An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provides emergency backup power to connected equipment when the primary power source fails, using batteries, supercapacitors or flywheels to provide near-instant protection from interruptions. UPS systems range in size from small units for individual computers to large systems powering entire data centers. Different UPS designs include standby, line interactive, on-line, and double conversion systems which offer varying levels of efficiency, reliability, cost and output waveform quality.
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provides emergency backup power to connected equipment when the primary power source fails, using batteries, supercapacitors or flywheels to provide near-instant protection from interruptions. UPS systems range in size from small units for individual computers to large systems powering entire data centers. Different UPS designs include standby, line interactive, on-line, and double conversion systems which offer varying levels of efficiency, reliability, cost and output waveform quality.
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provides emergency backup power to connected equipment when the primary power source fails, using batteries, supercapacitors or flywheels to provide near-instant protection from interruptions. UPS systems range in size from small units for individual computers to large systems powering entire data centers. Different UPS designs include standby, line interactive, on-line, and double conversion systems which offer varying levels of efficiency, reliability, cost and output waveform quality.
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provides emergency backup power to connected equipment when the primary power source fails, using batteries, supercapacitors or flywheels to provide near-instant protection from interruptions. UPS systems range in size from small units for individual computers to large systems powering entire data centers. Different UPS designs include standby, line interactive, on-line, and double conversion systems which offer varying levels of efficiency, reliability, cost and output waveform quality.
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Uninterruptible power supply
An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power
source, UPS or battery/flywheel backup, is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source, typically mains power, fails. A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provide near- instantaneous protection from input power interruptions, by supplying energy stored in batteries, supercapacitors, or flywheels. The on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible power sources is relatively short (only a few minutes) but sufficient to start a standby power source or properly shut down the protected equipment.
A UPS is typically used to protect hardware such as computers, data
centers, telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power disruption could cause injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption or data loss. UPS units range in size from units designed to protect a single computer without a video monitor (around 200volt-ampere rating) to large units powering entire data centers or buildings. http://en.wikipedia.org
UPS types A variety of design approaches are used to implement UPS systems, each with distinct performance characteristics. The most common design approaches are as follows:
Standby UPS, also known as off-line or line-preferred UPS, typically consists of an AC/DC and DC/AC inverter, a battery, a static switch, a low pass filter to reduce switching frequency from the output voltage, and a surge suppressor. The standby system operates with the switch setting the AC input as a primary power source, and alternating to the battery and inverter as backup sources in case of primary power failure. The inverter normally remains on standby, only activating when the power fails and the transfer switch automatically switches the electrical load to the backup units. This type of UPS system provides a high degree of efficiency, small size, and relatively low costs, making it a common option for personal computing.
Standby-Ferro UPS
The standby-Ferro UPS relies on a specialized saturating transformer with multiple power connections. The primary power flows from the AC input, moving through the transformer and on to the output. If there is a power failure, the transfer switch activates the inverter to pick up the output load. As in normal standby UPS systems, the inverter remains in standby mode, but the specialized Ferro transformer can provide some degree of voltage regulation and control over the output waveform. Standby-Ferro systems are useful for their reliability and line filtering characteristics, however, their efficiency decreases when coupled with certain kinds of generators or computers, and the Ferro transformer itself carries the risk of voltage distortion and overheating. Line Interactive UPS
In the line interactive design, the battery and AC power inverter are perpetually connected to the UPS output, and the battery can be charged by operating the inverter in reverse while AC power is set at normal levels. In case of power failure, the transfer switch can shift electrical flow from the battery to the system output. Because the inverter is continuously connected to the output, the UPS provides additional filtering and lowers the risk of switching transients. A tap-changing transformer is sometimes included in the line interactive UPS, and this allows it to provide voltage regulation that prevents the UPS from switching to battery power prematurely. The line interactive design’s high levels of efficiency and reliability, as well as its relatively small size and low cost, make it well-suited for a range of uninterruptible power applications.
Double Conversion Double conversion UPS systems are commonly used for higher voltage applications and they feature a configuration similar to those of standby units, but with a primary power path focused on the inverter rather than the AC main. This type of UPS system takes virtually no time to transfer between modes because input AC power failure does not trigger the transfer switch. Instead, the input AC charges the backup battery, which in turn powers the output inverter. This configuration results in highly efficient electrical power performance, but may cause long-term wear on components and can occasionally interfere with power wiring or standby generators.
Delta Conversion UPS
Delta Conversion UPS is a relatively recent addition to the uninterruptible power supply industry and was introduced to alleviate some of the disadvantages presented by double conversion systems. Like the double conversion design, the delta conversion UPS has an inverter continuously supplying load voltage, however, it also issues power to the inverter output. Under power failure or electrical distortions, this UPS acts similarly to a double conversion unit, but provides more efficient energy performance by converting power from input to output rather than cycling between power and battery sources. It is more compatible with generator systems and produces less heating and component wear. http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1272971
(American Power Conversion Corporation, West Kingston, RI, www.apcc.com) The leading manufacturer of UPS systems and surge suppressors, founded in 1981 by Rodger Dowdell, Neil Rasmussen and Emanual Landsman, three electronic power engineers who had worked at MIT. Although created to develop solar electricity, the company introduced its first UPS system three years later as government funding for solar energy dissipated. Estimated Products Part Number Runtime (hrs:mins) 230V Output / 230V Input
0:09 APC Back-UPS 350, 230V BK350EI
0:06 APC BACK-UPS ES 500VA 230V PHILIPPINES BE500R-PH
0:09 APC Back-UPS 500, 230V BK500EI
0:07 APC Back-UPS 500, 230V without auto shutdown software, ASEAN BR500CI-AS
