Section
VTOLABS 1 1 Section
VTOLREL 1 1 Section
D-FMAX 1 1 Section
D-FMIN 1 1 Section
FTOLABS 1 1 Section
FTOLREL 1 1 Section
D-PHASEANGLE 1 1 Section
PHASEANGLE-TOLABS 1 1 Section
PHASEANGLE-TOLREL 1 1 Section
INNER_LIMIT 1 1 Section
OUTER_LIMIT 1 1 Section
END CHARSYNC
END SYNCHRO

7.2 Row and Value Descriptions

ACTIVE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) YES No
Indicates if the test module is active or not.

TCBCLOSE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.1 No

This is the elapsed time between output of the CB close command and the
actual closing of the circuit breaker. This is used to calculate the expected
phase angle difference between the two systems at the time of the CB closure.

TG_PHASE_SHIFT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -360 ... +360 0.0 No
This value specify the phase shift (if any) coming from an optional block or
coupling transformer. This value is given in degrees from +/-360 degrees.

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 RIO - Synchronizer Test Module

STARTING

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration PULSE; CONTINUOUS; NONE PULSE No
This defines the type of start signal to be applied to the test object after the
pre-synchronization time. When set to pulse, a 50 ms start pulse is output at
the same time that the maximum synchronization time starts. When set to
continuous, the start signal is active during the maximum synchronization and
post synchronization times. This also defines the type of release signal to be
applied either at the end of the max-synchronization time (test fail) or at the
end of the post-synchronization time (test pass).

PHASE-SEQUENCE1

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration L1L2L3; L1L3L2 L1L2L3 No
This setting describes the direction of the phase rotation: either L1-L2-L3 or L1-
L3-L2.

PHASE-SYSTEM1

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration L1N; L2N; L3N; L1L2; L2L3; L3L1; L1L2 No
L1L3; L3L2; L2L1; L1L2L3; L1L3L2;
L12L23L31; L13L32L21
The phase or phases from the system to use for synchronization and whether
they are Wye or Delta. Systems 1 and 2 must be configured either both as Wye
or both as Delta. When testing Wye, you can configure any combination of
line-to-neutral voltages going from System 1 to System 2. Likewise when
testing Delta, you can configure any combination of line-to-line going from
System 1 to System 2.

PHASE-SEQUENCE2

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration L1L2L3; L1L3L2 L1L2L3 No
Section

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PHASE-SYSTEM2

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration L1N; L2N; L3N; L1L2; L2L3; L3L1; L1L2 No
L1L3; L3L2; L2L1; L1L2L3; L1L3L2;
L12L23L31; L13L32L21
Section

D-VMAX

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0 ... +¥ 2.0 No

System 1 and System 2 are required to have approximately the same voltage at
the moment of synchronism and actual CB closure.
A maximum overvoltage (D-VMAX) and undervoltage (D-VMIN Section )) can
be entered for the difference in System 1 and System 2 voltages. In addition,
the over- and undervoltages can have a tolerance . The tolerances can be
entered as either an absolute value ( Section ) in volts or as a percentage of the
(DV) value ( Section ). If both an absolute and relative tolerance is specified, the
larger of the two is used.

D-VMIN

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0 ... -¥ -2.0 No

Section

VTOLABS

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0 ... +¥ 0.06 No

Section

VTOLREL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0 ... 100 3.0 No

Section

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 RIO - Synchronizer Test Module

D-FMAX

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0 ... +¥ 0.1 No

System 1 and System 2 are required to have the same frequency at the
moment of synchronism and actual CB closure.
A maximum above synchronous (D-FMAX) and subsynchronous (D-FMIN
(Section )) value can be entered for the difference in System 1 and System 2
frequencies. In addition, these frequencies can have a tolerance. The tolerances
can be entered as either an absolute value ( Section ) in volts or as a percentage
of the (DF) value ( Section ). If both an absolute and relative tolerance is
specified, the larger of the two is used.

D-FMIN

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0 ... - ¥ -0.1 No

Section

FTOLABS

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0 ... +¥ 0.003 No

Section

FTOLREL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +100 3.0 No

Section

D-PHASEANGLE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -360... +360 20.0 No

System 1 and System 2 are required to be in phase after taking into

consideration any CB closure delays and coupling transformer phase shifts.
The maximum difference in phase angle between System 1 and System 2 at
the moment of synchronism and actual CB closure can be +/-360 degrees.

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In addition, the phase difference can have a tolerance. The tolerances can be
entered as either an absolute value in degrees ( Section )or as a percentage of
the value ( Section ) . If both an absolute and relative tolerance is specified, the
larger of the two is used.

PHASEANGLE-TOLABS

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -360 ... + 360 0.6 No

Section

PHASEANGLE-TOLREL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0 ...+100 3 No

Section

INNER_LIMIT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0 ... +¥ 0.04 No

Generally, the synchronizing relay controls one of the systems (e.g., a

generator) in order to get it to match the reference system in terms of voltage,
phase, and frequency. The control signals are V> and V< for raising and
lowering the output voltage and f> and f< for raising and lowering the
output frequency.
The Dead Zones are areas when the synchronizing relay shout not output any
adjustment control command .
The Dead Zones are specified with OUTER_LIMIT and INNER_LIMIT ( Section ).
The Synchronizer Test Module verifies that the entered values are within the
upper and lower limits for above synchronous and subsynchronous operation.

OUTER_LIMIT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.08 No

Section

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 RIO - Synchronizer Test Module

7.3 Example for Synchronizing

The following shows an example of the synchro block and its associated dialog
box (also refer to figure 7-1 and figure 7-2).
BEGIN SYNCHRO
ACTIVE YES
TCBCLOSE 0.1
TG_PHASE_SHIFT 0
STARTING PULSE
PHASE-SEQUENCE1 L1L2L3
PHASE-SYSTEM1 L1L2
PHASE-SEQUENCE2 L1L2L3
PHASE-SYSTEM2 L1L2
BEGIN CHARSYNC
D-VMAX 2
D-VMIN -2
VTOLABS 0.06
VTOLREL 3
D-FMAX 0.1
D-FMIN -0.1
FTOLABS 0.003
FTOLREL 3
D-PHASEANGLE 20
PHASEANGLE-TOLABS 0.6
PHASEANGLE-TOLREL 3
INNER_LIMIT 0.04
OUTER_LIMIT 0.08
END CHARSYNC
END SYNCHRO

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Figure 7-1:
Synchro settings System
Parameters

100
 RIO - Synchronizer Test Module

Figure 7-2:
Synchro settings
Synchronizing Window

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102
 RIO - Transducer Test Module

8 Transducer Test Module

Transducers are used for precision electrical measurement and control. They are
used across industry sectors such as electrical utilities, switchgear / switchboard
manufacturers, energy management, building management and control,
process control, and instrumentation. They provide local and remote indication
in conjunction with instruments, recorders, and data loggers. Moreover,
transducers with high accuracy and reliability are becoming increasingly
important features in the provision of cost effective system control.

8.1 Structure of the TRANSDUCER Block

The transducer block could have additional subblocks. Every subblock describe
a different functionality of the transducer. The functionality block also have a
subblock where the charateristic is described. The operating characteristic is
how the transducer transforms the input physical quantity to the output
physical quantity.
Table 8-1:
Transducer block structure
Keyword Min Max Refer to
BEGIN TRANSDUCER 0 1
ACTIVE 1 1 Section
TRDCR_OUT 1 1 Section
ANGLE_REF 1 1 Section
ERROR_REF 1 1 Section
SETTLING 1 1 Section
BEGIN FUNCTION 1 no
limit
TYPE 1 1 Section
TOLERANCE 1 1 Section
PHASES 1 1 Section
BEGIN CHAR 0 1
TYPE 1 1 Section
SYMMETRICAL 1 1 Section
MIN_INP 1 1 Section
MIN_OUT 1 1 Section
KNEE_INP 1 1 Section
KNEE_OUT 1 1 Section
MAX_INP 1 1 Section
MAX_OUT 1 1 Section
SAT_OUT 1 1 Section
END CHAR
END FUNCTION
END TRANSDUCER

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8.2 Row and Value Descriptions

ACTIVE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) YES No
Indicates if the test module is active or not.

TRDCR_OUT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration VOLTAGE; CURRENT CURRENT No
Define whether the transducer to be tested outputs DC voltage (0...10V) or DC
current (0...20mA).

ANGLE_REF

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration VOLTAGE; CURRENT CURRENT No
This setting reflects the method with which the power system phase angle is
calculated. When the angle reference is Voltage, the angle is calculated as
Phi(I) - Phi(V). When the angle reference is Current, the angle is calculated as
Phi(V) - Phi(I).

ERROR_REF

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration ZERO_MAX; MAX_MAX ZERO_MAX No
The full scale error refers to the maximum value of the transducer's operating
characteristic... (as set in the Tr-Input entry field "Maximum value").
This selection is only enabled, if a symmetrical characteristic was chosen; else
"0...+max." is set by default and cannot be changed.
For a transducer with a symmetrical characteristic, it can be defined whether
the full scale error relates to the range 0...+max. or to -max...+max.

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SETTLING

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 1.0 No

The settling time elapses before a test point is executed. In test mode "Auto
Stepping", this parameter determines the time per step for each sweep.

TYPE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration ACT_PWR; REACT_PWR; ACT_PWR No
FREQUENCY; APP_PWR;
PWR_FACTOR; LF_TRDCR;
VV_PHASE; II_PHASE;
VI_PHASE; AC_CURRENT;
AC_VOLTAGE; DC_CURRENT;
DC_VOLTAGE; DC_PWR
This value describes the functionality of the transducer

TOLERANCE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0... +¥ 0.5 No

Defines the maximum full scale error for the respective specific quantity. If a
multifunctional transducer was chosen, it is possible to define a specific
tolerance for each of the functions.
With the exception of the Frequency tab (value in mHz), the tolerance is
defined in %.

PHASES

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Integer enumeration 1; 3 3 No

Specify whether your transducer operates with one phase or three phases.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

TYPE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

String enumeration SINGLE; COMPOUND; SINGLE No
QUADRATIC
The operating characteristic reflects how the transducer transforms the input
physical quantity to the output physical quantity. Transducer supports three
different types of operating characteristics:
Ÿ linear operating characteristic
Ÿ quadratic operating characteristic
Ÿ compound operating characteristic.
A different operating characteristic can be defined for each transducer
function.

SYMMETRICAL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) NO No
Check here whether or not your transducer's operating characteristic is
symmetrical. Whether or not a characteristic is symmetrical depends on the
transducer's output range. If you are in doubt, please refer to the transducer's
operating instructions.
Input and output definitions are always made for the first quadrant. If the
transducer's operating characteristic is symmetrical, the characteristic are
mirrored in the third quadrant.

MIN_INP

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No

Enter the transducer's minimum input value (e.g. 0.000var input corresponds
to 0.00mA output).

MIN_OUT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No

Enter the transducer's minimum output value.

106
 RIO - Transducer Test Module

KNEE_INP

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 0.0 No

Only available in case of a compound operating characteristic. The knee point

defines the "bend" in the two straight lines of the compound operating
characteristic. An example is at 80 % of nominal load. The knee point divides
the curve into two different sensitivity ranges. This value defines the knee point
input.

KNEE_OUT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 0.016 No

This value defines the knee point output. Section

MAX_INP

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 173.205 No

Enter the transducer's maximum input values (e.g. 173.205var input

correspond to 20mA output).

MAX_OUT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 0.02 No

Enter the transducer's maximum output values . Section

SAT_OUT

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double -¥... +¥ 0.22 No

This is the limit of the operating characteristic.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

8.3 Example for Transducer

The following shows an example of the transducer block and its associated
dialog box (Figure 8-1).
BEGIN TRANSDUCER
ACTIVE YES
TRDCR_OUT CURRENT
ANGLE_REF CURRENT
ERROR_REF ZERO_MAX
SETTLING 1
BEGIN FUNCTION
TYPE ACT_PWR
TOLERANCE 0.5
PHASES 3
BEGIN CHAR
TYPE SINGLE
SYMMETRICAL NO
MIN_INP 0
MIN_OUT 0
KNEE_INP 0
KNEE_OUT 0.016
MAX_INP 173.205
MAX_OUT 0.02
SAT_OUT 0.022
END CHAR
END FUNCTION
END TRANSDUCER

108
 RIO - Transducer Test Module

Figure 8-1:
Transducer settings

109
 OMICRON Test Universe

110
 RIO - VI-Starting Test Module

9 VI-Starting Test Module

The test module VI-Starting verifies the characteristic of a voltage-dependent
overcurrent starting function (VI-Starting function).

9.1 Structure of the VI-Starting Block

Table 9-1:
VI-Starting structure
Keyword Min Max Refer to
BEGIN VISTARTING 0 1
ACTIVE 1 1 page 111
ITOL 0 1 page 111
VTOL 0 1 page 112
BEGIN CHARVIS1 0 1
I> 0 1 page 112
I>> 0 1 page 112
VLN(I>) 0 1 page 112
VLN(I>>) 0 1 page 112
VLL(I>) 0 1 page 112
VLL(I>>) 0 1 page 113
END CHARVIS 0 1
END VISTARTING 0 1

1 BEGIN CHARVIS and END CHARVIS denote begin and end of the block for the VI characteristics.

9.2 Row and Value Descriptions

ACTIVE

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Boolean TRUE (YES); FALSE (NO) YES No
Specifies whether the test module is active or not.

ITOL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.1 ... 10% 5 No
Specifies the tolerance value of the test current threshold.

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 OMICRON Test Universe

VTOL

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.1 ... 10% 5 No

Specifies the tolerance value of the test voltage threshold.

I>

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.05 ... I max 0.20A No

Specifies the first pick-up current threshold (I> stage).

I>>

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.05 ... I max 1.8A No

Specifies the second pick-up current threshold (I>> stage).

VLN(I>)

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0 ... V max 50.0V No

Specifies the voltage threshold of the I> stage for line-neutral faults.

VLN(I>>)

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0 ... V max 80.0V No

Specifies the voltage threshold of the I>> stage for line-neutral faults.

VLL(I>)

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0 ... V max 50V No

Specifies the voltage threshold of the I> stage for line-line faults.

112
 RIO - VI-Starting Test Module

VLL(I>>)

Type Range/Enumeration Default Optional

Double 0.0 ... V max 80V No

Specifies the voltage threshold of the I>> stage for line-line faults.

9.3 Example for VI-Starting

The following shows an example of the VI-Starting block and its associated
dialog box (refer to figure 9-1).
BEGIN VISTARTING
ACTIVE YES
ITOL 5
VTOL 5
BEGIN CHARVIS
I> 0.2
I>> 1.8
VLN(I>) 48.0
VLN(I>>) 48.0
VLL(I>) 80.0
VLL(I>>) 80.0
END CHARVIS
END VISTARTING

113
 OMICRON Test Universe

Figure 9-1:
VI-Starting settings

114
 RIO - Revision History

10 Revision History

Revision Date Author Changes

1.0 31/07/1998 Stephan Christmann First version including Device,
Differential, Overcurrent
1.1 05/11/1998 Stephan Christmann Distance beta
2.0 03/12/1999 Glenn Maxey, Stephan Distance, OMURP, Meter,
Christmann general improvements
2.01 09/12/1999 Stephan Christmann Distance:
RERL_XEXL Default: -¥
page 40
Device:
IMAX Default: 50.0 A
page 25

2.1 16/08/2000 Stephan Christmann Enhancements for distance

(KS, KL, KSISKL, LINELENGTH)
Bugfix for Device settings
(VAUX, AC-FLAG deleted)
Synchro block and
Transducer block added.
2.2 21/03/2002 Thomas Wolff New section Section 9 "VI-
Starting Test Module" on
page 111.
Misc. layout and formatting
revisions, re-insertion of
graphics

115
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116
 Manufacturer Contact Information

Manufacturer Contact Information

OMICRON electronics GmbH
Oberes Ried 1
6833 Klaus
Austria
Phone: +43 5523 507-0
Fax: +43 5523 507-999
E-Mail: [email protected]
Website: http://www.omicron.at

Note: For addresses of OMICRON offices with customer service centers,

regional sales offices or offices for training, consulting and
commissioning please see our website.

117
 OMICRON Contact Addresses

118
 Index

Index
B
BAY
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
A BAY-ADDRESS
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
AB BIAS block
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 BIASDIVISOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
ACTIVE DEFBIAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
DIFFBIAS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 TOLHARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
DIFFERENTIAL block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 BIASDIVISOR
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 44 BIAS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
LINEDEF block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 block
METER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 106 DEVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
OVERCURRENT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 keyword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 TESTOBJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
UNIT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 block structure
VI-STARTING block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 invalid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
ADDITIONAL-INFO 2 Boolean
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 FALSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
address of manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Advanced Differential test module . . . . . . . . 69 TRUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Advanced Distance test module . . . . . . . . . . 29 YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
ALLOWRED boolean constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
AND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
ANGLE
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
ANGLE_REF
C
TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 cardinality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 14, 16
ARC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 CB trip time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 C-block comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
ARCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 CERTIFIED
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 METER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
ARCRES CHAR
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 UNIT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
AUTOCLOSE CHARHARM block
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 DELAYHARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
ORDER-HARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
CHARI2T
UNIT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
CLASS
METER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

119
 OMICRON Test Universe

C-line comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ADDITIONAL-INFO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

comma separator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 BAY-ADDRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
CONNECTION DEBOUNCETIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
WINDINGS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 DEGLITCHTIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
CONNECTIONNUMBER DEVICE-ADDRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
WINDINGS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 DEVICE-TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
constant example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Boolean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 FNOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
floating point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 IMAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
integer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ININOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 INOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
CONTSTANT IPRIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
METER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 MANUFACTURER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
CONVRELAY NAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
DIFFERENTIAL block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 PHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
correcting RIO files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 PROTECTED-OBJECT-NAME . . . . . . . . 24
CTSTARPOINT SERIALNO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
OVERCURRENT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 SUBSTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
SUBSTATION-ADDRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
VLNVN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
VMAX-LL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
D VNOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VPRIM-LL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
25
D_FMAX DEVICE-ADDRESS
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
D_FMIN DEVICE-TYPE
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
D_VMAX DIFF block
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 IDIFF> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
D_VMIN IDIFF>> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 TDIFF> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
DCOFFSET TDIFF>> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 DIFFBIAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
DEBOUNCETIME DIFFBIAS block
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 ACTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
DEFBIAS DIFFERENTIAL
BIAS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
DEGLITCHTIME DIFFERENTIAL block
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 ACTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
DELAYHARM CONVRELAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
CHARHARM block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 IREF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
dependency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ITOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 OBJECT-TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

120
 Index

REF-WINDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 LINEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 OFFSET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
TMAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 PERC52A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
TREF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 PERC52B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 43
TRET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 PTCONN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
TTOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 REACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
TTRIP> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 RERL_XEXL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
USECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 RMRL_XMXL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
WINDING-COUNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Differential test module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 TCBCLOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
DIRECTION TCBTRIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
METER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 105, 106 TESTMODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
DIRECTIONAL TMAXFAULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
OVERCURRENT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 TPOSTFAULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
DISPLAY_ABSOLUTE TPREFAULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
OVERCURRENT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 TREF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
DISTANCE block TRIPTIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
ACTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 44 VTEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
ALLOWRED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 WIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
ANGLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Z0MZ1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
ARC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Z0Z1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
ARCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 ZS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
ARCRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 ZTOLABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
AUTOCLOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 ZTOLREL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
CTSTARPOINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Distance test module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
DCOFFSET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 double . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
FALTLOOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 D-PHASEANGLE
FAULTINCANGLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
FAULTINCMODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 D-PHI
IMPCORR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 LINEDEF block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
IMPPRIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
INVERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
ITEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
ITOLMINUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
E
ITOLPLUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 enumeration
ITOLREL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 double . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
KL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 integer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
KM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 error message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
KS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Block invalid name of RIO data . . . . . . . . 15
KSISKL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Block name is missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
LABEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 invalid value index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
LINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 invalid value type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
LINEANGLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 RIO data in XOR conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

121
 OMICRON Test Universe

RIO data of AND relationship still missing 15 GROUNDING-CT-N

RIO data of OR relationship still missing . 14 WINDINGS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
RIO data of XOR relationship still missing 15 GROUNDING-CT-PH
Row invalid name of RIO data . . . . . . . . . 15 WINDINGS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Row name is missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 GROUNDING-TRF
The parser block structure is invalid . . . . 14 WINDINGS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Too much RIO data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 GROUP block
value still missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 NAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
violation of value restriction . . . . . . . . . . . 16 subblock of OVERCURRENT block . . . . 61
Wrong token found . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 UNIT subblock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
ERROR_REF
TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
example
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
DIFFERENTIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
H
METER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 hexidecimal representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
SYNCHRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
TRANSDUCER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
VI-STARTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
I
I> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
VI-STARTING block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
F I>>
FALSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 20 VI-STARTING block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
fault group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 i>> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
FAULTINCANGLE i>>> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 I_PRIM
FAULTINCMODE METER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 I_SEC
FAULTLOOP METER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 IDIFF>
floating point constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 DIFF block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
FNOM IDIFF>>
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 DIFF block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
FTOLABS IMAX
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
FTOLREL IMPCORR
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
IMPPRIM
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
INDEX
G DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
ININOM
grounding factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

122
 Index

INNER_LIMIT KNEE_OUT
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
INOM KS
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
instantaneous pick-up current . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 KSISKL
integer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
integer constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
INULL-ELIMINATION
WINDINGS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
INVERT
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
L
IPICKUP LABEL
UNIT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
I-PICKUP> LENSTOMATOSHAPE block . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
LINEDEF block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 LINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
IPRIM DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 TRIPCHAR block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
IREF LINEANGLE
DIFFERENTIAL block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
ITEST LINEDEF block
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 ACTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
ITOL D-PHI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
DIFFERENTIAL block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 I-PICKUP> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
OVERCURRENT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
VI-STARTING block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 LINEDIFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
ITOLMINUS LINEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
ITOLPLUS
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
ITOLREL
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 M
MANUFACTURER
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
manufacturer address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
K MAX_INP
keyword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
KL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 MAX_OUT
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
kL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 METER
KM example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 METER block
kM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ACTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 106
KNEE_INP CERTIFIED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 CLASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

123
 OMICRON Test Universe

CONSTANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
DIRECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 105, 106
I_PRIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
O
I_SEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 OBJECT-TYPE
PULSE_TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 95, 105 DIFFERENTIAL block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
PULSES_PER_REV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 98 OFFSET
QUADRANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 95, 105 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
SETTLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 OMICRON addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 111 OMURP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
V_PRIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 107 ORDER-HARM
V_SEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 CHARHARM block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Meter test module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 OUTER_LIMIT
METHOD SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
LINEDEF block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 OVERCURRENT block
MHOSHAPE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ACTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
MIN_INP CTSTARPOINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 DIRECTIONAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
MIN_OUT DISPLAY_ABSOLUTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 GROUP subblock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
ITOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
PTCONN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
N TTOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Overcurrent test module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 64
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
GROUP block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
UNIT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
P
WINDINGS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 parser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 20 correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
NOM-CT-N error messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
WINDINGS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 unknown data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
NOM-CT-PH PERC52A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
WINDINGS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
NOM-PD-N PERC52B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
WINDINGS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 43
NOM-PD-PH PHASE
WINDINGS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
PHASEANGLE-TOLABS
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
PHASEANGLE-TOLREL
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
PHASES

124
 Index

TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 corrupt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

PHASE-SEQUENCE1 RIO format
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
PHASE-SEQUENCE2 row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 RM/RL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
PHASE-SYSTEM1 RMRL_XMXL
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
PHASE-SYSTEM2 row
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
pick-up current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 keyword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
POINT
TABLE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
PREDEFCHAR
UNIT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
PROTECTED-OBJECT-NAME
S
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 SAT_OUT
PTCONN TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 separator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
OVERCURRENT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 comma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
PULSE_TYPE space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
METER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 95, 105 tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
PULSES_PER_REV SERIALNO
METER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 98 DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Service
OMICRON addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
SETTLING
Q METER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
QUADRANT SHAPE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
METER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 95, 105 SN
WINDINGS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
space separator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
START
R TRIPCHAR block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
STARTING
RE/RL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
REACH STOP
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 TRIPCHAR block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
REF-WINDING string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
DIFFERENTIAL block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 string constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
REM comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 structure
RERL_XEXL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 DIFFERENTIAL block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
RIO file DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 METER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 111

125
 OMICRON Test Universe

OVERCURRENT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Transducer block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 TCBTRIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
subblock of UNIT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
SUBSTATION TDIFF>
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 DIFF block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
SUBSTATION-ADDRESS TDIFF>>
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 DIFF block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
SYMMETRICAL test module
TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Advanced Differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
SYNCHRO Advanced Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
SYNCHRO block Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
ACTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
D-FMAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Overcurrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
D-FMIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 SYNCHRONIZER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
D-PHASEANGLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
D-VMAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 VI-Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
D-VMIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 TESTMODE
FTOLABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
FTOLREL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 TESTOBJECT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
INNER_LIMIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 TG_PHASE_SHIFT
OUTER_LIMIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
PHASEANGLE-TOLABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 TINDEX
PHASEANGLE-TOLREL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 UNIT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
PHASE-SEQUENCE1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 TMAX
PHASE-SEQUENCE2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 DIFFERENTIAL block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
PHASE-SYSTEM1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 TMAXFAULT
PHASESYSTEM2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
STARTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 TOLERANCE
structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
TCBCLOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 TOLHARM
TG_PHASE_SHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 BIAS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
VTOLABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 TPOSTFAULT
VTOLREL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
SYNCHRONIZER test module . . . . . . . . . . . 93 TPREFAULT
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
TRANSDUCER
example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
T TRANSDUCER block
ACTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
tab separator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ANGLE_REF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
TABLE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 ERROR_REF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
POINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 KNEE_INP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
TCBCLOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 KNEE_OUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

126
 Index

MAX_OUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 CHAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

MIN_INP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 CHARI2T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
MIN_OUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 IPICKUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
PHASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 PREDEFCHAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
SAT_OUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 subblock of GROUP block . . . . . . . . . . . 61
SETTLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 TABLE subblock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
SYMMETRICAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 TINDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
TOLERANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 unknown data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
TRDCR_OUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 USECT
TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 106 DIFFERENTIAL block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Transducer block
structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
TRANSDUCER blockMAX_INP . . . . . . . . . 107
Transducer test module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
TRDCR_OUT
V
TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 V_PRIM
TREF METER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 107
DIFFERENTIAL block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 V_SEC
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 METER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
TRET VI-STARTING
DIFFERENTIAL block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
TRIPCHAR block VI-STARTING block
LINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 ACTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
START . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 I> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
STOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 I>> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
TRIPTIME ITOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 VLL (I>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
TRUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 20 VLL (I>>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
TTOL VLN (I>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
DIFFERENTIAL block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 VLN (I>>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
OVERCURRENT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 VTOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
TTOLREL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 VI-Starting test module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
TTRIP> VLL (I>)
DIFFERENTIAL block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 VI-STARTING block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
TYPE VLL (I>>)
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 VI-STARTING block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
METER block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 VLN (I>)
TRANSDUCER block . . . . . . . . . . 105, 106 VI-STARTING block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
VLN (I>>)
VI-STARTING block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
VLNVN
U DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
VMAX-LL
UNIT block DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
ACTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 VN

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 OMICRON Test Universe

WINDINGS block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
VNOM
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Y
VPRIM-LL YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 20
DEVICE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
VTEST
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
VTOL
VI-STARTING block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Z
VTOLABS Z0MZ1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VTOLREL Z0Z1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30
SYNCHRO block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
ZS
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
ZTOLABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
W ZTOLREL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
WIDTH DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
DISTANCE block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
WINDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
WINDING-COUNT
DIFFERENTIAL block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
WINDINGS block
CONNECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
CONNECTIONNUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
GROUNDING-CT-N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
GROUNDING-CT-PH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
GROUNDING-TRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
INULL-ELIMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
NAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
NOM-CT-N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
NOM-CT-PH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
NOM-PD-N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
NOM-PD-PH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
SN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
VN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

X
XE/XL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
XM/XL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
XOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 29

128