Internship in Dimtsi Wayane Tigray

DECLARATION

I here declare that the final report of internship program in dmtsi weyane Tigray is a record of
our original work and begin submitted to electrical and computer engineering Department of
Adigrat University and this report is in requirement to practical fulfillment for the
accomplishment of four months internship.

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Acknowledgement

First and foremost, we express our thankfulness to God for his blessing and guidance throughout our
entire training. Secondly, we would like to extend our sincerely thanks to Mr Gezae amare head of the
studio, We would also like to extend our sincere thanks to Mr. Gebrehiwet Temesgen head of
transmission . Transmission head help us valuable by supervising our progress every week and comment
my project. I would also like to thank the all staffs of technicians. I would like to pass our gratitude for
Mr. TEKLAY NEBIAT he is my adviser.

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ABSTRACT

RF (radio frequency) is generated in a synthesizer or feed from an external source then this
signal is amplified by pre driver and driver. AF (audio frequency) is processed in the AF stage
and converts to PDM control signal. Both AF and RF are connected to modulation section. Fuse
is used to protect the amplifier from burning by burning itself. But this is not enough to protect
the amplifier then we use special switches during flow of high current. The signal pass through
these switches will amplify using amplifier, then the signals that amplify at different amplifiers
will combine to one point using combiner. After combining this modulated carrier by a combiner
it goes to the final filtering circuit to remove out the harmonics and low frequency signals which
cause the total modulated signal to be noisy and distorted. Then the modulated signal connects to
the impedance matching device via a coaxial cable. Finally the electromagnetic wave will be
propagated to the atmosphere using a vertical mast antenna which is a wire guyed tower.

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Acronym

Dwet…………………………dmtsi weyane Tigray

Af…………………………….audio frequency

AM……………………………amplitude modulation

PDM…………………………..pules duration modulation

STL……………………………studio transmission link

RF………………………………radio frequency

PM………………………………phase modulation

FM………………………………frequency modulation

DC………………………………..direct current

AC………………………………..alternating current

PCS……………………………….personal communication service

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DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................................ i
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ ii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................... iii
Acronym ....................................................................................................................................................... iv
List of Figure ................................................................................................................................................ vii
Chapter One .................................................................................................................................................. 1
1. Background internship company .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1.BriefHistory ofthe Company ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Vision.................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3. Mission ............................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4. The main customer or the end users of its product or service ........................................................ 2
1.5.Over all organization and work flow ................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 3
2. Overall internship experiences ................................................................................................................. 3
2.1 How I get in this company................................................................................................................... 3
2.2. The section of the company I had been worked in............................................................................ 3
2.3. The work flow in the section looks like .............................................................................................. 3
2.5.Radio wave propagation due to three propagation modules ............................................................ 4
2.7.microphone ......................................................................................................................................... 9
2.7.1. Microphone Types ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.7.2. Types of Microphone directionality .......................................................................................... 10
2.8.Mixer ................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.8.1. Analog mixers............................................................................................................................ 11
2.8.2.Digital mixers ............................................................................................................................. 12
2.9. HIYBRIGE .......................................................................................................................................... 13
2.10. STL (studio transmission link) ........................................................................................................ 13
2.11. Transmitter antenna ...................................................................................................................... 14
2.12. Receiver antenna ........................................................................................................................... 14
2.13. Receiver link ................................................................................................................................... 14
2.14. Control cabinet .............................................................................................................................. 14
2.15 :Control cabinet component contains ............................................................................................ 15
2.16.Amplifier cabinet............................................................................................................................. 15

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2.17. Filter cabinet .................................................................................................................................. 17

2.18. Basic types of RF filter .................................................................................................................... 17
2.29. Dummy load ................................................................................................................................... 19
2.20. Coaxial cable .................................................................................................................................. 19
2.21. Impedance matching ..................................................................................................................... 20
2.22.Transmitting antenna (vertical mast antenna) ............................................................................... 20
2.23. PARTS OF SHORT WAVE ................................................................................................................. 20
2.23.1.Control section ......................................................................................................................... 21
2.23.2. Utility section .......................................................................................................................... 21
2.23.3.Rftube(tetrode vacuum tube) .................................................................................................. 21
Main functions of screen grid ............................................................................................................. 23
2.24. Modulator cards............................................................................................................................. 23
2.25. Harmonic filter ............................................................................................................................... 23
2.26.Impedance matching ...................................................................................................................... 24
2.27.Copper wire..................................................................................................................................... 24
2.28.Transmittingantenna ...................................................................................................................... 24
2.29. Challenges faced ............................................................................................................................ 24
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 24
3. Benefits gained from the internship ....................................................................................................... 24
3.1.Improvingpractical skill ..................................................................................................................... 25
3.2. Upgrade theoretical knowledge ...................................................................................................... 25
3.3. In terms of communication skills ..................................................................................................... 25
3.4. In terms of team playing .................................................................................................................. 25
3.5. In terms of leadership .................................................................................................................... 26
3.6. In terms of work ethics .................................................................................................................... 26
3.7.Experience gained in terms of entrepreneurship skill ...................................................................... 26
CHAPTER four .............................................................................................................................................. 27
4.Conclusion and Recommendation ........................................................................................................... 27
4.1. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 28
4.2. Recommendation to the company .................................................................................................. 28
4.3.Recommendation to the University .................................................................................................. 28

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List of Figure

Figure 1 work flow of the section ................................................................................................................. 3

Figure 2 Block diagram of medium wave .................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3 block diagram of FM transmitter .................................................................................................... 7
Figure 4 block diagram of short wave.Input signal ....................................................................................... 8
Figure 5 microphone ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 6 dynamic microphone ..................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 7 radiation pattern ........................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 8 mixer (a) ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Figure 9 Analog mixer(b) ............................................................................................................................ 12
Figure 10 digital mixer ................................................................................................................................ 12
Figure 11 hybrid .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 12 STL ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Figure 13 Yagi Antenna .............................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 14 Yagi Antenna receiver ............................................................................................................... 14
Figure 15 control board ............................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 16 amplifier cabinet ......................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 17 frequency response...................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 18 filter cabinet ................................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 19 dummy load ................................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 20 Coaxial cable cutaway (not to scale)........................................................................................... 20
Figure 21 RF tube ........................................................................................................................................ 22

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Chapter One

1. Background internship company

1.1.Brief History of the Company

Dmitsi woyane Tigray founded in Eritrean place on September 30/1972 E.C. during that time
there was a number of transmitter and those transmitters are small in size and easily movable,
easily transportation and during that time they use analog system for recording and transmission
by reel tape. Those numbers of transmitters have power capacities of 1.5KW -2.5KW. The
reason they use a number of transmitter is in order to protect jamming because it is comfortable
to use different frequency day to day during that no live streaming that communicate through
internet. During that time they use two language those languages are Tigrigna and Amharic. To
transmitter their information they use dipole antenna. After 16 years enhanced the power of the
transmitter from 1.5KW to 10KW and they use fixed frequency in other word the frequency is
legally given to the company, because after that time no one jammed their frequency. Dmitsi
woyane tigray has transmitter 50KW medium wave and 100KW short wave transmitter.
Transmission of AM-PDM covers most area of the east Africa by using the medium wave and
short wave coverage area in short wave 1500KM through space mean sky wave propagation at
day time and night and medium wave 600KM through ground wave propagation at day time and
at night sky wave propagation. The program transmitted in two different languages which
speaking in the region of Fana radio, Tigray including afar. DWET, has been broadcasting in
Tigray. short wave and medium wave have their own live streaming and the device still now
analogue. The frequency range in short wave 5950 kHz and frequency range medium wave 1359
kHz.

1.2. Vision
1. To improve the practical skill
2. To develop the social interaction
3. To know the hardship of the work habit
4. Be trustworthy and excellent/best corporate media in Ethiopia and Eastern Africa

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1.3. Mission
As private business entity secure its leading role in the free market by providing quality and
dependable mass-media services in order to ensure supremacy of law, ascertain socio economic
development of the country, and enhance peace, democracy and good governance.

1.4. The main customer or the end users of its product or service
The customer are the employments who working there by giving their own knowledge and taking back
salary. The listeners are also the main customer by getting new information, entertainment, the
situation of their country and the world, and the condition of the weather

1.5.Over all organization and work flow

The organization has four branches. All uses to distribution information to Tigray region. The
following diagram is showing work flow of the company.

General manager
Research planning

division
Editorial
committee

Programming Technique Marketing Finance

engineering administration
directorate directorate
directorate directorate
Sponsorship
i
Project & MR team
Television
division HR & general
division service division
Educational
Maintenance Sales division
division
Supplies team
division
News and
Studio
Information
&InfoTech A.A sales branch
Finance division
division main division

Transmission
Afar section
main division
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CHAPTER TWO

2. Overall internship experiences

2.1 How I get in this company

In the begging my interest was to work in Tigray mass media .But their responses were not
positive .So I want to demist weyane Tigray in the first day I met the manager and gave the
letter which the department given me . He told me as come to their in the next day to see the
result it is okay or not on the next day want to there and he gave acceptance paper.

2.2. The section of the company I had been worked in

I worked in transmitting radio technology and studio.

Transmitting radio technology has the following responsibility.

To check the material working or not

Repaired the damage material determine the annually and semester project

Should have knowledge skilled working man

Studio has also the following responsibility

Edit the program which read by the journalism

Release the music on air

Release the program from which saved on the server.

2.3. The work flow in the section looks like

The work executive follow in the company is shown from higher to lower level diagrammatic
below. Studio technology Studio case Studio Technician

Engineer &Technician Journalism

Figure 1 work flow of the section

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2.5.Radio wave propagation due to three propagation modules

1. Ground wave propagation

2. Sky wave propagation
3. Line of sight propagate
1. Ground wave propagation is a method of radio frequency propagation that uses the area
between the surface of the earth and the ionosphere for transmission. The ground wave
can propagate a considerable distance over the earth’s surface particularly in the low
frequency and medium frequency portion of the radio spectrum. Ground wave radio
signal propagation is ideal for relatively short distance propagation on these frequencies
during the daytime. Sky-wave ionosphere propagation is not possible during the day
because of the attenuation of the signal on these frequencies caused by the D region in
the ionosphere. In view of this, lower frequency radio communication stations need to
rely on the ground-wave propagation to achieve their coverage. Typically, what is
referred to as a ground wave radio signal is made up of a number of constituent waves.
If the antennas are in the line of sight then there will be a direct wave as well as a
reflected signal. As the names suggest the direct signal is one that travels directly
between the two antennas and is not affected by the locality. There will also be a
reflected signal as the transmission will be reflected by a number of objects including
the earth’s surface and any hills, or large buildings that may be present. In addition to
this there is a surface wave. This tends to follow the curvature of the Earth and enables
coverage beyond the horizon. It is the sum of all these components that is known as the
ground wave. Beyond the horizon the direct and reflected waves are blocked by the
curvature of the Earth, and the signal is purely made up of the diffracted surface wave.
It is for this reason that surface wave is commonly called ground wave propagation.
2. Sky wave travel in that above the earth where there is no atmosphere. This is the
ionosphere. The condition of the ionosphere is subjected to countless changes that are
caused by the activity of the sun and associated changes in the earth’s magnetic field.
Therefore, we cannot rely on having the same sky-wave propagation are often refers to

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as skip communication. This is because our signals are refracted off one of the
ionosphere layers and returned to earth. This is similar to bouncing a ball off a bumper
in the game of pool.

3.The transmitter and receiver have a clear line of sight path between them. No other
sources of impairment! Satellite systems and microwave systems undergo free space
propagation prof. Murat Switching & Transmission propagation. The free space power
received by an antenna which is separated from a radiating antenna by a distance is given
by free space equation Transmitter and receiver antenna are in the effective line of sight
range Frequency bands; VHF, UHF, infrared, optical light Spectrum range; 30mhz~900thz.

The Ionosphere Layers

At night Flayer is the only layer of significant ionization present, while the ionization in the E
and D layers is extremely low. During the day, the D and E layers become much more heavily
ionized, as does the F layer, which develops an additional, weaker region of ionization known as
the F1 layer. The F2 layer persists by day and night and is the region mainly responsible for the
refraction of radio waves.

D Layer

The D layer is the innermost layer, 60 km (37 mi) to 90 km (56 mi) above the surface of the
earth. Ionization here is due to Lyman series-alpha hydrogen radiation at a wavelength of 121.5
nanometer (nm) ionizing nitric oxide (NO). In addition, with high solar activity hard X-rays
(wavelength < 1 nm) may ionize (N2, O2). During the night cosmic rays producer a residual
amount of ionization. Recombination is high in the D layer, so the net ionization effect is low,
but loss of wave energy is great due to frequent collisions of the electrons (about ten collisions
every millisecond). As a result, high-frequent (HF) radio waves are not reflected by the D layer
but suffer loss of energy therein. This is the main reason for absorption of HF radio waves,
particularly at 10 MHz and below, with progressively smaller absorption as the frequency gets
higher. The absorption is small at night and greatest about midday. The D layer reduces greatly
after sunset; a small part remains due to [galactic cosmic rays]. A common example of the D
layer in action is the disappearance of distant AM broadcast band station in the daytime. During

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solar proton events, ionization can reach unusually high levels in the D-region over high and
polar latitudes. Such very rare events are known as polar cap Absorption (or PCA) events,
because the increased ionization significantly enhances the absorption of radio signals passing
through the region. In fact, absorb levels can increase by many tens of dB during intense events,
which is enough to absorb most (if not all) transpolar HF radio signal transmissions. Such events
typically last less than 24 to 48 hours.

E Layer

The E layer is the middle layer, 90 km (56 mi) to 120 km (75 mi) above the surface of the Earth.
Ionization is due to soft X-ray (1-10nm) and far ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation ionization of
molecular oxygen (O2). Normally, at oblique incidence, this layer can only reflect radio wave
having frequencies lower than about 10 MHz and may contribute a bit to absorption on
frequencies above. However, during intense Sporadic E events, the E layer can reflect
frequencies up to 50 MHz and higher. The vertical structure of the E layer is primarily
determined by the competing effects of ionization and recombination. At night the E layer
rapidly disappears because the primary source of ionization is no longer present. After sunset an
increase in the height of the E layer maximum increases the range to which radio waves can
travel by reflection from the layer.

F Layer

The F Layer or region, also known as the Appleton-Barnett layer, extends from about 200 km
(120 mi) to more than 500 km (310mi) above the surface of Earth. It is the densest point of the
ionosphere, which implies signals penetrating this layer will escape into space. At higher
altitudes, the number of oxygen ions decreases and lighter ions such as hydrogen and helium
become dominant; this layer is the topside ionosphere. There, extreme ultraviolet (UV, 10-100
nm) solar radiation ionizes atomic oxygen. The F layer consists of one layer at night, but during
the day, a deformation often forms in the profile that is labeled F1. The F2 layer remains by day
and night responsible for most sky wave propagation of radio wave, facilitating high frequency
(HF, or shortwave) radio communications over long distances.

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General overview process in dmtsi weyane tigray(medium wave transmitter

1359KHZ)

Source Micro
mixer STL(studio transmission Transmittin
(mechanical) phone
link) g link
antenna

Dummy Filter Combiner Amplifier & Receive Audio Receiver

section section modulation antenna
Load r link
section cable

Transmitting
Coaxial cable Impedance
(Propagating)
Matching
Antenna

Figure 2 Block diagram of medium wave

General overview process in dmtsi weyane Tigray(FM transmitter 102.2mhz)

source micropho mixer STL Transmitting Receiver

ne antenna
antenna

Audio combiner Amplifier Receiver link

modulator
exciter section

Transmitting
antenna

Figure 3 block diagram of FM transmitter

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FM is less prone to interference and has better sound quality.

FM ranges in higher spectrum from 88 to 108 MHz

FM can be used for transmission overs hort distances.

FM has higher bandwidth and hence more station is not possible.

FM is used mainly for entertainment and commercial purpose.

FM is costly.

General overview process in dmtsi weyane Tigray (short wave transmitter5950khz)

Transmitting Receiver
source Micro mixer STL
antenna antenna
phone

Final stage
amplifier(tube) Utility section Control section Receiver link

Modulator card

(Power card)

Harmonic Impedance Copper wire Transmitting

filter(band pass matching feeder line antenna(copper
filter) arry)

Figure 4 block diagram of short wave.Input signal

There are different Input signal microphone lines or analog input signals.

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2.7.microphone
Microphone is audio or electrical equipment which uses to convert sound pressure in to
electrical signal of the some frequency, phase and amplitudes in the same proportion

Figure 5 microphone

2.7.1. Microphone Types

1. Dynamic microphones
2. Condenser microphones
3. Ribbon microphones

2.7.1.1. Dynamic microphones

 Construction is simple and comparatively sturdy

 No power supply is required
 . Relatively inexpensive.

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Figure 6 dynamic microphone

2.7.1.2. Condenser microphones

 Good sensitivity at all frequencies.
 Power supply is required.
 Vulnerable to structural vibration and humidity

2.7.2. Types of Microphone directionality

Microphones have directionality that indicates from which direction they best pick up sound.
Microphones that do not have any specific directionality (called "omnidirectional" microphones)
will pick up sounds from all directions, thus sounds other than those of the intended instruments
will go into the microphone. Particularly with PA systems, many instruments will often be
played together on a stage, so it is necessary to have a good understanding of directionality.
Some microphones have switches to select the preferred directional pattern.

Figure 7 radiation pattern

2.7.2.1.Unidirectional

This type of microphone features directionality to the front only and is also known as "cardioids"
(because of its heart shaped directional pattern). Cardioids’ microphone is most often used with
PA systems for vocals, instruments, etc. In the diagram, 0°indicates the front of the microphone.

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2.7.2.2.Bidirectional

This type of microphone features directionality to the front and rear. Because bidirectional
microphones will also pick up audio to the rear, they are rarely used with PA systems. They are
often used to record audio between two people who are face to face, such as during radio
interviews.

2.7.2.3.Omni directional
As mentioned above, this microphone type has no directionality. "Omni" microphone is used to
pick up all or wide range audio. For example, they are used for choirs, stadium, when many
instruments are played at once, or to pick up all audio on the stage.

2.8.Mixer
In sound recording and reproduction audio mixing or mix down is the process by which multiple
recorded sounds are combined into one or more channels, for instance 2-channel stereo. Mixers
are broadly classified into three types, based on their internal structure.

2.8.1. Analog mixers

Figure 8 mixer (a)

Phase shift volume unit meter auxiliary o/p

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Figure 9 Analog mixer(b)

Analog mixers adjust the volume and tone of input audio signals.

2.8.2.Digital mixers

Figure 10 digital mixer

Digital mixers process input audio signals and adjusts their volume and tone using digital signal
processing technology. Various kinds of tone control that would be impossible using analog
equipment can be applied using digital processing.

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2.9. HIYBRIGE

Figure 11 hybrid

Special function buttons on the Switch Console are used to automatically select the next caller, to
control external recorders and delays, and to access several other unique features.

2.10. STL (studio transmission link)

Studio transmission linkage is advice that plays a greater role in radio transmission system .This
a digital studio transmitter link provides a transmitter and receiver pair that conveys high quality
digital audio through a microwave radio path.

Figure 12 STL

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2.11. Transmitter antenna

A device that converts sound, light, or electrical signals into radio, microwave, or Other electrical
signals.
Transmitting antenna device is yogiuda antenna.

Figure 13 Yagi Antenna

2.12. Receiver antenna

An antenna used to convert electromagnetic waves in to electrical energy.

Receiver antenna is device yagiuda antenna.

Figure 14 Yagi Antenna receiver

2.13. Receiver link

It used to link receiver antenna with control section of AM transmitter in medium wave

2.14. Control cabinet

The control cabinet contains all the display and operating elements of the transmitter arranged in
a common control panel. The control panel door is hinged. The AF stage and the key board are

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mounted on the inner side of the door .The AF frequency is processed in the AF stage and finally
converted into PDM control signals in the AF PDM converter in the control housing .

Figure 15 control board

2.15. Control cabinet component contains

 RF synthesizer
 Audio exciter
 PDM
 Monitoring board
 Control board

2.16.Amplifier cabinet

The RF amplifier of the transmitter is accommodated in a 19“cabinet. The cabinet contains 48

identical power modules driven by a driver module of the same design. Each power module
generates over 1 kW output power. The output voltages of the 48 modules are added in a series
transformer circuit. The driver stage is driven by an RF pre driver. This pre driver is not of the
same design as the driver and amplifier modules. The RF pre driver is driven directly by the
synthesizer in the control cabinet each module is in the form of a single plug-in PC board and
comprises a switched RF amplifier bridge and an associated PDM modulation amplifier. Thus
each module is a completely autonomous amplitude modulated RF amplifier. A defective
module can be replaced by a spare or substituted by a dummy. The 48 RF power modules, the
driver and the RF pre driver are operated with +270 V DC. This voltage is generated by means of
a transformer and two three-phase rectifiers from the 400 V AC delivered to the control cabinet.

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When switching on the transmitter these mains voltage is switched to the amplifier cabinet via
contactors. Time delayed switching via an auxiliary- and main branch limit the switch-on current
in the amplifier modules.

Inside the amplifier cabinet or section component are

 amplifier module
 combiner
 fan
 ribbon cable etc
 driver amplifier
 pre driver amplifier

Figure 16 amplifier cabinet

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2.17. Filter cabinet

The transmitter output filter is accommodated in a 19” cabinet .the filter circuit is designed so
that tuning is optimized during operation. The transmitter is tuned to a predetermined frequency
with the output filter circuit incorporating frequency dependent parts. A feed line monitor and
three RF measuring (test) points are mounted in the filter cabinet to monitor the RF output
signal. The RF output of the transmitter is mounted on the filter cabinet. RF filters of all types
are required in a variety of applications from audio to RF and across the whole spectrum of
frequencies. As such RF filters form an important element within a variety of scenarios, enabling
the required frequencies to be passed through the circuit, while rejecting those that are not
needed the ideal filter, whether it is a low pass, high pass, or band pass filter will exhibit no loss
within the pass band, i.e. the frequencies below the cut off frequency. Then above this frequency
in what is termed the stop band the filter will reject all signals. In reality it is not possible to
achieve the perfect pass filter and there is always some loss within the pass band, and it is not
possible to achieve infinite rejection in the stop band. Also there is a transition between the pass
band and the stop band, where the response curve falls away, with the level of rejection rises as
the frequency moves from the pass band to the stop band.

2.18. Basic types of RF filter

There are four types of filter that can be defined. Each different type rejects or accepts
signals in a different way, and by using the correct type of RF filter it is possible to accept the
required signals and reject those that are not wanted. The four basic types of RF filter are:

 Low pass filter

 Band pass filter

As the names of these types of RF filter indicate, a low pass filter only allows frequencies
below what is termed the cut off frequency through. This can also be thought of as a high
reject filter as it rejects high frequencies. Similarly a high pass filter only allows signals
through above the cut off frequency and rejects those below the cut off frequency. A band
pass filter allows frequencies through within a given pass band. Finally the band reject filter

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rejects signals within a certain band. It can be particularly useful for rejecting a particular
unwanted signal or set of signals falling within a given bandwidth.

Figure 17 frequency response

Figure 18 filter cabinet

Always filter device capacitor and inductor in order to suitable information delivered.

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2.29. Dummy load

Figure 19: dummy load

A dummy load is a device used to simulate an electrical load, usually for testing purposes. In
radio a dummy antenna is connected to the output of a radio transmitter and electrically
simulates an antenna, to allow the transmitter to be adjusted and tested without radiating radio
waves In audio systems a dummy load is connected to the output of an amplifier to electrically
simulate a loudspeaker, allowing the amplifier to be tested without producing sound. Load banks
are connected to electrical power supplies to simulate the supply's intended electrical load for
testing purposes.

2.20. Coaxial cable

Coaxial cable is a type of cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular
insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an
insulating outer sheath or jacket. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the
outer shield sharing a geometric axis. Coaxial cable differs from other shielded cable used for
carrying lower-frequency signals, such as audio signal, in that the dimensions of the cable are
controlled to give a precise, constant conductor spacing, which is needed for it to function
efficiently as a radio frequency transmission line.

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Figure 20: Coaxial cable cutaway (not to scale)

2.21. Impedance matching

Maximum power transfer requires matching the impedance of an antenna system (as seen
looking into the transmission line) to the complex conjugate of the impedance of the receiver or
transmitter. In the case of a transmitter, however, the desired matching impedance might not
correspond to the dynamic output impedance of the transmitter as analyzed as source impedance
but rather the design value (typically 50 ohms) required for efficient and safe operation of the
transmitting circuitry.

2.22. Transmitting antenna (vertical mast antenna)

 Transmitting antenna mean final stage to propagate

 Coverage area of the radiation is 600km
 All above listed expressed especially in medium wave

2.23. Parts of short wave

 Control section
 Utility section
 Rf tube
 Modulator cards

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2.23.1. Control section

Control section mean as name indicate control over all operation of the machine. if it is any fault
inside operation of the machine the indication of light give red light Unless the light green. If it is
normal operations of the pointer set or adjust reading voltage or current normal. And also set
capacitor and inductor by knobs.

2.23.2. Utility section

Utility section mean in order to healthier operation inside the machine mean contain industrial
computer and pure water.
Industrial computer mean that control machine by computer.
Pure water means that reducing high temperature inside the machine. And also used heat
exchanger reduces hotness of pure water.
Device utility section contains 48 led and pure water.

2.23.3. Rf tube (tetrode vacuum tube)

 We use triode to amplify the electrical signal, but at higher frequencies, it will acts as an
oscillator rather than as an amplifier. Adding the extra grid (screen grid) between the
control grid and the plate or anode reduces the unwanted capacitance between plate and
the control grid.
 As the name suggests, vacuum tetrode consists of four electrodes: cathode, anode,
control grid, and screen grid.
 Electrodes of vacuum tetrode.
 Vacuum tetrode consists of four electrodes: cathode, anode, control grid, and
screen grid. The cathode, anode, control grid, and screen grid are enclosed in an
empty glass envelope. The cathode is surrounded by control grid. The control
grid is surrounded by the screen grid. The screen grid is surrounded by the anode
or plate. d by the anode or plate.

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Figure 21 RF tube

 The construction of vacuum tetrode is similar to vacuum triode. However, vacuum

tetrode contains an extra electrode called screen grid.

2.23.3.1. Cathode

Cathode is an electrode that emits the free electrons when heated. It is also sometimes referred as
emitter. Cathode has more number of negative charges (electrons) than positive charges
(protons). Therefore, it is negatively charged.

2.23.3.2. Anode or plate

Anode is a positively charged electrode that collects the free electrons emitted from the cathode.
It is also sometimes referred as collector. Anode has lesser number of negative charges (free
electrons) than positive charges (protons). Therefore, it is positively charged.

2.23.3.3. Control grid

Control grid is placed between the cathode and plate. This grid is placed closer to the cathode
than the plate to increase the electric current efficiently. Controls grid present between the
cathode and plate controls the flow of electrons. Hence, control grid is also known as electron
controller.

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2.23.3.4. Screen grid

Screen grid is placed between the control grid and plate. This grid is placed closer to the control
grid than plate to reduce the capacitance efficiently. Screen grid acts as an electrostatic shield to
protect the control grid from the positive electric field or influence of the plate when its potential
changes.

Main functions of screen grid

The main functions of screen grid are:

 To accelerate and attract free electrons to the plate or anode.

 To reduce the capacitance between the plate and control grid.
 To increase the control over electron flow.
 To increase the vacuum tube efficiency.

 Reduce distortion.
 Increase gain.

The control grid and screen grid are made of network of wires that controls the electron flow
between cathode and anode. The space between the network of wires in the control grid and
screen grid is very large. Hence, the free electrons move easily from cathode to anode through
the opening of grids. The device contains tetrode tube that produced 100KW.

2.24. Modulator cards

Modulator cards contain 48 cards these cards are each individual 700V from one cards but at a
time 20 cards working total voltage of these 20 cards are 14KV. After that enter to utility section
display led weather the process is correct or incorrect. The device used transformer, inductor,
fiber optics, air gap etc.

2.25. Harmonic filter

Harmonic filter mean remove multiple of fundamental frequency. Mostly device used in order
to filtering the capacitor and inductor.

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2.26. Impedance matching

Maximum power transfer requires matching the impedance of an antenna system (as seen
looking into the transmission line) to the complex conjugate of the impedance of the receiver or
transmitter. In the case of a transmitter, however, the desired matching impedance might not
correspond to the dynamic output impedance of the transmitter as analyzed as source impedance.
Always used the material is inductor and capacitor in order to matching of transmitting with
antenna.

2.27. Copper wire

Copper wire is it is a guided that connects Impedance matching with radiating antenna

2.28. Transmitting antenna

 Transmitting antenna means that radiating or propagate to air (electromagnetic
wave)
 The transmitting antenna device is copper wire.

2.29. Challenges faced

There are some challenges occurred on me while I done my work on dmitsi woyane Tigray.

 Lack of computer and internet access

 There is no transport service

We have taken some measurement to solve the above challenges. Such as

 Read the book in the library

 We read also the hand out which related with work I learnt before class
 Collecting question which is not clear and asks

CHAPTER THREE

3. Benefits gained from the internship

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I gained many benefits from this internship program. There are a lot of things that are difficult to
understand theoretically. So that internship helped me to do practically these difficult things that
are new to me.

3.1. Improving practical skill

The internship helped me to matched the theory with practical

It helped me to know more about the material .such as

 Antenna
 Control board
 Amplifier board
 Filter board
 Mixer
 Microphone
 Telos switch

3.2. Upgrade theoretical knowledge

It helped to remembered the theory which I learned before class

It cleared the theory more

3.3. In terms of communication skills

Good communication is significant for anyone who is at work site to gain the required benefits.

I gained the following benefits due to communication skills.

 Get information about each work piece

 Understand the behavior the worker

3.4. In terms of team playing

Something is done by group is better than something is done by individual. It is also important
for all members who worked in the team, because there is sharing knowledge in the team .I
gained the following from the team.

Worked something in the best way

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 Made to be came flexible on the decision making

 Encouraged reading more
 It helped knowing practical
 To discuss about the works

3.5. In terms of leadership

Leadership is the responsibility which given to someone to but work flow on the right way.
Leader is as driver he has to live for other person not for only himself. As a leadership I gained
the following benefits.

 Lead the worker in good manner

 Considering as responsible and accountable person
 Motivation and encouragement should be given to the followers to do more
 Participate practical with the worker
 Make them to respect the work

3.6. In terms of work ethics

Work ethics is someone who gives value for his work may be that value for his work .May be
that value good or bad, it depend on the person behavior.

 I gained from work ethic

 Honesty and accountability
 Respected by other person
 Satisfaction
 Confidence
 Ethics in work lead to

The employer and the employee to know their respective work responsibilities

It is important for the formation of a good work flow

It results for the achievements of expected goal

3.7. Experience gained in terms of entrepreneurship skill

An entrepreneur is a person who set up businesses and businesses deals. Entrepreneur ship is the
state of being an entrepreneur or the activities associated with being an entrepreneur. One should
be a good decision maker during the setting up of business activities. Experience gained from
entrepreneurship is:-

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 Be a good decision make on setting up of the business ideas

 To solve a problem
 As entrepreneurship should have open mind
 To have creative mind to be entrepreneur
 As entrepreneur ship have to think the new things
 Have to good relationship with the people
 Have to expect unexpected things

CHAPTER FOUR

4. Conclusion and Recommendation

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4.1. Conclusion
Dwet plays a great role of a government and society. It is a PLC (Private Limited Company),
used to transmit information from government in the society and from the idea of the society to
government. It also provides many information, entertainment, features of Tigray region, and
society life. The company uses different material to transmit and receive. Studio transmission
leakage used in production room. It accepts different input and output. Such as input signals
microphone, telos switch, and different computers. Mixer is the type of device that uses mix or
organizes different music instruments and speakers at a time to give one output. The medium
wave transmitter (ground wave) its frequency uses 1359MHz.
Generally, intern ship provides us with valuable insights in to the professional and industry
oriented side of our field of our field of study. It enables us to put in to practical skill, techniques
and knowledge that are important for our future work place. It also helps us to identify for our
final project

4.2. Recommendation to the company

The radio transmission have problem on signal of the operation of the system transmission line.
In the first time when we were going the company they were not preparing well organized. For
example we have problem of service for all moths. From the company we have been ager that the
company itself must arranges all necessary materials for internship program. But there faced
some problem. For instance safety materials and computer service were not available.

4.3. Recommendation to the University

In order to amend or improve student’s practical skill, our university should create industrial
linkage and it should have a work shop in the hosting company. Advisors must available in the
company to coordinate the students during the intern ship time, but during our intern ship time
no advisor came in to the hosting company in every months. It should send the students to the
known company.

References

[1] Chemical H.J, Ensten& photoelectric effect (2009).

[2] Francis Rumsey &TimMCCormic sound & recording (2002).

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[3] Graf, modern dictionary of electronics 7ed. News, (1999).

[4] Parsons J.D., the Mobile Radio Propagation (Wiley & Sons, 1992).

[5] Doble J., Introduction to Radio Propagation for Fixed and Mobile Communications (Artech
House, 1990.

[6] Freeman R.L., Radio System Design for Telecommunications (Wiley & Sons, 1987).

[7] Hollemans, W., and Verschoor, A., "Performance Study of WaveLAN and Altair Radio-
LANs", Proceedings of the 5th IEEE Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio
Communications, September 1994.

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