3 Di¤erential Equations Problem Sheet

1. For arbitrary constants c1 ; c2 ; c3 ; c4 …nd the di¤erential equations satis-

…ed by y when:
2
a. y = c1 x +
c1
2
dy
dx = c1 ) y = dy
dx x + 2
dy=dx ! x (y 0 ) yy 0 + 2 = 0

x
b. y = (c1 + c2 x) e
dy x x x x
dx = (c1 + c2 x) e + c2 e = ye + c2 e
d2 y
dx2 = dy
dx c2 e x
= dy
dx
2
y dy
dx ) y 00 + 2 y 0 + 2
y=0

c. y = c1 sin x + c2 cos x + c3 sinh x + c4 cosh x

d4 4 d4
sin x = sin x; cos x = 4 cos x;
dx4 dx4
4
d 4 d4
sinh x = sinh x; ; cosh x = 4 cosh x
dx4 dx4
d4 y 4
= y
dx4

2. Solve the following di¤erential equations/I.V.P.’s

3
dy
a. = y2 y = 1; x = 0
dx

dy
= y 2=3 ! dx = y 2=3 dy
Z xdx Z x x
ds = y 2=3 dy ! x = 3y 1=3 = 3y 1=3 (x) 3y 1=3 (0)
0 0 0
3
x x+3
= y 1=3 1)y=
3 3

dy 1 + y2
b. = y = 1; x = 0
dx 1 + x2
Z Z
dy dx tan a + tan b
1+y 2 = 1+x2 ! arctan y = arctan x + c and use tan (a + b) =
1 tan a tan b
x+C 1+x
y = ; I.C y (0) = 1 =) C = 1 ) y =
1 Cx 1 x

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 p dy y 1
c. 1 + x2 = xe y = 0; x = 0 Ans: y = 2 log 1 + x2
dx
Z x Z x
ey dy = p s
1+s2
ds
0 0

The right hand integral is done by substitution u = 1 + s2 ! du =

2sds
p x p
ey 1 = 1 + s2 = 1 + x2 1
0
p 1
y
e = 1 + x2 ! y = log 1 + x2
2
dy
2 x3
d. (1 y) + 1 + x2 y = 0 Ans: x + = log y + 2y
dx 3
1 2
2y + c
Z Z
(1 y)2
y dy = 1 + x2 dx
Z Z
1
y +y 2 dy = 1 + x2 dx
y2 x3
log y + 2 2y = x 3 +c
which is an implicit solution.
dy c
e. x + 3y = 8x5 Ans: y = x5 + 3
dx x
dy
+ 3 y = 8x4
dx x
R
linear equation with IF: e3 1=xdx
= x3
dy
x3 + 3x2 y = 8x7
dx Z Z
d
yx3 = 8x7
! d yx 3
=8 x7 dx
dx
yx3 = x8 + c ! y = x5 + c=x3 :
dy
f. 2y tan x = x2 sec2 x when x = 0 and y = 0
dx
So comparing with standard form we have P = 2 tan x; so
R 2
2 tan xdx 2 ln sec x 2
I.F R(x) = e =e = eln(sec x) = (sec x) :
Note: apart from the few basic integrals, you need not worry about remem-
bering others - always consult a list of integrals in a book. So the di¤erential
equation is multiplied by the I.F
2 2
(sec x) (y 0 2y tan x) = x2 sec2 x (sec x)
Z
2 x3
y (sec x) = x2 dx ! y = sec2 x + c
3

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 the initial condition gives c = 0; so the particular solution becomes y =
x3
3 sec2 x

dy
1. g. sin x + 2y cos x = cos x
dx
dy
+ 2y cot x = cot x
dx
R
which is a linear equation with IF: e2 cot x
= e2 log sin x = sin2 x
dy
sin2 x dx + 2 (sin x cos x) y = sin x cos x
d
y sin2 x = sin x cos x
Z dx Z
d y sin2 x = sin x cos xdx
R
The right hand integral is solved by writing I = sin x cos xdx and
solving by parts to give I = 21 sin2 x

y sin2 x = 1
2 sin2 x + c
y = 1
2 + c csc2 x

3 2
h. (x + 1) y 0 2y = 3 (x + 1) Ans: y = (3x + c) (x + 1)
start by putting in standard form, divide through by (x + 1) to ex-
press as a linear equation
2
y0 2
(x+1) y = 3 (x + 1)

2
so P (x) = (x+1) ; hence I.F
Z
2 2 1
R (x) = exp (x+1) dx = exp ln (x + 1) = (x+1)2

multiply DE through by R (x)

y 0 (x+1)
1
2
2
(x+1)3
y =3

d 2
y (x + 1) = 3
dx Z
2
y (x + 1) = 3 dx + c
= 3x + c
2
y = (3x + c) (x + 1)

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3. Solve the 2nd order equations

d2 y
a. = 2y 3 + 8y where y = 2; y 0 = 8 when x = 4
dx2
Put p = y 0 ! p0 = y 00
dp dy dp dp
y 00 = dx = dx dy = p dy

dp
p dy = 2y 3 + 8y which is variable separable
2
1 2 dy y4
2p = 1
2 dx = 2 + 4y 2 + c
y = 2; y 0 = 8 =) c = 8
p q
dy 2
dx = y 4 + 8y 2 + 16 = (y 2 + 4) = y2 + 4

we have taken the negative sign to satisfy the IC y 0 (2) = 8

Z Z
dy
dx = (y 2 +4)
1
x = 2 arctan (y=2) + d

using the IC y 4 = 2 gives d = 3 =8; so the PS becomes

3
y = 2 tan 2x
4
2
d2 y dy
b. + 2x = 0 where y = 0; y 0 = 1 when x = 0:
dx2 dx

p = y 0 ; p0 = y 00
dp
R R
the ODE becomes dx = 2xp2 ! p 2 dp = 2 xdx

= x2 + c : y 0 = 1; x = 0 =) c = 1
1
p
Z Z
1 2 dy 1 dx
=x +1 ! = 2 ! dy = x2 +1
dy=dx dx x +1
y = arctan x + d : y (0) = 0 =) d = 0
therefore the PS is y = arctan x

4. For each of the following constant coe¢ cient di¤erential equations,

y 00 + by 0 + cy = g(x)

…nd the complimentary function and state which function you would use
to try and …nd a Particular Solution by the method of undetermined
coe¢ cients.

15
 a. b = 3; c = 2; g(x) = e5x Ans: C.F: y = Ae 2x
+ Be x
PS
y = Ce5x :
b. b = 1; c = 6; g(x) = 2e2x + sin 3x Ans: C.F: y = Ae 3x +
2x 2x
Be PS: y1 = Cxe ; because 2 is a root of the A.E y2 =
(D sin 3x + E cos 3x) :
c. b = 7; c = 0; g(x) = 4x2 + x + 2 Ans: C.F: y = A + Be 7x
PS
y = p2 x2 + p1 x + p0 x because 0 is a root of the A.E.
p p
x x=2 3 3
d. b = 1; c = 1; g(x) = 2e Ans: C.F: y = e A sin 2 x + B cos 2 x PS
x
y = Ce :
e. b = 4; c = 4; g(x) = 3e 2x + 2e3x + sin x Ans: C.F: y =
e 2x (A + Bx) PS y1 = Cx2 e 2x because 2 is a two fold root
of the A.E, y2 = De3x ; y3 = (E sin x + F cos x) :

5. By converting the Euler equation

x2 y 00 (x) 2xy 0 (x) + 2y (x) = 4x3

to a constant coe¢ cient problem show that the solution is given by

y (x) = Ax + Bx2 + 2x3 :

The change of variable is t = log x; with the derivatives represented as
dy 1 dy
dx = x dt
d2 y 1 d2 y dy
dx2 = x2 dt2 dt :

The ODE becomes

d2 y
dt2 3 dy
dt + 2y = 4e
3t

A.E 2 3 + 2 = 0 ! yc = Aet + Be2t :

For the PI look for a solution of the form yp = Ce3t : substitute in ODE

(9C 9C + 2C) e3t = 4e3t =) C = 2

General Solution y (t) = Aet + Be2t + 2e3t !

y (x) = Aex + Be2x + 2x3

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