FEDERAL FACILITY ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Lighting Site Assessment Guidance

General Lighting Assessment Procedure: Ballast factor is proportional to light output and
1. Record illuminance levels (foot-candles or lux) in various percent of lamp wattage.
spaces using a hand held light meter
 Office light levels should be taken at desk level Ballast Factor Calculation
(standard is 30” AFF) 120%
 Hallway measurements should be taken at the floor

Percent of Watts & Light Ouptut

100%
level and restroom measurements should be taken at
counter height 80%

 Develop a grid of points; 2’ on center for small 60%

offices and 10’ on center for large open spaces and 40%
record light levels at each point on the grid (note min, 20%
max and average light level for each space)
0%
 Record nighttime and daytime light levels within
0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20
each space. Take nighttime and daytime
Ballast Factor (B.F.)
measurements at the same location to determine
daylight contribution and note sky condition (clear,
partly cloudy, cloudy). This can give a rough sense Retrofit and Redesign Issues:
for expected annual daylight to see if fixture rezoning 1. Redesign should be considered when:
or other daylight measures are appropriate. (Note:  The space is undergoing a major renovation and the
Make sure the lighting design can meet night time current fixtures are recessed direct.
illuminance requirements when reducing LPD and  Existing luminaries provide non-uniform light
light levels) distribution, and/or can’t meet illumination
requirements
2. Count lamps/ballasts in each room  Look for opportunities to re-zone the space for
 Count fixtures, lamps, and ballasts (Fixture counts occupancy and daylighting control
can also be approximated from electrical drawings) 2. For retrofit or redesign projects the new design should
 Calculate space area and calculate Lighting Power produce acceptable light quality:
Density (LPD) (Watts/ft2) for each space type.  Maintain uniformity
(Fixture wattage = lamp wattage x # of Lamps x  Provide for glare control
Ballast Factor (B.F.))  Improve color rendering
 Record fixture type (i.e. recessed, recessed vented,
indirect/direct, etc.) If pendant mounted, note
pendant length
 Record ceiling height and type

3. Write down lamp data and ballast data

 Look up ballast specifications on the internet
 Record lamp type, lamp color temperature (Kelvin),
lamp wattage
 Record ballast type, ballast factor and program,
instant, or rapid start

4. Write down operational hours per day

 Calculate operational hours per year

5. Write down control system and wiring layout

 Look for existing occupancy sensors, dimming
ballasts, and lighting control system
 Sketch out the configuration of lighting zones within
the space
 Use the following table to determine acceptable
reduction in ballast factor if the space is over lit.
 Recommended Illuminance (IES) and Lighting Power  Determine installation time
Density (ASHRAE 90.1version) by Space Type  Look for opportunities to re-wire the space into
multiple smaller zones w/occupancy sensor per zone
IESNA Recommended Horizontal Illuminances and  Determine reduction in operational hours
Illuminance LPD  Note commissioning settings (e.g., manual on and
Space Type (fc) (Watt/ft²) auto off)
30 to 50 (5 to
Space Type Percent Reduction (%)
10 w/ task Private Office 15-55
Open Offices light) 1.1 Open Office 15-30
Private Offices 50 1.1 Classroom 10-45
Conference Rooms 30 1.3 Conference Room 25-65
Corridors 5 0.5 Restroom 30-75
Restrooms 10 0.9 Warehouse 50-75
Lobby 10 1.3 Storage 45-65

Copy Rooms 10 Energy Impact of Controls and Perf ormance Diagnostics, TIAX LLC f or DOE, Nov. 2005.
Classrooms 30 1.4
Daylighting Side-lighting Analysis:
Gymnasiums 100 1.1 1. Calculate floor to window height (ft)
Dining Areas 10 0.9
Kitchen 50 1.2  Assume daylight from side lighting can go 1.5 to 2
Labs 50 1.4 times height of window into space
1.2
(reading
area), 1.7
Libraries 30 (stacks)
VDT Areas 3 h
Museums (display areas) 30 1

General Warehousing/Storage 10 0.8

Inactive Storage 5 0.3 d = 1.5 x h
 Count the number of fixtures that are located within
1.2 (low
this area
bay), 1.7  Record light levels next to window and make sure
General Manufacturing 30 (high bay) glare prevention (e.g., blinds) are blocking any direct
Residences (General) 5 sun.
Parking Areas (uncovered) 0.2 0.15  Determine rough zoning recommendations (Model
energy savings in eQUEST)
Occupancy Sensor Assessment Tasks: Daylighting Top Lighting Analysis:
1. To start, follow the general procedures listed above. 1. Calculate top floor area
 Determine appropriate mounting configuration (wall 2. Analyze the roof construction to determine applicability
or ceiling mounted) for top lighting
 Determine appropriate sensor type (ultrasonic, 3. Skylight to floor area should be 3%-5%
infrared or combination) (Model energy savings in eQUEST)
 Determine the number of occupancy sensors per
space
 Typical coverage range for wall mounted
sensor is 300 – 400 ft2
 Typical coverage range for ceiling mounted
sensor is 1,000 – 2,000 ft2
Central Lighting Control System Assessment Tasks: Site Assessment Tools:
1. Determine if central lighting control system is applicable 1. Use an illuminance meter to record light levels, a roller
(usually for larger commercial buildings) wheel or ultrasonic range finder to measure space
 Count the number of lighting panels and lighting dimensions, and a tape measure to measure floor to
breakers per panel window height.
 Determine the number of different lighting schedules
that will be needed

50% Energy Savings over ASHRAE 90.1- 2004

 FEDERAL FACILITY ASSESSMENT GUIDE
Office Lighting Checklist

Replace T-12 Lamps and Magnetic Ballasts with Low Wattage T-8 Lamps and Electronic Ballasts
All T-12 lamps and magnetic ballasts should be replaced with tri-phosphor low wattage T-8 lamps and low
ballast factor electronic ballasts. Tri-phosphor low wattage T-8 lamps use less energy and produce better
quality light than standard T-12 lighting systems. Electronic ballasts with low ballast factors (BF<0.85) can
reduce lighting system energy use by as much as 40%. Specify tri-phosphor T-8 lamps with color
temperature of 4,100 Kelvin.

Replace Standard T-8 Lamps with Low Wattage T-8 Lamps and Low Ballast Factor Ballasts
Tri-phosphor low wattage T-8 lamps use less energy than standard 32 Watt T-8 lamps. Electronic ballasts
with low ballast factors (BF<0.85) can reduce lighting system energy use by as much as 30%. If the
lighting levels of the current T-8 lighting system are higher than the recommendations provided above,
standard T-8 lamps should be considered for replacement with tri-phosphor low wattage T-8 lamps and low
ballast factor electronic ballasts should be installed.

Install Perimeter Dimming Ballasts

Dimming electric lights in locations where daylight is sufficient for working purposes can significantly
reduce energy use. All lamps and ballast within 10-20ft of the perimeter envelope should be capable of
dimming and connected to a daylight sensor. Typical fluorescent dimming systems provide continuous
dimming from 100% to 1% -10% of light output. In addition, it is important to look for opportunities to
install light louvers (http://www.lightlouver.com/) on south facing windows and lower blinds to increase
daylight contributions.

Install Low Wattage Screw-in Lamps

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) and low wattage halogen lamps use significantly less energy for similar
light outputs compared to standard incandescent lamps. All incandescent and standard halogen lamps
should be replaced with CFL’s or low wattage halogen lamps.

Optimized Interior Security Lighting

Interior security lighting should be maintained at a minimum of 1-5 fc during unoccupied times in
hallways, and turned off in traditional office space during normal business hours. Non-security fixtures
should be controlled by occupancy sensors.

Replace Exit Signs with LED Exit Signs

LED exit signs typically use 5 Watts or less, and can save significant amounts of energy when compared to
standard incandescent exit signs. All incandescent and compact fluorescent exit signs should be replaced
with LED exit signs which meet building and fire code requirements.

Replace HPS/HID Garage Lighting with LED lighting

LED garage lighting can reduce the energy usage of standard garage lighting up to 50%. All HPS/HID
garage lighting should be replaced with low wattage LED lighting.

Replace Incandescent Recessed Can Fixtures with LED or CFL Lighting

LED and CFL lighting uses less energy and has dimmable capability and are good retrofit options for
recessed can fixtures. All incandescent recessed can fixtures should be replaced with LED or CFL lighting.

Replace Incandescent Cooler/Freezer Lights with LED Lighting

LED lighting uses less energy, can be dimmed, and produces more light when in cold environments. All
incandescent lamps in coolers/freezers should be replaced with LED or CFL lighting.
Replace/Install under Cabinet and Task Lighting
Task lighting can reduce the general area lighting requirements and significantly reduce energy
consumption. Under cabinet and task lighting should be installed in conjunction with an appropriate
reduction in general area lighting.

Replace Outdoor Parking and Street Lights

Current LED technologies can reduce outdoor parking/street lights energy consumption by up to 60%. All
HPS or HID lamps with magnetic ballasts should be replaced with a low wattage LED lighting system.

Install Occupancy Sensors in Bathrooms, Conference Rooms, and Private Offices

Occupancy sensors can significantly reduce light usage during unoccupied times. Occupancy sensors
should be installed in all bathrooms, conference rooms, private offices, exterior environments with
intermittent occupancy and other appropriate spaces.

Install Central Lighting Controls

Central lighting controls can significantly reduce the operating time of current lighting circuits. Central
lighting controls should be installed and commissioned according to the various occupancy schedules.

Replace HID Magnetic Ballasts with Electronic Ballasts

Electronic ballasts provide better lumen and color maintenance than magnetic ballasts, and have dimmable
capabilities for energy savings. All HID fixtures that currently use magnetic ballasts should be retrofit with
lower wattage lamps and electronic ballasts if the light levels can be slightly lowered.

Reduce Lighting Levels on Over-lit Spaces

Maintain code recommended lighting levels in all spaces. If some areas are over-lit, de-lamp fixtures to
reduce the lighting levels and conserve energy.

Replace Linear Fluorescent ‘Milky White’ lens with Clear Acrylic Prismatic Lens
Clear acrylic prismatic lens allows approximately 90% of the light to pass through with a more even
distribution of light. Replace all ‘milky white’ or yellowed lenses with a clear acrylic prismatic lens. These
older lenses can block 20%-40% of the light output.

Install Metallic Reflectors

In older fixtures, if the existing metal reflector is severely degraded or missing, installing new metallic
reflectors can significantly increase light output. If this is the case a lamp can typically be removed or a
ballast with a lower ballast factor can be installed. When installing metallic reflectors it is important to
ensure the reflector isn’t causing glare or decreasing uniformity

Install Bi-Level Switching

When retrofitting the lighting system within a space, look for opportunities to install bi-level switching.
This gives the user the ability to reduce the number of lamps or fixtures turned on to illuminate the space.

Redesign of a Space
When a building is going to through a major modernization, look for opportunities to redesign the entire
lighting system. Try to use an indirect/direct or fully indirect fixture with revised fixture spacing to reduce
lighting power densities and provide for more uniform light distribution. Although indirect fixtures can
provide for more uniform light distribution, they can also require more fixtures for the same work-plane
illuminance. It is important to provide as many small zones that can be individually controlled through
occupancy sensors as possible.
 FEDERAL FACILITY ASSESSMENT GUIDE
High Bay Lighting Checklist

Replace High Pressure Sodium Lamps with Pulse Start Metal Halide
Replacing standard High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps with pulse start metal halide lamps can reduce
energy use while improving color rendition. Pulse start metal halide lamps can use existing HID fixtures
making the replacement less costly than putting in fluorescent lamps. Specify replacement metal halide
lamps that are compatible with existing ballasts and fixtures.

Replace HID Magnetic Ballasts with Electronic Ballasts

Electronic HID ballasts offer better lumen and color maintenance than magnetic HID ballasts. Electronic
HID ballasts are also dimmable to 50 percent of max output, allowing for occupancy or daylight controls.

Replace HID Lamps and Fixtures with T-5HO Fluorescent Lamps

By replacing HID lamps and fixtures with more efficient T-5HO fluorescent lamps reduces energy use by
25%-60% while maintaining light levels. This solution is preferred to replacing HID lamps with pulse start
Metal Halide lamps, but is more costly because the fixtures must be replaced in addition to the lamps.
Specify 54 W T-5HO linear fluorescent lamps. In addition high bay fluorescents allow for occupancy sensor
based control that isn’t possible with HID fixtures.

Replace HID Lamps and Fixtures with High Performance T-8 Fluorescent Lamps
By replacing HID lamps and fixtures with more efficient T-8 fluorescent lamps reduces energy use by 25%-
60% while maintaining light levels. This solution can be preferred to replacing HID lamps with T-5HO
lamps, especially for long cycle times (3+ hours) and low temperature environments. Specify 32 W T-8
high performance linear fluorescent lamps with a lamp efficacy of 90+ nominal lumens/watt and electronic
ballasts.

Install Daylighting Apertures or Devices

By using daylighting and lighting controls together, energy consumption can be reduced by 40%-60%.
Look for opportunities to install skylights with a skylight-to-floor area ratio of 3%-5%, or side-lighting
panels.

Install Lighting Controls

Lighting controls that dim or switch electric lights in response to daylight can allow energy savings of 40%-
60%. This can be done with sensors placed locally, inside the space or globally, outside and tied to a main
control system. Specify a 5 minute time delay to avoid cycling caused by rapidly changing sky conditions.

Install Occupancy Sensors

In spaces with highly intermittent occupancy, occupancy sensors can reduce lighting energy consumption
by over 50%. The sensors can be either infrared or ultrasonic, detecting heat and movement respectively.
Using both will provide better coverage and prevent false triggering. Occupancy sensors should be installed
on all applicable high bay fluorescent lighting systems.

Install LED Exit Signs

LED exit signs use 80%-90% less energy than old exit signs. New LED exit signs cost from $20-$90/sign.
The selected sign should provide the proper luminance to meet all building and fire code requirements.

Consider Other Emerging Technologies

 Hybrid solar lighting
 Wireless lighting controls