Indian Society and Culture

Social Organization
Major determinants of social and political organization in India today are:
Religion,
Caste, and
Language.

There are more job opportunities in the private sector and better chances of upward social
mobility now, hence India has begun a quiet social transformation in this area.

The government has recognized 18 official languages; Hindi, the national language, is the most
widely spoken, although English is a national lingua franca.

About 80% of the population is Hindu; India is the home of more than 138 million Muslims, the
third largest Muslim population in the world. India’s population also includes Christians, Sikhs,
Jains, Buddhists, and Parsis.
 The Caste System
- The caste system is based on occupational and socially defined hierarchies.
- There are 4 castes:
1) priests (Brahmin),
2) warriors (Kshatriya),
3) traders/artisans (Vaishya), and
4) farmers/laborers (Shudra).

- These categories are generally understood throughout India.

- The caste system does not include the tribal people and those outside the caste system
formerly known as "untouchables”, or dalits.
- In reality, Indian society is divided into thousands of jatis--local, endogamous groups
based on occupation--and organized hierarchically according to complex ideas of purity
and pollution.
- Discrimination based on caste is officially illegal, but remains prevalent, especially in rural
areas. Government effort, expanding education, land reform and economic opportunity
through access to information, communication, transport, and credit are helping to lessen
the harshest elements of the caste system.
 The Hindu Worldview
Concept of dharma – following one’s duty; being duty bound

Karma – action and consequence (as we sow, so we reap)

Samsara – cycle of life

Moksha – release from the successive cycles of life, death and

rebirth
 Rites of Passage

Life stages/transitions considered most important:

1) Birth
2) Puberty
3) Marriage
4) Death
Hindu Weddings

Hindu weddings are a sacrament.

Generally, they last a few days.
They are highly ritualized.
Fire is a sacred and central element of the
Hindu wedding.
Weddings are very festive, with lots of
music, dancing, food, sweets, gifts, and
include many family traditions.

Black or plain white is NEVER worn at a

wedding as both are the colors of sorrow,
mourning or widowhood.
 Variations in Hindu Weddings

Not all Hindu weddings are ostentatious, noisy, and long.

Many factors affect wedding customs:

- Region
- Caste
- Socio-economic standing
- Education level
- Urban versus rural
- Family make-up
Education
 IITs and IIMs
IIT - Indian Institutes of Technology

IIM – Indian Institute of Management

Both are institutes of higher education and of national importance. These institutes are created
to develop skilled workforce to support the economic, social & political health of the country .

IIT admission is very competitive since the entrance exam is generally considered tough and also
because of the very high number of test takers. In 2011 over 485,000 students competed for
9,618 seats, a ratio of acceptance of less than 1 in 50.

All IIMs offer a two-year full time Post Graduate Programme in Management (PGP). This program
is considered the flagship program of IIMs, and awards the Post Graduate Diploma in
Management (PGDM) to successful candidates. This diploma is equivalent to the Master of
Business Administration postgraduate degree. The Common Admission Test (CAT) is a
management aptitude test conducted by the IIMs primarily as an evaluation tool for admission
to their two year PGP programs. It is widely considered as one of the most competitive exams in
the world, with a success rate of around one in two hundred.
 Cricket
- The Indian cricket team is the national cricket team of
India.
- The British brought cricket to India in with the first cricket
match played in 1721; the first cricket club in India was
established in Calcutta in 1792.

- On 2 April 2011, India won the 2011 Cricket

World Cup, defeating Sri Lanka in the final,
thus becoming the second team after West
Indies and Australia to win it twice, the
previous win being in 1983.
 Field Hockey
India has won eight Olympic gold
medals for hockey. Indian hockey's
golden period was from 1928–56,
when the Indian hockey team won
six successive Olympic gold medals.
The team also won the 1975 World
Cup besides two more medals
(silver and a bronze). The Indian
Hockey Federation gained global
affiliation in 1927 and joined the
International Hockey Federation
(FIH). Post Indian Independence;
the Indian team achieved another
hat-trick of gold medals at the 1948
London Olympics, 1952 Helsinki Indian-Hockey-Team-Berlin-1936
Games and the Melbourne
Olympics.
 Workforce
Labor force: 487.6 million (2011 estimate)

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 52%
industry: 14%
services: 34%

Unemployment rate: 9.8% (2011 estimate)

Classified as a "low income" country by the World Bank with a GNI (gross national income) of
$450.
Great inequality in the distribution of wealth: the richest tenth of households hold 33% of
wealth, while the poorest tenth only hold 3%.
29% of the population lives below the poverty line; 70% of these people reside in rural
areas;86% of the population lives under $2 per day;
44% lives under $1 per day;
25% of the population does not have enough money to eat adequately.
 Do’s and Don'ts in India
1) Do drink bottled water only.

2) Don't offer bribes to get any job done. Bribe-taking and bribe-giving are a common practice in
India but they are intended to speed up things or win a favor that non-Indians are not entitled
to. Plan well in advance. Use consultants or trade and industry associations. If you expect favors,
let them come free or not at all. Warn anyone (even in government) who asks you for a bribe
that you would report him to the Anti-Corruption Bureau or the nearest police-station.

3) Don’t show amusement at Indian English, accents or choice of words. The fact remains that
many Indians speak and write better English than many native English speakers.

4) Do pay attention to the Indian nod. Many Indians are in the habit of shaking their head in the
course of conversation or taking instructions. The nod generally means I hear you.
Namaste. This is a greeting done with joining of your palms as during prayer.

5 ) Do say namaste, folding your hands together, as if praying. This is a common greeting well
understood across India, in spite of linguistic differences.

6) Don’t shake hands with women if they do not extend their hand out first. Many women may
not wish to shake hands when met, so a namaste greeting is appropriate, followed with a Kaise
hai? (How are you? in Hindi.)
 Indian Social Customs
- Politics can be freely discussed in India and most people will have an opinion which they will
not mind being contradicted. But avoid discussing religion, especially with Muslims who form
about 11% of India's population.

- If you are invited home for dinner, carry a box of sweets (mithai) or a chocolate bar for the
child(ren.)

- You must bargain with street vendors, but never at stores.

- Always eat with your (right) hand.

- Don’t ever complain about the food. Adjust.

- All give and take is done with the right hand.

- If you accidentally bump someone, be sure to apologize. (The Indian gesture of apology in
such a situation is to touch that person on the shoulder and then place your hand to your
forehead.)
 Mind Your Culture
- Exchange of money is always done with the right hand.

- Being the first customer of the day could get you a good bargain since this is considered to
set the standard for all business transactions for the day.

- Books (accounts logs) are considered sacred so must never be placed on the floor.

- Business conversations include enquiring about the family.

- Do not sit with your foot (and especially your sandal/shoe) pointing at anyone.

- Dress modestly. Women must dress modestly.

- Remove shoes when entering a home and religious places.

- Telephone calls from India to the US are very inexpensive and accessible.
 Hindu Festival - Diwali

Festival of Lights

Rangoli pattered design at home

Lanterns
Fire crackers
 Islamic Festivals of Eid

Eid Al Fitr - Celebration at the end of the holy

month of Ramadan

Eid Al Adha - Festival of Sacrifice

 Festivals

Buddha Purnima – Buddhist

New Year

Paryushan - Jain festival celebrated for

self-purification and uplift of oneself.
 Festivals

Sikh – Baisakhi festival

Nowruz – Parsi New Year celebration

 Indian Mythology
Common Ideas in Indian Mythology:
- The Trinity : the Trinity is all powerful; it constitutes of Lord Vishnu, Lord Shiva and Lord
Brahma. Lord Vishnu is the preserver of the universe, responsible for the daily running of the
universe. Lord Brahma, is the creator of the universe and is responsible for creation of this
world and worldly beings. Lord Shiva is considered the destroyer.

- Performing a Penance: deep meditation; requires sacrifice of all pleasures in pursuit of God.

- Granting of a Boon: When gods are pleased with a devotee, they grant a wish to the person,
even a limited form of immortality.

- Curse or Shrap: When a God or a rishi (sage) is enraged, he usually casts a curse on the
person who causes the rage.

- Relief from Curse: Can occur due to one’s karma, in this life or another.

- Deva-Asura war: Common conflict between gods and demons, because asuras (demons) are
usually valiant, strong-headed and desire to conquer the territories the devas occupy.
 Indian Mythology
There are 2 epic mythologies that shape the culture of India:
Ramayana – the journey of Rama; Rama is the embodiment of a noble person, an ideal son,
brother, husband, and king.

Mahabharata – a story about the battle between cousins Pandavas and Kauravas; the Bhagvad
Geeta is a part of the Mahabharata, where Arjuna urges Krishna to not falter on the battlefield,
but to uphold his duty as a warrior.
 Hindu Sacred Texts
The Bhagvad Geeta is the sacred text of the Hindus. It emphasizes the following of one’s
dharma, one’s duty, in life, and not expecting any rewards in return.

The Geeta teaches, “He

who does work for Me, he who looks upon Me as
his goal, he who worships Me, free from attachment, who is free from
enmity to all creatures, he goes to Me.”

Krishna and Arjuna at

Kurukshetra, 18th–19th century
painting
 Indian Food
- Wide regional variation
- A variety of spices and nuts add delicate flavor to the food
- Vegetarian food is very common in India
- There are many types of curries (vindaloo, Madras, etc.)
- Do not confuse curry with gravy.
- No beef! (Cows are considered holy in India.)
- Chicken and lamb/mutton are common meats, as is fish.
- Indian pickles are served with every meal; they are made with oil, spices and a variety
of vegetables (mango, lemon, chilies, carrots.)
- Plain yogurt is consumed with almost every meal.

Meal served on a banana leaf Thali dinner with curries and naan
Spices
Filter Coffee
 Indian Cinema

The biggest film producing industry in the world is the

Mumbai-based Bollywood.
It is also called Hindi Cinema, since many regional language
films are also produced in India. Melodrama and romance
are common ingredients of Bollywood films.
 Indian Music
India has a history of music that spans millennia.
Music serves as spiritual inspiration, cultural
expression and pure entertainment.
Types of music:
1) Folk – rural, ethnic, regional music
2) popular – Bollywood and regional cinema
music
3) classical music – two branches: Carnatic
)Southern India) and Hindustani (Northern
and Central India) A pair of Indian folk musicians
performing in a rural village

Galaxy of Musicians by Raja Ravi Varma

depicts Indian women dressed in regional
attire playing a variety of musical
instruments popular in different parts of
the country.
 Indian Dance
In Hindu mythology, dance is
believed to have been
conceived by Brahma, who
inspired the sage Bharata
Muni to write the Natya
Tutsa Dancers from Changlang Shastra, a treatise on
district in Arunachal Pradesh performing arts, from which a
codified practice of dance
and drama emerged. The
best-known of Hindu
deities—Shiva, Kali and Shiva Nataraja, as the lord of
Krishna—are typically dance. His dance symbolizes
represented dancing. Shiva's cosmic energy, flowing from
cosmic dance, Kali's dance of destruction to regeneration.
creation and destruction, and
Krishna's dance with the Some of the Indian
gopikas (cow-herd girls)— dances are kathak,
Rasa Lila—are popular motifs kathakali, Kucchipudi,
in Hindu mythology. raas-garba, ghummar,
bharat-natyam, and many
Kathakali dancer from Kerala folk, tribal, and regional
 Sources
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm#profile

http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php

The CIA World Fact Book: India.

http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/in.html. 10 Feb. 2003

Datanet India Pvt. Ltd. IndiaStat.com. www.indiastat.com. 7 Feb. 2003

Press and Information, Embassy of India. Embassy of India, Washington D.C.

www.indianembassy.org. 7 Feb. 2003

The World Bank. India Data Profile.

http://devdata.worldbank.org/external/CPProfile.asp?SelectedCountry=IND&CCODE=IND&CNA
ME=India&PTYPE=CP. 7 Feb. 2003

http://indianmythology.com/finish/common_ideas.php

www.wikipedia.com

www.youtube.com