POKHARA UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

A REPORT ON SEISMIC ANALYSIS,

STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DUCTILE DETAILING COMMERCIAL BUILDING
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project entitled

“SEISMIC ANALYSIS,

STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DUCTILE DETAILING OF

COMMERCIAL BUILDING”

submitted by “Ashish Raymaji (071/BCE/389),Bibek Wagle (071/BCE/354), Ishwor

Thapa(071/BCE/365), Nashib Thapa Magar (071/BCE/373),Nishant
Kunwar(071/BCE/374),Sweta Bhandari(071/BCE/387),Shova Sahi(071/BCE/385)” has been
examined and accepted as the partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor in
Civil Engineering.

Er. Amok Bajracharya

(Supervisor)

Tribhuwan University

Kathmandu

………………………………..

Er. Gajendra Kumar Jha

Head

Department of Civil Engineering

Universal Engineering& Science College

Chakupat, Lalitpur

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Structural Analysis and Design Of Multi-storeyed building, being comparatively a harder
project, we found it to be more interesting and knowledgeousduring the period of the
project work. This project had broadened our mind in terms of earthquake resistance design
consideration of buildings. The knowledge and ideas we have acquired will help us in our
future career in the relative field.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our supervisor Er. Amok Bajracharya for
his valuable time in guidance, suggestions, continuous support and encouragement
throughout the project. Furthermore, we would also like to provide our special thanks to
our supervisor for providing us with the Architectural drawing of the site and appreciate
hisefforts in providing us the knowledge on SAP 2000. We were really privileged by his
deep concern to our work and constructive criticism and suggestions in the outputs of every
stage of our project activity.

We are highly grateful to our respected Principal and our Head Of Department Er. Gajendra
Kumar Jha for providing immense support and guidance for our project.We are indebted to
our teachers and to the colleagues for their valuable suggestion, discussions and
information during the project period and the preparation of the report.

Project Members

Ashish Raymajhi (071/BCE/389)

Bibek Wagle (071/BCE/354)

Ishwor Thapa(071/BCE/365)

Nashib Thapa Magar (071/BCE/373)

Nishant Kunwar(071/BCE/374)

Sweta Bhandari(071/BCE/387)

Shova Sahi(071/BCE/385)

ii
 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATION
List of symbols:

Symbols Description

Ac - Area of concrete

Ah - Horizontal seismic coefficient

Ag - Gross area of column

Ast - Area of tension reinforcement

Asc - Area of compression reinforcement

Asv - Area of vertical stirrup

b, B - Breadth of the section

D - Overall depth of the section

d - Effective depth of the section

fck - Characteristics compressive strength of concrete

fy - Characteristic yield strength of steel

I - Importance factor of the structure

Ix, Iy - Moment of inertia about X- and Y- axis respectively

hi - Height of the ith floor base of frame

k - performance factor depending on the structural framing system

and brittleness or ductility of the construction

leff - effective length of the element

lx, ly - Span of slab in the shorter and longer direction respectively

l - Unsupported length or clear span of element

Ld - Development length of the bar

Mu - Factored moment, Design moment for limit state design

Mu lim - Limiting moment of resistance

Mux, Muy - Factored moment about X- and Y-axis respectively

Muxl, Muyl - Maximum uniaxial moment capacity of the section with axial load,

iii
 Bending about X- and Y- axis, respectively

P - Axial load on the element

Pu - Factored axial load, designed axial load for limit state design

pc - Percentage of compressive reinforcement

pt - Percentage of tension reinforcement

Qi - Base shear distributed in ith floor

Sv - Spacing of stirrup

T - Fundamental time period of building, (sec)

V - Shear force

Vu - Design shear force for limit state design, factored shear force

Vus - Strength of shear reinforcement in the limit state design

Vb - Total base shear

Wi - Lump load on the ith floor

Xu - Depth of neutral axis in limit state of collapse

Xu max - Maximum depth of neutral axis in limit state of design

α - Coefficient

αx, αy - Bending moment coefficient for slab about X- and Y- axis respt.
c - Allowable shear stress in concrete

 bd - Allowable bond stress in concrete

 c , max - Allowable maximum shear stress in concrete with shear

reinforcement

v - Nominal shear stress

Φ - Diameter of bar

q - Soil bearing pressure

Abbreviation:

CM - Center of Mass

iv
CR - Center of Rigidity

DL - Dead Load

EQ - Earthquake Load

IS - Indian Standard

LL - Live Load

RCC - Reinforced Cement Concrete

SP - Special Publication

v
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Description of the project ...................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Objectives of the project ........................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Scope of the project ............................................................................................................... 3
2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................. 4
2.1. Literature Review .................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Data Collection ....................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Load Estimation ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.4 Preliminary Design.................................................................................................................. 5
2.5 Detailed Design....................................................................................................................... 5
3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN.................................................................................................................... 7
3.1. Preliminary Design Of Slab .................................................................................................... 7
3.2. Preliminary Design of Beam .................................................................................................. 7
3.2.1. For primary beam ........................................................................................................... 7
3.3. Preliminary Design Of Column.............................................................................................. 8
4 LOAD CALCULATIONS ..................................................................................................................10
4.1. Vertical Load Calculation ..................................................................................................... 10
4.1.1. Dead Load Of Slab........................................................................................................ 10
4.1.2. Dead Load Of Wall ........................................................................................................ 22
4.1.3. Dead Load of Beam...................................................................................................... 25
4.1.4 Dead Load of Column .................................................................................................... 27
4.1.5. Live Load calculation .................................................................................................... 28
4.2 Lateral Load Calculation ....................................................................................................... 30
4.2.1. Seismic Load ................................................................................................................. 30
4.2.2. Base shear Calculation.................................................................................................. 31
4.4.3. Calculation of fundamental natural period of vibration (T) ......................................... 32
4.4.4. Calculation of Centre Of Mass ...................................................................................... 33
4.4.5. Combination Of Loads .................................................................................................. 33
5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ...............................................................................................................35
5.1. Salient Features Of SAP2000 ............................................................................................... 35
5.2. Inputs And Outputs ............................................................................................................. 35
6 DETAILED DESIGN ........................................................................................................................36

vi
 6.1. Limit State Method .............................................................................................................. 36
6.1.1. Assumption For Flexure Member ................................................................................. 36
6.1.2. Assumption For Compression Member........................................................................ 36
6.2. Materials Adopted In Design ............................................................................................... 37
6.3. Detailing of Structural Element ........................................................................................... 37
7 CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................41
8 LIMITATION OF PROJECT: ............................................................................................................41
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................43

vii
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
World today, is urbanizing rapidly with the construction of buildings and structures.
Nowadays, with the awareness level of the building owners increasing than in the past, the
trend of constructing a scientifically analyzed building is growing popular. Especially in
the case of the medium to large commercial buildings, it is a good thing because such a
practice helps construction of more safe buildings which can eventually lead to avoidance
of loss of lives and property in case of a structural failure.

Structural Analysis deals with the analyzing internal forces in the members of the
structures. Structural design deals with sizing various members of the structures to resist
the internal forces to which they are subjected during their effective life span. Unless the
proper structural detailing method is adopted the structural design will be no more effective.
The Indian Standard Code of Practice may be adopted thoroughly for proper analysis,
design and detailing with respect to safety, economy, stability and strength.

Structures are subjected to a single load system or the combination of the system of loads.
The load may include dead load, live load, wind load, earthquake load and dynamic loads.
These loads may be applied as a point load, uniformly distributed load or uniformly varying
load which are transferred by an structural element to another nearby structural element
and ultimately to the soil through the foundation of the structure. In a building, slab
transfers the load to the beam, beam to the column, column to the foundation and finally to
the earth through foundation. Therefore, a designer should be considering all these load
patterns and the direction of load distribution while designing the structure building.

1.2 Description of the project

The project selected is structural analysis and design of a commercial building
located at Durbsrmarg,Kathmandu lies on an earthquake prone zone. Here, the effect of
earthquake is pre-dominant than the wind load. Thus the building is analyzed for
earthquake as lateral load. The seismic coefficient design method as stipulated in IS
1893:2002 is applied to analyze the building for earthquake. Special reinforced concrete
moment resisting frame is considered as the main structural system of the building.

Location plan and Architectural drawings of the proposed building are mentioned in
chapter 7 of the report.

System: RCC framed structure System

Building type: Multi-storey shopping complex

Structural System: RCC frame

Plinth Area Covered: 383.16 sq.m

1
 Foundation Type: Isolate footing

No. of storey: 5

Floor height: 3.3 m

No. of girds: 8 grids along x-axis

4 girds along y-axis

No. of staircase:1 Dog legged in each storey

Type of soil: Medium

Floor description:

Ground floor: Departmental store and shops

First floor: banks and shops

Second floor: Multipurpose hall and shops

Third floor: Terrace

2
1.3 Objectives of the project
o Learn the concept of lateral and vertical loading on the building.
o Learn analysis for earthquake loading on the building.
o Identification of structural arrangement of the plan.
o Modeling of the building for the structural analysis.
o Detail structural analysis using SAP 2000.
o Sectional design of structural components.
o Structural detailing of members and the system.

1.4 Scope of the project

 The analysis is linear elastic analysis i.e. 3D analysisSAP 2000 is used for
analysis.
 IS codes of practice are used which include IS456:2000, IS875:1987(Part 1,2),
IS1893:2000, IS13920:1993, SP16,SP34
 Seismic coefficient method is used for earthquake analysis.
 Masonry walls are considered as non-structural elements but period of vibration
is considered as of inclusive of masonry wall.
 Soil foundation is assumed to be rigid.
 Limit state method is used for element design purpose.
 The bearing capacity of foundation is assumed to be 150 kN/m2.
 The project does not take into account the soil pressure in elements at the
basement as well as the possible impact loads due to vehicles.
 Design and detailing of following structural elements is performed
 Slab
 Beam
 Column
 Staircase

3
2 METHODOLOGY
2.1. Literature Review
The project work is the practical application of the theoretical knowledge acquired
during the four year course of Bachelor in Civil Engineering. Therefore, the reviewing of
the course and the reference literatures aiding the processes throughout the project is carried
out. This develops the basis for the performances of the project.

Since, this project is a structure based project including structural analysis and design of
multi-storeyed building, the reviewing of theory of structures, design of reinforced concrete
structures, IS code of practices etc are carried out before and during the project
performance.

2.2 Data Collection

The data for the designs are taken on the basis of the specification offered by
various IS codes

Concrete grade: M25,M20

Dead load: as per IS875:1987(Part I)

Live load: as per IS875:1987(Part II)

2.3 Load Estimation

 The loads on a slab spanning in two directions at right angles and supporting
uniformly distributed loads are distributed to the beam as per IS456:2000, cl.24.5.
 Dead load from slab is transferred as trapezoidal and triangular loads on beams.

Fig-1: load distribution from slab to beam

 Self weight of beam is considered as uniformly distributed load.

 Self weight of column is considered as the point load acting on the joint.
 The total load on staircase is equally distributed to both supporting beam and the
load is converted to UDL.

4
  The loading from cantilever slab is converted to UDL acting in beam by dividing
total load by length of the beam.
 Dead load is produced by self weight of slabs, beams, columns, walls, parapet walls,
staircases, and so on. Magnitude of dead load/unit load/density are chosen from
code IS875:1987(part II)
 R.C.C. slab, beam, column = 25 kN/m3
 Screed = 24 kN/m3
 10 mm thick cement plaster(1:4) =20.4 kN/m3
 Brick wall (230 mm thick) =20 kN/m3
 Marble =26 kN/m3
 The magnitude of live load depends upon the type of occupancy of the building.
These are to be chosen from code IS875:1987(part II) for various occupancies
 Roof = 1.5kN/m2
 Passage, Lobby, Waiting Room=4.0 kN/m2
 Toilet = 2.0 kN/m2
 Reception Room = 4.0 kN/m2
 Multi-purpose hall = 4.0kN/m2
 Staircase = 4.0kN/m2
 Kitchen and dining = 3.0kN/m2
 Store rooms = 5.0 kN/m2
 Banking hall = 3.0 kN/m2
 Earthquake loads: Earthquake or seismic load on a building depends upon its
geographical location, lateral stiffness and mass. It’s effect should be considered
along both axes of the building taken one at a time. During an earthquake, the mass
is imparted by the building where as acceleration is imparted by the ground
disturbance. In order to have a minimum force, the mass of building should be as
low as possible. The inertial force is resisted by the building and the resisting force
at the centre of rigidity at each floor of the building. There are two methods to
determine the earthquake force in the building:
 a) Seismic coefficient method or static method
 b) Response spectrum method

The seismic coefficient method is generally applicable to buildings up to 40 m in

height and those are more or less symmetrical in plan and elevation.

2.4 Preliminary Design

To carry out the preliminary design of the beam and slab, control of deflection
criteria as per IS456:2000 was adopted. Also, the factored axial load on the column as per
IS456:2000 was considered for the preliminary design of column.

2.5 Detailed Design

The detailed design of the structure members are carried out using Limit State
method. SAP2000 was used for modeling of the structure and the output were used for the

5
design of the structural members. The beam is designed by using IS456:2000 as well as
SP16. The column design is based on SP16 and the design of slab is based on IS456:2000.

6
3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN
The principal purposes for preliminary design of any structure are:

 Obtain a clear picture of the structural action

 Establish the dimensions of the structure
 Use the preliminary design as a check on the final design.

Preliminary design includes the approximation of size of the structural components of the
building for analysis. The preliminary design bridges the gap between the design concept
and the detailed phase.

3.1. Preliminary Design Of Slab

Taking largest short span

Taking slab S1with area (7 × 3.65)𝑚2

Using deflection control:

According to IS 456:2000 cl. 24.1

(L/d)=35 (Simply Supported Slabs)

=40 (Continuous Slabs)

(L/d)=35

d=7000/35=200mm
Effective cover=25mm

d=220~225mm

3.2. Preliminary Design of Beam

3.2.1. For primary beam

Taking beam 1-1(span of 6m)
According to IS456:2000, cl.23.2.1, for continuous beams
(L/d)=7 (Cantilever)
=22 (Simply supported)
=26 (Contiuous)
(L/d)=22
d=7000/22=318.18~325mm

7
d/W=1.5~2
d/W=1.5
W=275/1.5=216.67mm
W=225mm
Providing effective cover=25mm
Beam=250*325

3.3. Preliminary Design Of Column

Preliminary design of column is carried out by classifying the columns according to the
dimension.
Slab UDL = 25 kN/𝑚3
Intensity of load from slab= 25 × depth
=25 × 0.225
= 5.625kN/m2

Live load (IS 875, part II)= 3 kN/m3

Floor finish:
Density of marble = 26 kN/m3
Thickness = 12mm
UDL = 26 × 0.012 = 0.312 kN/m2
Density of screed = 24 kN/m3
Thickness = 25mm
UDL = 24 ×depth
= 24×25/ 1000
= 0.6 kN/𝑚2
Density of plaster = 20.4kN/𝑚3
UDL = 20.4× 10/1000 = 0.204kN/m2
Total floor finish load (F.L) = 0.312 + 0.6 + 0.204
= 1.116kN/m2
Density of brick = 20 kN/m3

Choosing column C20:

8
 3650

7000

Transfer load from slab:

Self wt of slab=7*3.65*0.225*25=143.718KN
Load Transfer From Beam:
selfwt of beam=(7+3.65)*0.25*0.0.325*25=14.414KN
Load From Wall:
Wall thickness(exterior)=230mm=0.23m
Wall thickness(interior)=100mm=0.1m
Self wt of wall=2.3*0.1*2.951*19.2+2.8*0.23*2.951*19.2
=49.89KN
Live load=3*(7*3.65)=25.55KN
Floor finish=1.5*7*3.65=38.325KN
Total load=143.718+14.414+49.89+25.55+38.325=271.902KN
Considering self wt of slab=271.902+10%*271.902=299.092KN
Considering storey floor and factor of safety=299.092*4*1.5=1794.552KN
Puz =1794.552KN
From IS code 456:2000
Puz=0.45fckAc+0.67fyAst……(ii)
For, fck=25MPa
Fy=500MPa
Pt=(0.8%-4%) = adopting 3%

9
∴ Puz=0.45×25×0.97 Ag+0.67×500×0.03 Ag----- (ii)

Solving (i) & (ii);

Ag=175678.43𝑚𝑚2
Provide(350*350)mm
(Note: This section is changed to (450*450) mm due to the above section turned unsafe
after analysis from SAP 2000.)

4 LOAD CALCULATIONS
4.1. Vertical Load Calculation
Slab loads are distributed to the beam as per IS456:2000 cl. 24.5. Wall loads are distributed
over the beam span in the form of uniformly distributed load. 60% and 30% deductions are
applied on the exterior and interior wall loads respectively. For the calculation of loads on
column, the reactions from the beam and the self weights of the column are combined.

4.1.1. Dead Load Of Slab

Calcution of self wt of slab of first floor

Sp
S.N Description Slab area Slab thk Volume Self wt
wt
1 First Floor
1.1 S1 14.685 0.22 3.2307 25 80.7675
1.2 S2 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
1.3 S3 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
1.5 S5 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
1.6 S6 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
1.7 S7 12.705 0.22 2.7951 25 69.8775
1.8 S8 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
1.9 S9 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
1.11 S10 14.0525 0.22 3.09155 25 77.28875
1.12 S11 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
1.13 S12 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
1.14 S13 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
1.15 S14 23.1 0.22 5.082 25 127.05
1.16 S15 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
1.17 S16 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
1.18 S17 25.55 0.22 5.621 25 140.525
1.19 S18 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
10
 1.2 S19 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
1.21 S20 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
Sum 1823.03
For Staircase
1.22 waist slab 1 5.055 0.22 1.1121 25 27.8025
1.23 waist slab 2 5.055 0.22 1.1121 25 27.8025
1.78668
1.24 landing 8.1213 0.22 6 25 44.66715
Sum 100.27215

Calculation of self weight of slab of second

floor

Sp
S.N Description Slab area Slab thk Volume Self wt
wt
First Floor
2.1 S1 14.685 0.22 3.2307 25 80.7675
2.2 S2 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
2.3 S3 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
2.4 S5 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
2.5 S6 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
2.6 S7 12.705 0.22 2.7951 25 69.8775
2.7 S8 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
2.8 S9 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
2.9 S10 14.0525 0.22 3.09155 25 77.28875
2.1 S11 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
2.12 S12 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
2.13 S13 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
2.14 S14 23.1 0.22 5.082 25 127.05
2.15 S15 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
2.16 S16 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
2.17 S17 25.55 0.22 5.621 25 140.525
2.18 S18 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
2.19 S19 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
2.2 S20 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
Sum 1823.03

2.21 waist slab 1 5.055 0.22 1.1121 25 27.8025

2.22 waist slab 2 5.055 0.22 1.1121 25 27.8025
1.78668
2.23 landing 8.1213 0.22 6 25 44.66715
Sum 100.27215

11
 Calculation of self weight of slab of third
floor
Sp
S.N Description Slab area Slab thk Volume Self wt
wt
First Floor
3.1 S1 14.685 0.22 3.2307 25 80.7675
3.2 S2 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
3.3 S3 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
3.4 S5 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
3.5 S6 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
3.6 S7 12.705 0.22 2.7951 25 69.8775
3.7 S8 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
3.8 S9 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
3.9 S10 14.0525 0.22 3.09155 25 77.28875
3.11 S11 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
3.12 S12 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
3.13 S13 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
3.14 S14 23.1 0.22 5.082 25 127.05
3.15 S15 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
3.16 S16 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
3.17 S17 25.55 0.22 5.621 25 140.525
3.18 S18 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
3.19 S19 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
3.2 S20 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
Sum 1823.03

For Staircase
3.21 waist slab 1 5.055 0.22 1.1121 25 27.8025
3.22 waist slab 2 5.055 0.22 1.1121 25 27.8025
1.78668
3.23 landing 8.1213 0.22 6 25 44.66715
Sum 100.27215

Calculation of self weight of slab of fourth

floor

Sp
S.N Description Slab area Slab thk Volume Self wt
wt
First Floor
4.1 S1 14.685 0.22 3.2307 25 80.7675
4.2 S2 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
4.3 S3 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
4.4 S5 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
4.5 S6 14.9075 0.22 3.27965 25 81.99125
4.6 S7 12.705 0.22 2.7951 25 69.8775
12
 4.7 S8 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
4.8 S9 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
4.9 S10 14.0525 0.22 3.09155 25 77.28875
4.1 S11 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
4.11 S12 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
4.12 S13 12.8975 0.22 2.83745 25 70.93625
4.13 S14 23.1 0.22 5.082 25 127.05
4.14 S15 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
4.15 S16 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
4.16 S17 25.55 0.22 5.621 25 140.525
4.17 S18 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
4.18 S19 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
4.19 S20 23.45 0.22 5.159 25 128.975
Sum 1823.03

For staircase
4.2 waist slab 1 5.055 0.22 1.1121 25 27.8025
4.21 waist slab 2 5.055 0.22 1.1121 25 27.8025
1.78668
4.22 landing 8.1213 0.22 6 25 44.66715
Sum 100.27215

Calculation of self weight of slab of fifth

floor

Sp
S.N Description Slab area Slab thk Volume Self wt
wt
5.1 S4 16.2425 0.22 3.57335 25 89.33375

Calclation of self weight of beam on first

floor
D
ep
th
Width of Sp. wt of Self weight of
S.N Description Length of
beam concrete beam
be
a
m
1 First Floor
0.
5
5
1.1 Grid 1 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969

13
 0.
5
5
1.2 Grid 2 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969
0.
5
5
1.3 Grid 3 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969
0.
5
5
1.4 Grid 4 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969
0.
5
5
1.5 Grid A 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0.
5
5
1.6 Grid B 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0.
5
5
1.7 Grid C 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0.
5
5
1.8 Grid D 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0.
5
5
1.9 Grid E 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0.
5
5
1.1 Grid F 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0.
5
5
1.2 Grid G 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0.
5
5
1.3 GridH 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
Sum 1230.15564

Calculation of
self weight of

14
 beam on
second floor
D
ep
th
Width of Sp wt of Self weight of
S.N Description Length of
beam concrete beam
be
a
m
First Floor
0.
5
5
2.1 Grid 1 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969
0.
5
5
2.2 Grid 2 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969
0.
5
5
2.3 Grid 3 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969
0.
5
5
2.4 Grid 4 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969
0.
5
5
2.5 Grid A 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0.
5
5
2.6 Grid B 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0.
5
5
2.7 Grid C 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0.
5
5
2.8 Grid D 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0.
5
5
2.9 Grid E 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0.
2.2 Grid F 15.3 0.406 5 25 86.65461

15
 5
8
0.
5
5
2.11 Grid G 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0.
5
5
2.12 GridH 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
Sum 1230.15564

Calculatiion of self weight of beam on

third floor

D
e
p
t
h
Width of Sp wt of Self weight of
S.N Description Length o
beam concrete beam
f
b
e
a
m
First Floor
0
.
5
5
3.1 Grid 1 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969
0
.
5
5
3.2 Grid 2 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969
0
.
5
5
3.3 Grid 3 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969
0
.
5
5
3.4 Grid 4 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969

16
 0
.
5
5
3.5 Grid A 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0
.
5
5
3.6 Grid B 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0
.
5
5
3.7 Grid C 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0
.
5
5
3.8 Grid D 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0
.
5
5
3.9 Grid E 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0
.
5
5
3.1 Grid F 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0
.
5
5
3.12 Grid G 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0
.
5
5
3.13 GridH 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
Sum 1230.15564

Calculation of
self weight of
beam on fourth
floor

17
 D
e
p
t
h
Width of Sp wt of Self weight of
S.N Description Length o
beam concrete beam
f
b
e
a
m
First Floor
0
.
5
5
4.1 Grid 1 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969
0
.
5
5
4.2 Grid 2 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969
0
.
5
5
4.3 Grid 3 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969
0
.
5
5
4.4 Grid 4 23.7 0.406 8 25 134.22969
0
.
5
5
4.5 Grid A 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0
.
5
5
4.6 Grid B 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0
.
5
5
4.7 Grid C 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0
.
4.8 Grid D 15.3 0.406 5 25 86.65461
18
 5
8
0
.
5
5
4.9 Grid E 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0
.
5
5
4.1 Grid F 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0
.
5
5
4.11 Grid G 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
0
.
5
5
4.12 GridH 15.3 0.406 8 25 86.65461
Sum 1230.15564

Calculation of
self weight of
beam on fifth
floor

D
e
p
t
h
Width of Sp wt of Self weight of
S.N Description Length o
beam concrete beam
f
b
e
a
m
0
.
5
5
5.1 Grid 1 3.65 0.406 8 25 20.672505
0
.
5.2 Grid 2 3.65 0.406 5 25 20.672505

19
 5
8
0
.
5
5
5.3 Grid D 4.45 0.406 8 25 25.203465
0
.
5
5
5.4 Grid E 4.45 0.406 8 25 25.203465
Sum 91.75194

Calculation of self weight of column on

first floor

S
e
l
f
w
e
i
g
Breadth
Width of Height of Sp wt of h
S.N Description of
beam Column concrete t
column
o
f
C
o
l
u
m
Nos n
5
3
4
.
1 First floor 32 0.45 0.45 3.3 25 6
5
3
4
Second .
2 floor 32 0.45 0.45 3.3 25 6
5
3
3 Third floor 32 0.45 0.45 3.3 25 4

20
 .
6
5
3
4
.
4 Fourth floor 32 0.45 0.45 3.3 25 6
6
6
.
8
2
5 Fifth floor 4 0.45 0.45 3.3 25 5

Self weight of slab = unit wt of concrete × thickness of slab

= 25 × 0.225 = 5.5kN/m2/m

Floor finish load = 1.116 kN/m2/m (From section 3.3)

Therefore, Total Dead Load Of Slab = 6.116kN/m2/m

For a rectangular slab span, the slab load is assumed to be distributed to corresponding
beams in trapezoidal or triangular form. The form is only triangular in case of square slab.
The trapezoidal and triangular loads are distributed uniformly over the beam span by using
the following expressions:

Fig-6: Slab load distribution over beam

Traingular Load UDL= qLx/3

Trapezoidal Load UDL = qLx(3-m2)/6

where; q = intensity of load

Lx = Short span length

Ly = Long span length

21
 m = Lx/Ly = Short span/Long span

4.1.2. Dead Load Of Wall

Wall load is carried by multiplying unit wt of wall with the product of thickness of wall
and the height of wall.

Height of wall = 3.3 m

Unit wt. of brick = 20 kN/m3

Wall thickness = 0.23 m

For interior walls( 30% deduction)

Dead load of wall = 20×3.3×0.23×0.7 = 10.626kN/ m

For exterior walls( 60% deduction)

Dead load of wall = 20×3.3×0.23×0.4 = 6.072kN/ m

Calculation
of wall load
for First
floor
Exterior

Brea Sp wt of Brick
S.N Description Length Height Wall Load (KN)
dth masonary

1.1 First Floor

1.2 Grid 1 23.7 0.23 2.742 19.2 286.9755
1.3 Grid 4 23.7 0.23 2.742 19.2 286.9755
1.4 Grid A 15.3 0.23 2.742 19.2 185.2627
1.5 GridH 15.3 0.23 2.742 19.2 185.2627
Sum 944.4764 KN

Calculation
of wall load
for First
floor Interior

Brea Sp wt of Brick
S.N Description Length Height Wall Load (KN)
dth masonary

22
1.1 Grid 2 23.7 0.11 2.742 19.2 137.2492
1.2 Grid 3 23.7 0.11 2.742 19.2 137.2492
1.3 Grid B 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
1.4 Grid C 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
1.5 Grid D 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
1.6 Grid E 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
1.7 Grid F 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
1.8 Grid G 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
Sum 806.1217 KN

Calculation
of wall load
for second
floor
Exterior

Brea Sp wt of Brick
S.N Description Length Height Wall Load (KN)
dth masonary

2.1 Grid 1 23.7 0.23 2.742 19.2 286.9755

2.4 Grid 4 23.7 0.23 2.742 19.2 286.9755
2.5 Grid A 15.3 0.23 2.742 19.2 185.2627
2.13 GridH 15.3 0.23 2.742 19.2 185.2627
Sum 944.4764 KN

Calculation
of wall load
for second
floor interior

Brea Sp wt of Brick
S.N Description Length Height Wall Load (KN)
dth masonary

2.2 Grid 2 23.7 0.11 2.742 19.2 137.2492

2.3 Grid 3 23.7 0.11 2.742 19.2 137.2492
2.6 Grid B 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
2.7 Grid C 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
2.8 Grid D 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
2.9 Grid E 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
2.1 Grid F 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
2.12 Grid G 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
Sum 806.1217

Calculation
of wall load
for Third

23
 floor
Exterior

Brea Sp wt of Brick
S.N Description Length Height Wall Load (KN)
dth masonary

2.1 Grid 1 23.7 0.23 2.742 19.2 286.9755

2.4 Grid 4 23.7 0.23 2.742 19.2 286.9755
2.5 Grid A 15.3 0.23 2.742 19.2 185.2627
2.13 GridH 15.3 0.23 2.742 19.2 185.2627
Sum 944.4764 KN

Calculation
of wall load
for Third
floor interior

Brea Sp wt of Brick
S.N Description Length Height Wall Load (KN)
dth masonary

2.2 Grid 2 23.7 0.11 2.742 19.2 137.2492

2.3 Grid 3 23.7 0.11 2.742 19.2 137.2492
2.6 Grid B 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
2.7 Grid C 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
2.8 Grid D 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
2.9 Grid E 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
2.1 Grid F 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
2.12 Grid G 15.3 0.11 2.742 19.2 88.60389
Sum 806.1217

Calculation
of wall for
fourth floor
Exterior

Brea Sp wt of Brick
S.N Description Length Height Wall Load (KN)
dth masonary

4.1 Grid 1 23.7 0.23 1 19.2 104.6592

402 Grid 4 23.7 0.23 1 19.2 104.6592
4.3 Grid A 15.3 0.23 1 19.2 67.5648
4.4 GridH 15.3 0.23 1 19.2 67.5648
Sum 344.448

Calculation
of wall for

24
 fourth floor
interior

Brea Sp wt of Brick
S.N Description Length Height Wall Load (KN)
dth masonary

2.741
4.1 Grid 1 3.65 0.11 2 19.2 21.13136
2.741
4.2 Grid 2 3.65 0.11 2 19.2 21.13136
2.741
4.3 Grid D 4.45 0.11 2 19.2 25.76289
2.741
4.4 Grid E 4.45 0.11 2 19.2 25.76289
Sum 93.78851

Calculation
of wall load
for fifth
floor
Exterior

Brea Sp wt of Brick
S.N Description Length Height Wall Load (KN)
dth masonary

5.1 Grid 1 3.65 0.23 1 19.2 16.1184

5.2 Grid 2 3.65 0.23 1 19.2 16.1184
5.3 Grid D 4.45 0.23 1 19.2 19.6512
5.4 Grid E 4.45 0.23 1 19.2 19.6512
Sum 71.5392

4.1.3. Dead Load of Beam

Calculation of self weight of beam

Descriptio Length of Breadth of Thickness of Unit wt. of Wt. of
S.N. n beam (m) beam (m) beam (m) RCC beam (KN)
1 First floor
231.80062
a Grid 1 37.5 0.406 0.609 25 5
231.80062
b Grid 2 37.5 0.406 0.609 25 5
231.80062
c Grid 3 37.5 0.406 0.609 25 5
231.80062
d Grid 4 37.5 0.406 0.609 25 5
e Grid A 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
f Grid B 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
g Grid C 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787

25
h Grid D 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
i Grid E 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
j Grid F 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
k Grid G 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
l Grid H 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
1728.3054
Sum 6

Second
2 floor
231.80062
a Grid 1 37.5 0.406 0.609 25 5
231.80062
b Grid 2 37.5 0.406 0.609 25 5
231.80062
c Grid 3 37.5 0.406 0.609 25 5
231.80062
d Grid 4 37.5 0.406 0.609 25 5
e Grid A 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
f Grid B 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
g Grid C 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
h Grid D 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
i Grid E 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
j Grid F 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
k Grid G 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
l Grid H 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
1728.3054
Sum 6

3 Third floor
231.80062
a Grid 1 37.5 0.406 0.609 25 5
231.80062
b Grid 2 37.5 0.406 0.609 25 5
231.80062
c Grid 3 37.5 0.406 0.609 25 5
231.80062
d Grid 4 37.5 0.406 0.609 25 5
e Grid A 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
f Grid B 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
g Grid C 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
h Grid D 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
i Grid E 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
j Grid F 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
k Grid G 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787

26
 l Grid H 16.2 0.406 0.609 25 100.13787
1728.3054
Sum 6

4 Staircase cover
44.814787
a Grid 3 7.25 0.406 0.609 25 5
44.814787
b Grid 4 7.25 0.406 0.609 25 5
50.007121
c Grid D 8.09 0.406 0.609 25 5
50.007121
d Grid E 8.09 0.406 0.609 25 5
189.64381
Sum 8

Dead load of Beam is carried out by multiplying unit weight of concrete with the product
of depth and width of the beam.

For, Beam dimension of (0.5*0.4)m

Dead load of beam = 25 × 0.5×0.4 = 5.5 kN/m

4.1.4 Dead Load of Column

Calculation of self weight of column

Length of Wt. of
Descri
Nos column Breadth of Height of Unit wt. column
ption
S.N. (m) column (m) column (m) of RCC (KN)
First 1626.2677
32 0.762
1 floor 0.762 3.501 25 15
Secon 1626.2677
32 0.762
2 d 0.762 3.501 25 15
1626.2677
Third 32 0.762
3 0.762 3.501 25 15
4 Fourth 4 0.762 0.762 3.5 25 203.2254

Dead load of column is carried out by multiplying unit weight of concrete with the
product of depth and width of the beam.

For, Column of size 0.6×0.5 m2

Dead load of column = 25 × 0.6×0.5 = 7.5kN/m

27
4.1.5. Live Load calculation
The magnitude of live load depends upon the type of occupancy of the building. These are
chosen from code IS875:1987(part II) for various occupancies. The occupancies included
store, passage, kitchen, departmental store, bank, conference hall, bathroom, staircase etc.

Calculation of live load .

S.N Area of slab Live load Live load Remark
. Description (m2) (KN/m2) (KN) s
1 First floor
a S1 36 3 108
b S2 30 3 90
c S3 30 3 90
d S4 30.6 3 91.8
e S5 30 3 90
f S6 30 3 90
g S7 36 3 108
h S8 22.8 3 68.4
i S9 19 3 57
j S10 19 3 57
k S11 19.38 3 58.14
l S12 19 3 57
m S13 19 3 57
n S14 22.8 3 68.4
o S15 36 3 108
p S16 30 3 90
q S17 30 3 90
u S19 30 3 90
v S20 30 3 90
w S21 36 3 108
Room 1666.74

staircas
r Waist slab 1 9.3 4 37.2 e
staircas
s Waist slab 2 9.3 4 37.2 e
staircas
t landing slab 14.28 4 57.12 e
Staircase 131.52

2 Second floor
a S1 36 3 108
b S2 30 3 90
c S3 30 3 90
d S4 30.6 3 91.8

28
e S5 30 3 90
f S6 30 3 90
g S7 36 3 108
h S8 22.8 3 68.4
i S9 19 3 57
j S10 19 3 57
k S11 19.38 3 58.14
l S12 19 3 57
m S13 19 3 57
n S14 22.8 3 68.4
o S15 36 3 108
p S16 30 3 90
q S17 30 3 90
u S19 30 3 90
v S20 30 3 90
w S21 36 3 108
Room 1666.74

staircas
r Waist slab 1 9.3 4 37.2 e
staircas
s Waist slab 2 9.3 4 37.2 e
staircas
t landing slab 14.28 4 57.12 e
Staircase 131.52

3 Third floor
a S1 36 1.5 54
b S2 30 1.5 45
c S3 30 1.5 45
d S4 30.6 1.5 45.9
e S5 30 1.5 45
f S6 30 1.5 45
g S7 36 1.5 54
h S8 22.8 1.5 34.2
i S9 19 1.5 28.5
j S10 19 1.5 28.5
k S11 19.38 1.5 29.07
l S12 19 1.5 28.5
m S13 19 1.5 28.5
n S14 22.8 1.5 34.2
o S15 36 1.5 54
p S16 30 1.5 45

29
 q S17 30 1.5 45
u S19 30 1.5 45
v S20 30 1.5 45
w S21 36 1.5 54
Terrace 833.37

staircas
r Waist slab 1 9.3 4 37.2 e
staircas
s Waist slab 2 9.3 4 37.2 e
staircas
t landing slab 14.28 4 57.12 e
Staircase 131.52

4 Staircase cover
a S1 58.6525 1.5 87.97875

4.2 Lateral Load Calculation

Lateral load is the distribution of base shear on each floor of the frame. It is the earthquake
load acting horizontally in accordance with storey masses of building. Seismic Coefficient
Method or Static Method has been utilized for lateral load computation.
The computation steps generally consist of:

 Calculation of base shear VB

 Determination of earthquake force on different floor

4.2.1. Seismic Load

Seismic weight is the combination of overall dead load and the approximated amount of
live load acting on the building. For the calculation of seismic weight of a floor, the floor
takes half the load above and half the load below the floor for wall and column dead
loads. This is called lumping of floor mass. The seismic weight(w) of the whole building

30
2.2. Base shear Calculation
Base shear is the shear generated at the base of the structure due to the inertial force
occurred during the time of lateral movement of the structure. The lateral movement is
generally caused by wind and earthquake forces. Since, the project area is the part of earth
quake zone V, wind load is ignored and only earthquake load is considered as governing
lateral load.

The base shear VB is given by the following equation as for IS 1893:2002.

VB  AhW where,

Z  I  S 
 , Where,    1
I
Ah    *   *  a
 2  R  g  R
Ah = Horizontal seismic coefficient value

Z = Zone factor for max considered earthquake condition given in

IS1893:2002(part I) clause6.4.2, table 2

R = Response reduction factor given in IS1893: 2002(part I). clause 6.4.2, table 7

 Sa  = spectral acceleration depending upon the period of vibration and damping as given
 
 g 
in IS: 1893-(part I)-2002. Clause 6.4.2, figure 2.

I = post – disaster importance factor depending on the life and function of structure,
historical value or economic importance as IS1893: 2002(part I). Table 6.

W = seismic weight

After calculating the base shear VB the distribution of earthquake force on different floor is
determined as follows ;

31
 2
Wi hi
Qi  n
* VB
W h
i 1
i i
2

Where;

Qi= horizontal force acting at any floor i

Wi = weight of ithstorey assumed to be lumped at ith floor

Hi = height if ith floor above base of frame

n = number of storey of the building

Once the floor loads are obtained the frame can be analyzed by Portal or Cantilever Method
or Stiffness Matrix Method.

The design storey shear in any storey is distributed to the various element of the vertical
lateral force resisting system in proportion to their rigidity considering the rigidity of
diaphragm.

Ah= Z*I*Sa
2*R*g

Ah= 0.108

Base
S.N Floor Height shear Seismic wt W*H2 Qi

1 5th 16.5 2417.5941 504.672028 137396.9597 155.5821137

2 4th 13.2 2417.5941 5962.3977 1038888.174 1176.390063

3 3rd 9.9 2417.5941 6284.78931 615972.2001 697.4991084

4 2nd 6.6 2417.5941 6294.89931 274205.8138 310.4982833

5 1st 3.3 2417.5941 6294.89931 68551.45346 77.62457082

2135014.601

4.4.3. Calculation of fundamental natural period of vibration (T)

The fundamental period of vibration of a R.C. moment resisting frame resisting
100% of the seismic load may be computed using: (considering unbraced condition)

T = 0.075 H0.75

32
 Where: H= height of building.

Here, the height of building = no. of storey × floor ht.

= 4*3.3 =13.2 m

Hence, T = 0.075×13.20.75 = 0.519 sec

4.4.4. Calculation of Centre Of Mass

The point through which the resultant of the masses of the system acts is called
centre of mass. This point corresponds to the centre of gravity of masses of system.

The earthquake force is appliled through the point eccentric to the point eccentric to the
centre of mass at each level. The eccentricity of the applied force is given by the following
equations:

eda = 1.5e + 0.05b

edb = e – 0.05b

Where, eda ,edb= design eccentricity

e = eccentricity between the centre of rigidity and centre of

mass at each floor, or , eccentricity between the shear centre
and cumulative centre of mass at each storey.

b = maximum length of the building right angle to the

direction of earthquake force at a given level.

The factor 1.5 represents dynamic amplification factor while the factor 0.05 represents the
extent of accidental eccentricity.

4.4.5. Combination Of Loads

Different load cases and load combination cases are considered to obtain most critical
element stresses in the structure in the course of analysis.

There are together four load cases considered for the structural analysis and are
mentioned as below:

i.) Dead Load (D.L.)

ii.) Live Load (L.L)
iii.) Earthquake load in X-direction (E.Qx)
iv.) Earthquake load in Y-direction (E.Qy)

Following Load Combination are adopted as per IS 1893:2002(Part I) Cl. No. 6.3.1.2

i.) 1.5 (D.L + L.L)

ii.) 1.5 (D.L + E.Qx)
iii.) 1.5 (D.L - E.Qx)
33
 iv.) 1.5 (D.L + E.Qy)
v.) 1.5 (D.L - E.Qy)
vi.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L + E.Qx)
vii.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L - E.Qx)
viii.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L + E.Qy)
ix.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L - E.Qy)
x.) 0.9 D.L + 1.5 E.Qx
xi.) 0.9 D.L -1.5 E.Qx
xii.) 0.9 D.L + 1.5 E.Qy
xiii.) 0.9 D.L -1.5 E.Qy

34
5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
5.1. Salient Features Of SAP2000
SAP2000 is the software for the modeling of a structure, analysis, checking and
optimization of the design through the single interface. SAP2000 represents the most
sophisticated and user-friendly release of SAP series of computer programs.Graphical
displays of the results, including real-time display of time-history displacements are easily
produced.

The three dimensional frame element is used in the analysis through SAP2000. The frame
element uses a general, three-dimensional, beam-column formulation which includes the
effects of biaxial bending, torsion, axial deformation, and biaxial shear deformations.

A Frame element is modeled as a straight line connecting two joints. Each element has its
own local coordinate system for defining section properties and loads, and for interpreting
output.

Each Frame element may be loaded by self-weight, multiple concentrated loads, and
multiple distributed loads. End offsets are available to account for the finite size of beam
and column intersections. End releases are also available to model different fixity
conditions at the ends of the element. Element internal forces are produced at the ends of
each element and at a user-specified number of equally-spaced output stations along the
length of the element.

Loading options allow for gravity, thermal and pre-stress conditions in addition to the usual
nodal loading with specified forces and or displacements. Dynamic loading can be in the
form of a base acceleration response spectrum, or varying loads and base accelerations.

5.2. Inputs And Outputs

An earthquake resistant structure should be designed in such a way that it can
provide acceptable response level under the design earthquake during its intended life span.
Therefore, it should be provided with appropriate dynamic and structural characteristics.
With an appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all the loads and deformations of
normal construction and use and have adequate durability and adequate resistance to the
effects of misuse and fire.

SAP2000 has a special option for modeling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm system.A floor
diaphragm is modeled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to global X-Y plane, so that all
points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each other in X-Y plane.This type
of modeling is very useful in the lateral dynamic analysis of building. The base shear and
earthquake lateral force are calculated as per code IS 1893:2002 (part1) and are applied at
each master joint located on every storey of the building.

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6 DETAILED DESIGN
6.1. Limit State Method
The object of design based on limit state concept is to achieve an acceptable probability
that a structure will not become unserviceable in its life time for the use for which it is
intended, that is , it will not reach limit state.The structure shall be designed to withstand
safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its life; it shall also satisfy the serviceability
requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking.The acceptable limit for the
safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a ‘limit state’.

The most important of the limit states which must be examined in design are:

Limit state of collapse – which corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity.

Limit state of serviceability – which corresponds to the development of excessive

deformation and is used for checking members in which magnitude of deformations may
limit the use of the structure or its components.

6.1.1. Assumption For Flexure Member

 Plane sections normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending.
 The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fiber is 0.0035.
 The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the
strain in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoidal, parabola or any other
shape which results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the result
of test. For design purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure
shall be assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength. The partial safety
factor γm = 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this.
 The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
 The design stresses in reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain
curve for the type of steel used. For the design purposes the partial safety factor γm
= 1.15 shall be applied.
 The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not
fy
be less than:  0.002
1.15E s
Where, fy= characteristic strength of steel

Es = modulus of elasticity of steel

6.1.2. Assumption For Compression Member

In addition to the assumptions given above ,the following shall be assumed:

 The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken

as 0.002.
 The maximum compressive strain at highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete
subjected to axial compressive and bending and when there is no tension on the

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 section shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme
fiber.

6.2. Materials Adopted In Design

The materials adopted in the design of the structure are:
 Concrete: M25( fck=25mPa)
 Steel:Fe415(fy=500mPa)
 Codes used: IS456:2000, IS875:1987(Part 1,2), IS1893:2000, IS13920:1993,
SP16,SP34
After the completion of modeling, analyzing and checking of the structure in SAP2000,
the obtained results and outputs were utilized to design the structural elements like
beam, column, foundation and shearwall. Accepted theories, experiment, experience as
well as durability were taken into consideration during the design.
A good design should always have a good implementation in order to be an acceptable
project. Therefore, the implementation requiresuitable selection of materials, quality
control, adequate and obvious detailing, good supervision and monitoring of the
activities throughout the phases of the project.

6.3. Design of Structural Element

The aim of the design of structural element is the achievement of an acceptable
probability that structures being designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended
life. With an appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all the loads and deformations
of normal construction and use and have adequate durability and adequate resistance to the
effects of misuse and fire.The realization of design objectives requires compliance with
clearly defined standards for materials, workmanship, and also maintenance and use of
structure in service.

Different elements of the buildings were designed with SAP 2000. However, some
of the elements were also designed manually with hand calculations as a cross check. The
design process of sample calculation for a single element as slab, beam, column, staircase,
lift wall , basement wall and raft foundation are included in this section.

6.3.1. Design Of Slab

Slab is rigid plate which acts as roof or floor during the construction of building in
which all the points are equally displaced when the load is applied on a point on a slab.
Slab is a flexural element and there are mainly two types of slab based on the ratio of longer
to shorter span of room. They are as follow:
i. One way slab: It is a slab with the ratio of longer to shorter span greater than 2 and
the coefficient for it can be used from Table 12 (IS 456:2000).
ii. Two way slab: It is the slab with the ratio of longer to shorter span less than or
equal to 2 and the coefficient for it can be used from Table 26 (IS456:2000).
The span moment per unit width (which are considered as positive in sign) and the
negative moments at continuous edge for these slabs are calculated from the equation:
Mx=αxwlx2 from span lx

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 My=αywlx2 from span ly

Spacing of bars on slab:

i. Maximum spacing in main bar :
a) 3 times the effective depth
b) 300 mm, ; whichever is less

ii. Maximum spacing in distribution bars

a) 5 times the effective depth
b) 450 mm, ; whichever is less
Reinforcement requirement in slab:
i. Maximum reinforcement:
Ast max =4% of area of slab
ii. Minimum reinforcement:
Ast min =0.12% of area of slab

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6.3.2. Design of Beam
The beam is flexural member which distributes the vertical load to the column and
resists the bending moment. The design of the beam deals with the determination of the
beam section and the steel required. Here, we have considered different sizes of beams at
different points, so we have computed the steel requirement with respect to the beam
section.
For convenience, we have considered all the sections as under-reinforced ones. The singly
reinforced and doubly reinforced sections are designed as per the requirement, i.e.
comparison with the limiting moment, Mu, lim.
IS 456:2000 (Annex G, Cl.38.1) is referred for the calculation of the required steel in the
beam. For the singly reinforced section, steel is calculated by using the formula from
G.1.1.b.
Mu =0.87*fy*Ast*d*[1- Ast * fy/(b*D*fck)]
Limiting moment of the resistance is given by the equation:
Mu, lim=0.36xu,max/d *(1-0.42 xu,max/d)bd2 fck
For the section with the compression reinforcement, where the ultimate moment of
resistance of the section exceeds the limiting value Mu, lim, the compression reinforcement
may be obtained by
Mu - Mu, lim =fsc *Asc(d-d’)
Where,
Mu= ultimate moment of resistance of the section
Mu, lim=limiting moment of resistance
xu=neutral axis depth
xu,max=limiting value of xu
D= effective depth
d= width of the compression face
d’= effective cover
fy= characteristic strength of the reinforcement
fck= characteristic strength of concrete
fsc=design stress in compression reinforcement corresponding to strain of 0.0035*( xu,max-
d’)/ xu,max
Ast=area of the tension reinforcement
Asc= area of compression reinforcement

Total area of tension reinforcement in the doubly reinforced beam sections shall be obtained
by
Ast=Ast1 - Ast2 , where,
Ast=total tension reinforcement
Ast1=area of tensile reinforcement for singly reinforced section for Mu, lim
Ast2= Asc* fsc/0.87fy

6.3.2. Design of Beam

Stair Beam A(2-2')

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6.3.3. Design Of Column
The column section shall be designed just above and just below the beam column joints
and larger of the two reinforcements shall be adopted. The end moments and end shear are
available from computer analysis. The design moment should include the following:

a. The additional moment if any, due to long column effect as per Cl.39.7 of IS
456:2000
b. The moments due to minimum eccentricity as per Cl.25.4 of IS 456:2000
All columns are subjected to biaxial moments and biaxial shears. The longitudinal
reinforcements are designed for axial force and biaxial moment as per IS 456:2000. Since
analysis is carried out considering center line dimension, it is necessary to calculate
moments at the top or at the bottom face of the beam intersecting the column for economy.
The critical load combination may be obtained by inspection of analysis result.

The building is symmetrical and all columns are of square section. The procedure used for
exact design of members subjected to axial load and biaxial bending is extremely laborious.
Therefore, IS 456:2000 permits the design of such members by the following equations:

(Mux⁄𝑀𝑢𝑥𝑙 )α + (Muy⁄𝑀𝑢𝑦𝑙 )α ≤1

Puz =0.45*fck*Ac + 0.75*fy*Ast

Where, Mux= moment about X axis

Muy= moment about Y axis

Muxl= maximum uniaxial moment capacity in X axis

Muyl= maximum uniaxial moment capacity in Y axis

fck= characteristic strength of concrete

fy= characteristic strength of steel

Ac=gross X-section area of column

Ast=area of reinforcement bars

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6.3.4. Design Of Staircase
The purpose of staircase is to provide pedestrian access between two vertical floors
of a building. The geometrical forms of staircase may be different depending upon the
requirement.

In our case there is two types of staircase, doglegged staircase and openwell
staircase. Stair slabs are generally designed to resist dead load and live load. Design of
stair case can be carried out according to IS:456:2000by considering effective length,
distribution of loading and depth of section.

DESIGN OF DOGLEGGED STAIRCASE

7 CONCLUSION
The project was the base for the application of the course knowledge in the
structural engineering field. The analysis and design of the building was carried out as per
seismic coefficient method. Modeling and analysis was performed with the aid of civil
engineers friendly software; SAP2000. Sample design and calculation of structural
elements were manually conducted and the obtained design was compared with the design
output from SAP2000. Although, the report excluded the design and layout of the building
services like pipeline, electrical appliances, sanitary and sewage system, it has been
ornamented with the design of structural elements like slab, beam, column, staircase, lift,
shear wall and raft footing.

We were highly aided by the project on developing the practically applicable

knowledge and skills on the structural analysis and design of buildings.Besides, the
acquaintance with the available codes of practices, available softwares and the
implementation of analytical methods and design approaches during the project period had
increased our level of confidence on the relative field.

Hence, the project entitled “SEISMIC ANALYSIS, STRUCTURAL DESIGN &

DUCTILE DETAILING OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING” has been successfully
completed. We, being the part of the future engineers , believe that the project will help us
in similar jobs that we might have in our hands in the future.

8 LIMITATION OF PROJECT:
1. Hence, it is not the real project, so the soil test is not done for foundation design
and bearing capacity of soil is assumed as 150 KN/m2 because normally the
bearing capacity of soil of Kathmandu valley is found to be 100-150 KN/m2.
2. The vibration load due to movement of live load is ignored because it is negligible
compared to seismic load.
3. The load due to opening is not deducted in case of load calculation of wall load.

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4. Load due to wind and snow effects is completely ignored as Kathmandu valley comes
under the zone with less wind movement and snowfall.

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9BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books:
1. Jain, A.K. (2007) ‘Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design’, Nem Chand and Bros,
Roorkee, Sixth Edition.

2. Pillai,S.U. and Menon, D.(2009) ‘Reinforced Concrete Design’,Tata McGraw-Hill

Education Private Limited, Third Edition.

Codes:
1. Plain & Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice - IS 456:2000

2. Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure - IS 1893:2000

3. Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete - SP 16

4. Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement & Detailing - SP 34(S & T):1987

5. Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures
– IS 875 (Part 1, Part 2):1987

6. Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces – Code

of Practice IS 13920:1993

Websites:
www.wikipedia.org (2013)
www.allexperts.com(2013)

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