Addis Ababa Science and

Technology University
Department of Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering

Course: Sanitary Science and Plumbing for Building

Academic Year: 2017/2018

Semester: I
Course Objective

To introduce students to various plumbing services of buildings related to

o domestic and fire fighting water provision
o internal drainage system of buildings and
o Rain water disposal.
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………………………………..... Page

Part 1: INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 PLUMBING................................................................................................................................................6

1.1.1 Defination..................................................................................................................................6

1.1.2 Plumbing Catagories.................................................................................................................6

1.2 PLUMBING FIXTURES...............................................................................................................................7

1.2.1 Soil Appliances...........................................................................................................................7

1.2.2 Waste Appliances......................................................................................................................9

Part 2: WATER SUPPLY FOR BUILDINGS................................................................................................. 11

2.1 SOURCES OF WATER...............................................................................................................................11

2.2 INTRODUCTION TO WATER TREATMENT METHODS................................................................11

2.3 PIPE FLOW HYDRAULICS................................................................................................................14

2.4 WATER STORAGE SYSTEMS AND DEMAND ASSESSMENT.....................................................16

2.4.1 Cisterns in General..................................................................................................................16

2.4.2 Cistern Capacity Design..........................................................................................................17

2.5 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS AND PIPE SIZING...............................................................................18

2.5.1 Types of Systems.....................................................................................................................18

2.5.2 Hot Water Provision................................................................................................................19

2.5.3 Pipe Sizing...............................................................................................................................21

2.6 EXCERISES..........................................................................................................................................23

2.7 FIRE FIGHTING WATER SUPPLY.....................................................................................................27

2.7.1 General....................................................................................................................................27

2.7.2 Fire Fighting Systems..............................................................................................................26

2.7.3 Design Parameters...................................................................................................................29

 2.7.4 Exercise...................................................................................................................................31

Part 3: INTERNAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF BUILDINGS............................................................................34

3.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................34

3.1.1 Typical Feauture of Domestic and Non-domestic Buildings....................................................34

3.1.2 Wastewater Quantification......................................................................................................35

3.2 INTERNAL DRAINAGE COMPONENTS AND SYSTEM TYPES....................................................................36

3.2.1 Components............................................................................................................................36

3.2.2 Sytem Types.............................................................................................................................38

3.3 PIPE SIZING.............................................................................................................................................41

3.3.1 Branch Dischrge Pipes.............................................................................................................41

3.3.2 Vertical Stacks..........................................................................................................................41

3.3.3 Building Drain..........................................................................................................................43

3.3.4 Offsets......................................................................................................................................44

3.3.4 VENTS......................................................................................................................................45

3.4 INTRODUCTION TO EXTERNAL DRAINAGE AND TREATMENT OPTIONS................................................49

3.4.1 General....................................................................................................................................49

3.4.2 Sewer appurtenance...............................................................................................................49

3.4.3 On-site Sewage Treatment and Disposal.................................................................................49

3.5 EXERCISE................................................................................................................................................52

Part 4: STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF BUILDINGS.....................................................................53

4.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................53

4.2 ROOF DRAINAGE COMPONENTS...........................................................................................................53

4.2.1 Gutter......................................................................................................................................53

4.2.2 Gutter OUTLETS......................................................................................................................54

 4.2.3 Down Pipes.............................................................................................................................55

4.3 ROOF DRAINAGE DESIGN.......................................................................................................................55

4.3.1 RAIN WATER QUANTIFICATION..............................................................................................55

4.3.2 Gutter Design..........................................................................................................................58

4.3.3 Down PIpes and Outlets.........................................................................................................59

4.4 FLAT ROOFS............................................................................................................................................60

4.5 SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE........................................................................................................................61

4.6 SITE DRAINAGE......................................................................................................................................63

ANNEX.............................................................................................................................................................65
PART 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 PLUMBING

1.1.1 DEFINATION

Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains fittings, valves, valve assemblies, and devices
installed in a building for the distribution of water for drinking, heating and washing, and the
removal of waterborne wastes, and the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and
plumbing fixtures in such systems. A plumber is someone who installs or repairs piping
system. Plumbing usually deals with laying of pipe lines which provide a means of
transportation for fluids. Plumbing is usually distinguished from water supply and sewage
systems, in that a plumbing system serves one building, while water and sewage systems
serve a group of buildings

1.1.2 PLUMBING CATAGORIES

The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are:

 Potable cold and hot tap water supply

 Plumbing drainage venting

 Septic systems

 Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage

 Fuel gas piping

The Plumbing Engineer can provide input in the following areas:

Domestic/ Fire fighting Water System: This is the water provided by a municipal or
site-sourced water system. The Plumbing Engineer designs the water distribution
system to protect the public health to the plumbing fixtures, landscaping irrigation, fire
suppression system, filtration systems, mechanical systems, cleaning systems and
process equipment. A complex building requires special treated water systems and
manufacturing facilities require special process water systems. The Plumbing Engineer
can develop the design of these systems while keeping in mind that the ultimate whole
building goal is to reduce the amount of water used by a facility. For example a storm
water collection system can be used in the landscaping irrigation system instead of an
 irrigation system using domestic water. Using this whole building approach the
domestic water usage is reduced.
Sanitary Fixtures: The Plumbing Engineer coordinates the appropriate type of fixtures
in the different areas of the building.
Sanitary Sewer Systems—Water flowing from plumbing fixtures collects in the
building sewer system. The Plumbing Engineer designs this system to a point it
connects to a municipal sewer system or to an on-site disposal or containment system.
Some facilities require a separation between waste streams and/or treatment of special
waste systems before they enter a common building waste system. For example, the
grease waste from a kitchen can damage the sewer piping system. As a result, a grease
trap is installed to capture the grease before it enters the common building system.
Storm Water Systems— During a rain or storm event rain water falls on building
roofs, parking lots, and green spaces. The traditional way to manage storm water was to
remove it from the building and site as quickly as possible.

1.2 PLUMBING FIXTURES

Plumbing fixtures, also called sanitary appliances, are receptacles with necessary
appurtenances designed for a specific purpose the use or operation of which results in a
discharge into the sanitary drainage system.

1.2.1 SOIL APPLIANCES

Soil appliances include all fixed fixtures like water closets (W.C) and urinals, in which water is
used for flushing foul matter away. The waste from W.C is called Soil waste or Black Water.

W.C. suite
A W.C. suit comprises a W.C. pan, seat, flushing appliance and any necessary flushing pipe.
Turkish/ Asian Type WC Low Flush Close Coupled WC/ European Type

W.C. Pan and Seat: The W.C. pan is a ceramic or metal bowl to take solid and liquid
excrement, with an inlet for flushing and a trapped outlet. The seat is usually a plastic ring
secured to the back of the pan.

Flushing Appliance and Flushing Pipe: The usual flushing appliance is a cistern designed to
discharge water rapidly into the pan through a flush pipe for cleaning and disposal of contents.
The flushing cistern may be fixed high above, near to or close coupled to the pan, the three
arrangements being described as high-level, low-level (low-down)or close coupled W.C suites.
The high-level suite is no longer popular because of the long unsightly flush pipe and the
noisy operation of the flush. The close-coupled suit is so called because the flushing cistern is
fixed directly above the back of the pan for the sake of appearance.

Urinals
It is a plumbing fixture for urination only. In busy washrooms, urinals are installed for
efficiency: compared with urination in a general-purpose toilet, usage is faster because within
the room there are no additional doors, no locks, and no seat to turn up; also a urinal takes less
space, is simpler, and consumes less water per flush than a general-purpose toilet. Urinals also
come in different heights, to accommodate tall and short users. There are often privacy
barriers between the urinals.

Bowl Urinal: The bowl urinal consists of individual bowls mounted on the bowl. The bowls
are fixed individually with or without division piece. Bowl urinals are used for their neat
appearance where they are not liable to damage or misuse.
 1.2.2 WASTE APPLIANCES

Waste appliances include all fixed fixtures in which water is used for cleaning, culinary and
drinking purposes. These include:

wash-basin sinks bidets

Bathtub showers
Waste from such appliances is called gray water or sullage.

Wash basins:
Wash basins, supported by wall brackets or on a pedestal secured to the floor, are designed for
washing the upper part of the body. The standard wash basin consists of a bowl, soap tray,
outlet, water overflow connected to the outlet and holes for fixing taps. Pedestal basin consists
of a basin and a separate vitreous china pedestal that is screwed to the floor and on which the
basin is mounted. The purpose of the pedestal is to hide the trap, waste and cold and hot
service pipes.

The majority of wash basins are made of vitreous china. A wide range of sizes and designs of
wash basins are available, including small corner basins.

Bath-tubs:
Bath-tub is intended for bodily immersion in a reclining position and it should have a flat
bottom with a fall to the outlet.

Shower:
Bodily ablutions under running water are more hygienic than bodily immersion in a bath. In
addition, a shower unit is more economical in energy and water consumption and convenient
to use. Shower rooms should be installed in rooms that are adequately ventilated to reduce the
possibility of condensation.