CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

ECE 162 W1

EXPERIMENT # 1

Electronic Components and Their Symbols

TITLE

Mediano, Reanne Celestine E BSECE-1

NAME, COURSE- YEAR

Engr. JP Valdezamo
INSTRUCTOR
I. TITLE: Electronic Components and Their Symbols

II. OBJECTIVES:
 To become familiar with the physical appearance of electrical and
electronic components.
 To learn the circuit symbols of these components.

III. EQUIPMENT/MATERIALS USED:

Resistor: Some representative types (fixed and variable)

Capacitors: Some representative types (fixed and variable)
Inductors: Some representative types
Miscellaneous: Transformers, speaker, switch, fuses, diodes transistors, SCRs, etc

IV. DIAGRAM/DRAWING:

V. PROCEDURE:
1. Study and describe briefly the physical features of the components you
receive. Write your description in the table below.
2. Draw the circuit symbol for each component. In describing, give its
shape, approximate size, characteristic markings (including value, if
given), and facilities for mounting (number of leads or lugs).
NOTE: Some vacuum tubes are fragile and should be handled carefully.

DATA/ RESULTS AND OBSERVATION:

COMPONENT CIRCUIT SYMBOL DESCRIPTION

Resistors: Is the most frequently used resistors in
Fixed the electronic circuits. These resistors
have the fixed resistance value.
The most frequently used resistance
 values of the fixed resistors include
100KΩ, 10kΩ, 100Ω, 10 Ω.
Variable A variable resistor is very important. It
allows you to build a circuit with some
degree of control. For example, a
volume knob can be a variable resistor.
It can act as a control on the amount of
current flowing.

Capacitors: Paper Capacitor is a fixed capacitor in

Paper which flat thin strips of metal foil
(usually aluminum) is separated by
dielectric material paper.
Paper capacitors are used for
medium capacitance value 1nF to 1uF
mainly at power line frequency.
Molded Capacitor that has been encased in
a molded plastic insulating material.

Ceramic A ceramic capacitor is a fixed-value

capacitor in which ceramic material
acts as the dielectric. It is constructed of
two or more alternating layers of
ceramic and a metal layer acting as the
electrodes. The composition of the
ceramic material defines the electrical
behavior and therefore applications.

Mica Silver mica capacitors are high

precision, stable and reliable capacitors.
They are available in small values, and
are mostly used at high frequencies and
in cases where low losses and low
capacitor change over the time is
desired.
This makes it possible to manufacture
thin sheets in the order of 0.025-0.125
mm.

Electrolytic An electrolytic capacitor is a polarized

capacitor whose anode or positive plate
is made of a metal that forms an
insulating oxide layer through
anodization. This oxide layer acts as the
dielectric of the capacitor.

Trimmer A trimmer is a miniature adjustable

electrical component. It is meant to be
set correctly when installed in some
device, and never seen or adjusted by
the device's user. Trimmers can be
variable resistors, variable capacitors,
or trimmable inductors.

Transformer: A transformer is a static electrical

Power device that transfers electrical
energy between two or more circuits. A
varying current in one coil of the
transformer produces a
varying magnetic flux, which, in turn,
induces a varying electromotive
 force (emf) or "voltage" across a second
coil wound around the same core.
Transformers are used to increase or
decrease the alternating voltages in
electric power applications.

Audio Audio Frequency (AF) Transformers

work at frequencies between about
20Hz to 20kHz and are used in audio
amplifier circuits, they were essential in
valve (tube) designs for matching the
high impedance outputs of theses
amplifiers to low impedance
loudspeakers.

Coils and In a supply line a choke is a component

Chokes: to block RF frequency signals and to In
RF choke a supply line a choke is a component (
[lossy] inductance) to block RF
frequency signals and to pass DC
or lower frequency signal. The choke
function is also used to block, impede,
reduce, etc common mode current on
coaxial transmission lines.

IF coil In an electric circuit, one or more turns,

usually roughly circular or cylindrical,
of current-carrying wire designed to
produce a magnetic field or to
provide electrical resistance or
inductance; in the latter case, a coil is
also called a choke coil (see
also inductance). A soft iron core placed
within a coil produces an
electromagnet.
Oscillator coil It is an electronic oscillator circuit in
which the oscillation frequency is
determined by a tuned
circuit consisting
of capacitors and inductors, that is, an
LC oscillator.

Antenna coil A radio antenna of one or more

complete turns of wire or other
conductor functioning as an inductance
rather than as a capacity
An antenna-loading coil is an inductor
placed in series with
an antenna element in order to lower
the antenna's resonant frequency. A
standard dipole antenna is resonant if
constructed with a length of one-half
wavelength.
Filter choke Choke filter consists of an inductor
connected in series with rectifier output
circuit and a capacitor connected in
parallel with the load resistor. It is also
called L-section filter because the
inductor and capacitor are connected in
the shape of inverted L. The output
pulsating DC voltage from a rectifier
 circuit passes through the inductor or
choke coil.
Tubes and Octal sockets were used to mount other
Tube Sockets: components, particularly electrolytic
Octal capacitor assemblies and electrical
relays; octal-mount relays are still
common.
7-pin The B7G (or "small-button" or
miniature "heptal") seven-pin miniature tubes are
smaller than Noval, with seven pins
arranged at 45-degree spacing in a
9.53 mm (3/8th inch) diameter arc, the
"missing" pin position being used to
position the tube in its socket (unlike
octal, loctal and rimlock sockets).
Speaker
A device containing a transducer that
converts electrical signals (electric
current) into sound waves (acoustic
energy) for the production of sound. See
also acoustics, current, microphone, and
transducer.
Diodes The most common function of a diode is
to allow an electric current to pass in
one direction (called
the diode's forward direction), while
blocking it in the opposite direction (the
reverse direction). As such,
the diode can be viewed as an electronic
version of a check valve.
For silicon diodes, the typical forward
voltage is 0.7 volts, nominal. For
germanium diodes, the forward voltage
is only 0.3 volts.
Transistors Transistor is a semiconductor
device used
to amplify or switch electronic signals
and electrical power. It is composed
of semiconductor material usually with
at least three terminals for connection
to an external circuit.

VI. EVALUATION

1. How is the resistance value of a resistor identified? Capacitance value

of a capacitor?
2. What is the difference in biasing between an octal tube and a 7-pin
miniature?
3. What is the function of the leads issuing form capacitors and
resistors?
4. How many leads are there in a resistor? Capacitor?
5. Why is a transformer power so heavy?
6. Why are some resistor larger (physically) than others?
7. How many leads does a transistor have? What about diode?
8. How do various coils you have studies differ?
ANSWERS:

1. To calculate the value of a resistor using the color-coded stripes on the resistor,
use the following procedure.

Step One: Turn the resistor so that the gold or silver stripe is at the right end of the
resistor.
Step Two: Look at the color of the first two stripes on the left end. These
correspond to the first two digits of the resistor value. Use the table given below to
determine the first two digits.
Step Three: Look at the third stripe from the left. This corresponds to a
multiplication value. Find the value using the table below.
Step Four: Multiply the two-digit number from step two by the number from step
three. This is the value of the resistor n ohms. The fourth stripe indicates the
accuracy of the resistor. A gold stripe means the value of the resistor may vary by

5% from the value given by the stripes.

 2. Octal sockets were used to mount other components, particularly electrolytic
capacitor assemblies[7] and electrical relays; octal-mount relays are still common.
Octal sockets were designed to accept octal tubes, the rib in the keyed post fitting an
indexing slot in the socket so the tube could only be inserted in one orientation.
seven-pin miniature tubes are smaller than Noval, with seven pins arranged at 45-
degree spacing in a 9.53 mm (3/8th inch) diameter arc, the "missing" pin position
being used to position the tube in its socket (unlike octal, loctal and rimlock
sockets).

3. Resistor is like friction which wastes your energy. Resistor resists the flow of
current. This is due to the collision of electrons with each other in the conductor,
this makes the conductor heat up after sometime.

Capacitor and inductor are both energy storage elements. But the way they store
energy is different. Capacitor stores energy in the form of electrostatic field.
Inductor stores in the form of electromagnetic field. Capacitor can store more
amount of energy than inductor.

4. Many electrical components such as capacitors, resistors, and inductors have only
two leads where some integrated circuits (ICs) can have several hundred leads to
more than a thousand for the largest BGA devices. IC pins often either bend under
the package body like a letter "J" (J-lead) or come out, down, and form a flat foot for
securing to the board (S-lead or gull-lead).

5. The reason that power transformers are so heavy is from the steel laminations
that the core of the transformer is built from. The outside transformer is
constructed out of steel which also adds to the weight. Transformer coils these days
are using aluminum wire for the primary and secondary wraps.

6. To dissipate heat. Some resistors have holes so they can be bolted to something to
increase the heat dissipation, instead of making the body larger.

7. There are three leads on a bipolar transistor and each of these leads is given a
name:
 Collector: This lead is attached to the largest of the semiconductor regions. ...

 Emitter: Attached to the second largest of the semiconductor regions. ...

 Base: Attached to the middle semiconductor region.

The diode have to leads the cathode and the anode.

8. Inductors are metal coils used in circuits. They are able to generate magnetic
fields when they carry current. They are also able to induce magnetic fields in wires
that are near them. Inductors that are used to help filter signals are called chokes.
Choke circuits are formed from a single inductor or a combination of an inductor
and one or more capacitors. Choke circuits are low-pass filters since they weed out
high frequencies and pass lower ones through. Chokes filter out the AC ripples in
power supplies to help ensure a steady DC output.