1.

3 Vector Equations

Math 2331 – Linear Algebra

1.3 Vector Equations

Jiwen He

Department of Mathematics, University of Houston

[email protected]
math.uh.edu/∼jiwenhe/math2331

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 1 / 18

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1.3 Vector Equations

Vector in R2
Geometric Description of R2
Parallelogram Rule

Vectors in Rn
Linear Combinations
Example: Linear Combinations of Vectors in R2

Vector Equation

Span of a Set of Vectors: Definition

Spanning Sets in R3
Geometric Description of Span{v }
Geometric Description of Span{u, v }

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 2 / 18

 1.3 Vector Equations Definition Combinations Span

Vector

Key Concepts to Master

linear combinations of vectors and a spanning set.

Vectors in Rn
 
u1
 u2 
vectors with n entries: u =   , a matrix with one column.
 
..
 . 
un

Geometric Description of R2
 
x1
Vector is the point (x1 , x2 ) in the plane.
x2

R2 is the set of all points in the plane.

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 3 / 18
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Parallelogram Rule

Parallelogram Rule for Addition of Two Vectors

If u and v in R2 are represented as points in the plane, then u + v
corresponds to the fourth vertex of the parallelogram
  whose other
0
vertices are 0, u and v. (Note that 0 = .)
0

Example
   
1 2
Let u = and v = .
3 1
Graphs of u, v and u + v are:

(Parallelogram Rule)
Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 4 / 18
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2
Vectors in R : Example

Example

1
Let u = .
2
−3
Express u, 2u, and 2 u
on a graph.

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 5 / 18

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Linear Combinations of Vectors

Linear Combinations of Vectors

Given vectors v1 , v2 , . . . , vp in Rn and given scalars c1 , c2 , . . . , cp ,
the vector y defined by

y = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + cp vp

is called a linear combination of v1 , v2 , . . . , vp using weights

c1 , c2 , . . . , cp .

Examples (Linear Combinations of v1 and v2 )

1
3v1 + 2v2 , 3 v1 , v1 − 2v2 , 0

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 6 / 18

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Linear Combinations of Vectors in R2 : Example

Example
  
2 −2
Let v1 = and v2 = . Express each of the
1 2
following as a linear combination of v1 and v2 :
       
0 −4 6 7
a= , b= , c= , d=
3 1 6 −4

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 7 / 18

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Linear Combinations: Example

Example
       
1 4 3 −1
Let a1 =  0 , a2 =  2 , a3 =  6 , and b =  8 .
3 14 10 −5
Determine if b is a linear combination of a1 , a2 , and a3 .

Solution: Vector b is a linear combination of a1 , a2 , and a3 if can

we find weights x1 , x2 , x3 such that

x1 a1 + x2 a2 + x3 a3 = b.

Vector Equation (fill-in):

       
1 4 3 −1
x1  0  + x2  2  + x3  6  =  8 
3 14 10 −5

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 8 / 18

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Linear Combinations: Example (cont.)

Corresponding System:

x1 + 4x2 + 3x3 = −1
2x2 + 6x3 = 8
3x1 + 14x2 + 10x3 = −5

Corresponding Augmented Matrix:

   
1 4 3 −1 1 0 0 1 x1 =
 0 2 6 8  ∼  0 1 0 −2  =⇒ x2 =
3 14 10 −5 0 0 1 2 x3 =

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 9 / 18

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Linear Combinations: Review

Review of the last example: a1 , a2 , a3 and b are columns of
the augmented matrix
 
1 4 3 −1
 0 2 6 8 
3 14 10 −5
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
a1 a2 a3 b

Solution to

x1 a1 + x2 a2 + x3 a3 = b

is found by solving the linear system whose augmented matrix is

 
a1 a2 a3 b .

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 10 / 18

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Linear Combinations and Vector Equation

Vector Equation
A vector equation

x1 a1 + x2 a2 + · · · + xn an = b

has the same solution set as the linear system whose augmented
matrix is
 
a1 a2 · · · an b .

In particular, b can be generated by a linear combination of

a1 , a2 , . . . , an if and only if there is a solution to the linear system
corresponding to the augmented matrix.

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 11 / 18

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Span of a Set of Vectors: Examples

Example
 
3
Let v =  4  .
5
 
0
Label the origin  0 
0
together with

v, 2v and 1.5v

on the graph.
v, 2v and 1.5v all lie on the same line.

Span{v} is the set of all vectors of the form cv.

Here, Span{v} = a line through the origin.

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 12 / 18

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Span of a Set of Vectors: Examples (cont.)

Example
Label
u, v, u + v and 3u+4v
on the graph.

u, v, u + v and 3u+4v all lie in the

same plane.

Span{u, v} is the set of all vectors of the form x1 u + x2 v.

Here, Span{u, v} = a plane through the origin.

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 13 / 18

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Span of a Set of Vectors: Definition

Span of a Set of Vectors

Suppose v1 , v2 , . . . , vp are in Rn ; then

Span{v1 , v2 , . . . , vp } = set of all linear combinations of

v1 , v2 , . . . , vp .

Span of a Set of Vectors (Stated another way)

Span{v1 , v2 , . . . , vp } is the collection of all vectors that can be
written as

x1 v1 + x2 v2 + · · · + xp vp

where x1 , x2 , . . . , xp are scalars.

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 14 / 18

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Span of a Set of Vectors: Example

Example
   
2 4
Let v1 = and v2 = .
1 2

(a) Find a vector in Span{v1 , v2 }.

(b) Describe Span{v1 , v2 } geometrically.

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 15 / 18

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3
Spanning Sets in R

Example
v2 is a multiple of v1

Span{v1 , v2 } =Span{v1 }

=Span{v2 }

(line through the origin)

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 16 / 18

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3
Spanning Sets in R (cont.)

Example

4
Let v1 =  2 
2
 
6
and v2 =  3 .
3
Is Span{v1 , v2 } a line or a
plane?

v2 is not a multiple of v1
Span{v1 , v2 } =plane through the origin

Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 17 / 18

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Spanning Sets
Example
   
1 2 8
Let A =  3 1  and b =  3 . Is b in the plane
0 5 17
spanned by the columns of A?

Solution: ? Do x1 and x2 exist so that

     
1 2 8
x1  3  + x2  1  =  3 
0 5 17
Corresponding augmented matrix:
     
1 2 8 1 2 8 1 2 8
 3 1 3  ∼  0 −5 −21  ∼  0 −5 −21 
0 5 17 0 5 17 0 0 −4
So b is not in the plane spanned by the columns of A
Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 18 / 18