Arrays

Single-Dimensional Arrays

Generic declaration:
typename variablename[size]
– typename is any type
– variablename is any legal variable name
– size is a number the compiler can figure out
– For example
int a[10];
– Defines an array of ints with subscripts ranging from 0 to 9
– There are 10*sizeof(int) bytes of memory reserved for this
array.

a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] a[5] a[6] a[7] a[8] a[9]

– You can use a[0]=10; x=a[2]; a[3]=a[2]; etc.

– You can use scanf("%d",&a[3]);
 Using Constants to Define Arrays

It is useful to define arrays using constants:
#define MONTHS 12
int array [MONTHS];

However, in ANSI C, you cannot

int n;
scanf(“%d”, &n);
int array[n];

In GNU C, the variable length array is allowed.

In ANSI C, the handling of variable length array is more
complicated.
 Array-Bounds Checking

C, unlike many languages, does NOT check array
bounds subscripts during:
– Compilation (some C compilers will check literals)
– Runtime (bounds are never checked)

If you access off the ends of any array, it will calculate
the address it expects the data to be at, and then
attempts to use it anyways
– may get “something…”
– may get a memory exception (segmentation fault, bus error,
core dump error)

It is the programmer’s responsibility to ensure that their
programs are correctly written and debugged!
– This does have some advantages but it does give you all the
rope you need to hang yourself!
 Initializing Arrays

Initialization of arrays can be done by a comma
separated list following its definition.

For example:
int array [4] = { 100, 200, 300, 400 };
– This is equivalent to:
int array [4];
array[0] = 100;
array[1] = 200;
array[2] = 300;
array[3] = 400;

You can also let the compiler figure out the array size
for you:
int array[] = { 100, 200, 300, 400};
 A Simple Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
float expenses[12]={10.3, 9, 7.5, 4.3, 10.5, 7.5, 7.5, 8, 9.9,
10.2, 11.5, 7.8};
int count,month;
float total;
for (month=0, total=0.0; month < 12; month++)
{
total+=expenses[month];
}
for (count=0; count < 12; count++)
printf ("Month %d = %.2f K$\n", count+1, expenses[count]);
printf("Total = %.2f K$, Average = %.2f K$\n", total, total/12);
return 0;
}
 Multidimensional Arrays

Arrays in C can have virtually as many dimensions as
you want.

Definition is accomplished by adding additional
subscripts when it is defined.

For example:
– int a [4] [3] ;
 defines a two dimensional array
 a is an array of int[3];

In memory:

a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2]

a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3]

 Initializing Multidimensional Arrays

The following initializes a[4][3]:
int a[4] [3] = { {1, 2, 3} , { 4, 5, 6} , {7, 8, 9} , {10, 11, 12} };

Also can be done by:
int a[4] [3] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 };
– is equivalent to
a[0][0] = 1;
a[0][1] = 2;
a[0][2] = 3;
a[1][0] = 4;
...
a[3][2] = 12;
 An Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main () {
int random1[8][8];
int a, b;
for (a = 0; a < 8; a++)
for (b = 0; b < 8; b++)
random1[a][b] = rand()%2;
for (a = 0; a < 8; a++)
{
for (b = 0; b < 8; b++)
printf ("%c " , random1[a][b] ? 'x' : 'o');
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
 The value of the array name
#include <stdio.h> for (i=0; i<3; i++) {
int main(){ printf( "a[%d] <- ",i);
int i; scanf( "%d", &a[i]);
int a[3] = { 1, 2, 3 }; }
printf( "a ? %d\n", a); printf( "a ? %d\n", a);
printf( "a[0] ? %d\na[1] ? %d\na[2] printf( "a[0] ? %d\na[1] ? %d\na[2]
? %d\n", a[0], a[1], a[2]); ? %d\n", a[0], a[1], a[2]);
printf( "&a[0] ? %d\n&a[1] ? printf( "&a[0] ? %d\n&a[1] ?
%d\n&a[2] ? %d\n", &a[0], %d\n&a[2] ? %d\n", &a[0],
&a[1], &a[2]); &a[1], &a[2]);
}
printf( "\na[0] <- 4 \n");
a[0] = 4;
When the array name is
printf( "a ? %d\n", a); used alone, its value is the
printf( "a[0] ? %d\na[1] ? %d\na[2] address of the array (a
? %d\n", a[0], a[1], a[2]); pointer to its address).
printf( "&a[0] ? %d\n&a[1] ?
%d\n&a[2] ? %d\n\n", &a[0],
&a has no meaning if used
&a[1], &a[2]); in this program.
 Arrays as Function Parameters

In this program, the array void inc_array(int a[ ],int size);
addresses (i.e., the values of main()
the array names), are passed
to the function inc_array(). {

This does not conflict with
int test[3]={1,2,3};
the rule that “parameters are int ary[4]={1,2,3,4};
passed by values”. int i;
void inc_array(int a[ ], int size) inc_array(test,3);
{ for(i=0;i<3;i++)
int i; printf("%d\n",test[i]);
for(i=0;i<size;i++) inc_array(ary,4);
{ for(i=0;i<4;i++)
a[i]++; printf("%d\n",ary[i]);
} return 0;
} }
 An Example -- Sorting
void mysort(int a[ ],int size) int main()
{ {
int i,j,x;
int i;
for(i=0; i<size; i++)
{ int tab[10] = {3,6,3,5,9,2,4,5,6,0};
for(j=i; j>0; j--)
{ for(i=0;i<10;i++)
if(a[ j ] < a[ j-1]) printf("%d ",tab[i]);
{ /* Change the order of a[ j ] and
a[ j-1] */
x=a[ j ];a[ j ]=a[ j-1]; a[j-1]=x; printf("\n");
} mysort(tab,10);
}
}
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
}
printf("%d ",tab[i]);

printf("\n");
return 0;
}