CHAPTER 2 Basic Laws 63

PROBLEMS
Section 2.2 Ohm’s Law 2.7 Determine the number of branches and nodes in the
circuit in Fig. 2.71.
2.1 The voltage across a 5-k resistor is 16 V. Find the
current through the resistor.
2.2 Find the hot resistance of a lightbulb rated 60 W,
120 V.
2.3 When the voltage across a resistor is 120 V, the
5Ω
current through it is 2.5 mA. Calculate its
conductance. 2Ω
2.4 (a) Calculate current i in Fig. 2.68 when the switch i 5i +
4Ω − 10 V
is in position 1.
(b) Find the current when the switch is in position 2.
3Ω 6Ω
1 2

Figure 2.71 For Prob. 2.7.

i
100 Ω + 150 Ω
− 3V

Section 2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws

2.8 Use KCL to obtain currents i1 , i2 , and i3 in the
Figure 2.68 For Prob. 2.4.
circuit shown in Fig. 2.72.
Section 2.3 Nodes, Branches, and Loops
2.5 For the network graph in Fig. 2.69, find the number
of nodes, branches, and loops. 12 mA

i1
8 mA
i2 i3

9 mA

Figure 2.72 For Prob. 2.8.

Figure 2.69 For Prob. 2.5. 2.9 Find i1 , i2 , and i3 in the circuit in Fig. 2.73.
2.6 In the network graph shown in Fig. 2.70, determine
the number of branches and nodes.

1A

2A

10 A i1 i2 3A

i3

Figure 2.70 For Prob. 2.6. Figure 2.73 For Prob. 2.9.
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64 PART 1 DC Circuits

2.10 Determine i1 and i2 in the circuit in Fig. 2.74. 2.13 Find v1 and v2 in the circuit in Fig. 2.77.
+ v1 −

+
6V + v1
−
4A –2 A 12 V 10 V −

i2 +− +−

i1

+ v2 −
3A
Figure 2.77 For Prob. 2.13.

Figure 2.74 For Prob. 2.10. 2.14 Obtain v1 through v3 in the circuit of Fig. 2.78.

+ v1 −
2.11 Determine v1 through v4 in the circuit in Fig. 2.75.

v2 − +
24 V + v3 + 10 V
− + −
−

− −+
− v2
v1 +
12 V
+ 12 V +
−
Figure 2.78 For Prob. 2.14.
+ 8V − − 6V +
2.15 Find I and Vab in the circuit of Fig. 2.79.

− 3Ω
10 V
a 5Ω
+ − +−
10 V
v4 v3 I
− + + +
30 V + Vab + 8V
− −
−

b
Figure 2.75 For Prob. 2.11.

Figure 2.79 For Prob. 2.15.

2.12 In the circuit in Fig. 2.76, obtain v1 , v2 , and v3 .
2.16 From the circuit in Fig. 2.80, find I , the power
dissipated by the resistor, and the power supplied by
each source.
15 V
+ − 10 V
+−
I
25 V 10 V
− + + − + v2 −
12 V + 3Ω
−
+ + +
20 V v1 v3
+−
− − −
−8 V

Figure 2.76 For Prob. 2.12. Figure 2.80 For Prob. 2.16.
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 CHAPTER 2 Basic Laws 65

2.17 Determine io in the circuit of Fig. 2.81. Sections 2.5 and 2.6 Series and Parallel
Resistors
io 4Ω
2.22 For the circuit in Fig. 2.86, find i1 and i2 .

36 V + + 5io
− −
i1 i2

20 mA 6 kΩ 4 kΩ
Figure 2.81 For Prob. 2.17.
2.18 Calculate the power dissipated in the 5- resistor in
the circuit of Fig. 2.82.
Figure 2.86 For Prob. 2.22.
1Ω

+ V − 2.23 Find v1 and v2 in the circuit in Fig. 2.87.

o
+ – 3Vo
45 V − +

3 kΩ
5Ω + v1 −
+
Figure 2.82 For Prob. 2.18.
24 V + v2 9 kΩ
−
2.19 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. 2.83 and the power −
dissipated by the controlled source.

4Ω
Figure 2.87 For Prob. 2.23.
+ V −
o

6Ω 10 A 2Vo
2.24 Find v1 , v2 , and v3 in the circuit in Fig. 2.88.

Figure 2.83 For Prob. 2.19. 14 Ω

2.20 For the circuit in Fig. 2.84, find Vo /Vs in terms of + v1 −

α, R1 , R2 , R3 , and R4 . If R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 , + +
what value of α will produce |Vo /Vs | = 10? 40 V + v2 15 Ω v3 10 Ω
−
− −
Io R1

+
Vs + R2 aIo R3 R4 Vo
Figure 2.88 For Prob. 2.24.
−
−
2.25 Calculate v1 , i1 , v2 , and i2 in the circuit of Fig. 2.89.
Figure 2.84 For Prob. 2.20.
2.21 For the network in Fig. 2.85, find the current, 4Ω 6Ω
voltage, and power associated with the 20-k
resistor. + v1 − i1 i2
+
+ + v2
12 V − 3Ω
5 mA 10 kΩ Vo 0.01Vo 5 kΩ 20 kΩ −
−

Figure 2.85 For Prob. 2.21. Figure 2.89 For Prob. 2.25.
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66 PART 1 DC Circuits

2.26 Find i, v, and the power dissipated in the 6- 2.30 Determine i1 , i2 , v1 , and v2 in the ladder network in
resistor in Fig. 2.90. Fig. 2.94. Calculate the power dissipated in the 2-
resistor.

8Ω
i1 8Ω 6Ω 4Ω i2 2Ω
i
+
9A 6Ω v 4Ω
+ +
−
28 V +
−
v1 12 Ω 15 Ω 10 Ω v2 13 Ω
− −

Figure 2.90 For Prob. 2.26.

Figure 2.94 For Prob. 2.30.

2.27 In the circuit in Fig. 2.91, find v, i, and the power

2.31 Calculate Vo and Io in the circuit of Fig. 2.95.
absorbed by the 4- resistor.

5Ω 4Ω
i 70 Ω 30 Ω
Io
+
+
20 V +
− v 10 Ω 6Ω 50 V − +
−
20 Ω Vo 5Ω
−

Figure 2.91 For Prob. 2.27.

Figure 2.95 For Prob. 2.31.

2.28 Find i1 through i4 in the circuit in Fig. 2.92. 2.32 Find Vo and Io in the circuit of Fig. 2.96.

10 Ω i4 i2 20 Ω
8Ω

Io 1Ω
40 Ω i3 i1 30 Ω
+
20 A
4V + 3Ω 6Ω Vo
−
2Ω
−

Figure 2.92 For Prob. 2.28. Figure 2.96 For Prob. 2.32.

2.29 Obtain v and i in the circuit in Fig. 2.93. 2.33 In the circuit of Fig. 2.97, find R if Vo = 4V .

i 4S 6S 16 Ω

+ +
9A v 1S 2S 3S 20 V +
− 6Ω R Vo
− −

Figure 2.93 For Prob. 2.29. Figure 2.97 For Prob. 2.33.
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 CHAPTER 2 Basic Laws 67

2.34 Find I and Vs in the circuit of Fig. 2.98 if the current 2.37 If Req = 50  in the circuit in Fig. 2.101, find R.
through the 3- resistor is 2 A.

10 Ω R
2Ω 30 Ω

I Req 12 Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
4Ω 60 Ω

+ V
− s 2A
10 Ω
6Ω 3Ω Figure 2.101 For Prob. 2.37.

2.38 Reduce each of the circuits in Fig. 2.102 to a single

resistor at terminals a-b.
Figure 2.98 For Prob. 2.34.
5Ω

2.35 Find the equivalent resistance at terminals a-b for

a b
each of the networks in Fig. 2.99. 8Ω 20 Ω

a
a 30 Ω
R R R R
a b (a)

R 2Ω 4Ω 5Ω
R R R R a b

b b 5Ω 3Ω 10 Ω

(a) (b) (c)

8Ω 4Ω
R
a a
(b)

3R R R R 2R 3R Figure 2.102 For Prob. 2.38.

2.39 Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab at terminals

b b a-b for each of the circuits in Fig. 2.103.

(d) (e) 5Ω

a
Figure 2.99 For Prob. 2.35.
20 Ω 10 Ω 40 Ω

2.36 For the ladder network in Fig. 2.100, find I and Req .
b
(a)
I 3Ω 2Ω 1Ω 10 Ω
a

+ 4Ω 6Ω 2Ω 80 Ω
10 V − 60 Ω 20 Ω 30 Ω

b
Req (b)

Figure 2.100 For Prob. 2.36. Figure 2.103 For Prob. 2.39.
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68 PART 1 DC Circuits

2.40 Obtain the equivalent resistance at the terminals a-b 2.42 Find the equivalent resistance Rab in the circuit of
for each of the circuits in Fig. 2.104. Fig. 2.106.
a

10 Ω
60 Ω 30 Ω c
b
5Ω 6Ω
20 Ω

10 Ω 8Ω
d a b e
(a)

5Ω 6Ω 8Ω 9Ω
a 20 Ω 3Ω

5Ω f
15 Ω 10 Ω 4Ω 11 Ω
20 Ω
4Ω
b Figure 2.106 For Prob. 2.42.
(b)

Figure 2.104 For Prob. 2.40.

Section 2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations
2.41 Find Req at terminals a-b for each of the circuits in
Fig. 2.105. 2.43 Convert the circuits in Fig. 2.107 from Y to ".

70 Ω
10 Ω 10 Ω 30 Ω 20 Ω
a a a
b b
30 Ω
40 Ω 10 Ω 50 Ω
60 Ω

b c c
(a) (b)
20 Ω
(a) Figure 2.107 For Prob. 2.43.

30 Ω 40 Ω
2.44 Transform the circuits in Fig. 2.108 from " to Y.
8Ω
a

20 Ω 60 Ω 12 Ω 60 Ω
a b a b
6Ω
10 Ω 50 Ω
4Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω 30 Ω 10 Ω
b

70 Ω 80 Ω
c c
(b) (a) (b)

Figure 2.105 For Prob. 2.41. Figure 2.108 For Prob. 2.44.
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 CHAPTER 2 Basic Laws 69

2.45 What value of R in the circuit of Fig. 2.109 would a

cause the current source to deliver 800 mW to the
resistors?

R R
R b
30 mA
(b)
R R
Figure 2.111 For Prob. 2.47.
∗
2.48 Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab in each of the
circuits of Fig. 2.112. In (b), all resistors have a
Figure 2.109 For Prob. 2.45.
value of 30 .

2.46 Obtain the equivalent resistance at the terminals a-b

for each of the circuits in Fig. 2.110. 30 Ω 40 Ω

a 20 Ω
a 10 Ω
10 Ω 20 Ω
10 Ω
30 Ω 80 Ω
60 Ω 50 Ω
10 Ω 20 Ω
b
b (a)
(a)
a
30 Ω 30 Ω

25 Ω 10 Ω 20 Ω
a
b
5Ω 15 Ω
(b)
b
(b) Figure 2.112 For Prob. 2.48.

2.49 Calculate Io in the circuit of Fig. 2.113.

Figure 2.110 For Prob. 2.46.

∗
2.47 Find the equivalent resistance Rab in each of the Io
circuits of Fig. 2.111. Each resistor is 100 .
a 20 Ω 60 Ω
40 Ω
24 V +
−
10 Ω 50 Ω
20 Ω
b
(a) Figure 2.113 For Prob. 2.49.

∗ An asterisk indicates a challenging problem.

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 70 PART 1 DC Circuits

2.50 Determine V in the circuit of Fig. 2.114. 30 W 40 W 50 W

I

30 Ω +
100 V −

16 Ω 15 Ω 10 Ω

+
100 V +
− V 35 Ω 12 Ω 20 Ω Figure 2.117 For Prob. 2.53.
−
2.54 If the three bulbs of Prob. 2.53 are connected in
parallel to the 100-V battery, calculate the current
Figure 2.114 For Prob. 2.50. through each bulb.
2.55 As a design engineer, you are asked to design a
∗
2.51 Find Req and I in the circuit of Fig. 2.115. lighting system consisting of a 70-W power supply
and two lightbulbs as shown in Fig. 2.118. You must
select the two bulbs from the following three
available bulbs.
I 4Ω 2Ω R1 = 80 , cost = $0.60 (standard size)
R2 = 90 , cost = $0.90 (standard size)
R3 = 100 , cost = $0.75 (nonstandard size)
6Ω 1Ω The system should be designed for minimum cost
12 Ω such that I = 1.2 A ± 5 percent.
I
+ 8Ω 2Ω
20 V − +
4Ω
70 W
Power Rx Ry
Supply
10 Ω 3Ω
−
5Ω

Req Figure 2.118 For Prob. 2.55.

Figure 2.115 For Prob. 2.51. 2.56 If an ammeter with an internal resistance of 100 
and a current capacity of 2 mA is to measure 5 A,
determine the value of the resistance needed.
Section 2.8 Applications Calculate the power dissipated in the shunt resistor.
2.52 The lightbulb in Fig. 2.116 is rated 120 V, 0.75 A. 2.57 The potentiometer (adjustable resistor) Rx in Fig.
Calculate Vs to make the lightbulb operate at the 2.119 is to be designed to adjust current ix from 1 A
rated conditions. to 10 A. Calculate the values of R and Rx to achieve
this.
ix R
40 Ω

Rx
+ 110 V +
−
Vs − Bulb 80 Ω ix

Figure 2.116 For Prob. 2.52. Figure 2.119 For Prob. 2.57.

2.58 A d’Arsonval meter with an internal resistance of 1

2.53 Three lightbulbs are connected in series to a 100-V k requires 10 mA to produce full-scale deflection.
battery as shown in Fig. 2.117. Find the current I Calculate the value of a series resistance needed to
through the bulbs. measure 50 V of full scale.
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 CHAPTER 2 Basic Laws 71

2.59 A 20-k/V voltmeter reads 10 V full scale. Ammeter

i' 16 Ω
(a) What series resistance is required to make the
meter read 50 V full scale?
(b) What power will the series resistor dissipate
when the meter reads full scale? 4V +
− 40 Ω 60 Ω
2.60 (a) Obtain the voltage vo in the circuit of Fig.
2.120(a).
(b) Determine the voltage vo measured when a (b)
voltmeter with 6-k internal resistance is
connected as shown in Fig. 2.120(b).
(c) The finite resistance of the meter introduces an
Figure 2.121 For Prob. 2.61.
error into the measurement. Calculate the 2.62 A voltmeter is used to measure Vo in the circuit in
percent error as Fig. 2.122. The voltmeter model consists of an ideal
  voltmeter in parallel with a 100-k resistor. Let
 vo − vo  Vs = 40 V, Rs = 10 k, and R1 = 20 k. Calculate
  × 100%
 v  Vo with and without the voltmeter when
o
(a) R2 = 1 k (b) R2 = 10 k
(d) Find the percent error if the internal resistance (c) R2 = 100 k
were 36 k.

1 kΩ Rs

+
2 mA vo R1
5 kΩ 4 kΩ
− Vs +
−
+
(a) R2 Vo 100 kΩ V
−
1 kΩ

+ Figure 2.122 For Prob. 2.62.

2 mA 5 kΩ 4 kΩ vo Voltmeter
− 2.63 An ammeter model consists of an ideal ammeter in
series with a 20- resistor. It is connected with a
current source and an unknown resistor Rx as shown
(b) in Fig. 2.123. The ammeter reading is noted. When
a potentiometer R is added and adjusted until the
Figure 2.120 For Prob. 2.60. ammeter reading drops to one half its previous
2.61 (a) Find the current i in the circuit of Fig. 2.121(a). reading, then R = 65 . What is the value of Rx ?
(b) An ammeter with an internal resistance of 1  is
inserted in the network to measure i  as shown in
Fig. 2.121(b). What is i  ?
20 Ω
(c) Calculate the percent error introduced by the Ammeter
meter as model
A
 
 i − i 
 
 i  × 100% I R

Rx
i 16 Ω

4V +
− 40 Ω 60 Ω
Figure 2.123 For Prob. 2.63.

2.64 The circuit in Fig. 2.124 is to control the speed of a

(a) motor such that the motor draws currents 5 A, 3 A,
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72 PART 1 DC Circuits

and 1 A when the switch is at high, medium, and 2.65 An ohmmeter is constructed with a 2-V battery and
low positions, respectively. The motor can be 0.1-mA (full-scale) meter with 100- internal
modeled as a load resistance of 20 m. Determine resistance.
the series dropping resistances R1 , R2 , and R3 . (a) Calculate the resistance of the (variable) resistor
required to be in series with the meter and the
battery.
Low
(b) Determine the unknown resistance across the
R1 terminals of the ohmmeter that will cause the
10-A, 0.01-Ω fuse meter to deflect half scale.

Medium

High R2

6V

R3

Motor

Figure 2.124 For Prob. 2.64.

COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEMS
2.66 An electric heater connected to a 120-V source 2.69 An electric pencil sharpener rated 240 mW, 6 V is
consists of two identical 0.4- elements made of connected to a 9-V battery as shown in Fig. 2.126.
Nichrome wire. The elements provide low heat Calculate the value of the series-dropping resistor
when connected in series and high heat when Rx needed to power the sharpener.
connected in parallel. Find the power at low and
high heat settings. Rx
Switch
2.67 Suppose your circuit laboratory has the following
standard commercially available resistors in large
quantities: 9V
1.8  20  300  24 k 56 k
Using series and parallel combinations and a
minimum number of available resistors, how would Figure 2.126 For Prob. 2.69.
you obtain the following resistances for an
electronic circuit design?
2.70 A loudspeaker is connected to an amplifier as shown
(a) 5  (b) 311.8  in Fig. 2.127. If a 10- loudspeaker draws the
(c) 40 k (d) 52.32 k maximum power of 12 W from the amplifier,
determine the maximum power a 4- loudspeaker
2.68 In the circuit in Fig. 2.125, the wiper divides the will draw.
potentiometer resistance between αR and (1 − α)R,
0 ≤ α ≤ 1. Find vo /vs .

R Amplifier
+
Loudspeaker
vs + vo
− R
aR Figure 2.127 For Prob. 2.70.
−
2.71 In a certain application, the circuit in Fig. 2.128
must be designed to meet these two criteria:
Figure 2.125 For Prob. 2.68. (a) Vo /Vs = 0.05 (b) Req = 40 k
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 CHAPTER 2 Basic Laws 73

If the load resistor 5 k is fixed, find R1 and R2 to 2.73 Two delicate devices are rated as shown in Fig.
meet the criteria. 2.130. Find the values of the resistors R1 and R2
needed to power the devices using a 24-V battery.
R1
60-mA, 2-Ω fuse
+
Vs + R2 Vo 5 kΩ 24 V, 480 mW
− R1
− Device 2
24 V

Req R2 Device 1
9 V, 45 mW
Figure 2.128 For Prob. 2.71.

2.72 The pin diagram of a resistance array is shown in

Figure 2.130 For Prob. 2.73.
Fig. 2.129. Find the equivalent resistance between
the following:
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3 (c) 1 and 4

4 3

20 Ω 20 Ω

10 Ω
40 Ω

10 Ω
80 Ω

1 2

Figure 2.129 For Prob. 2.72.

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