THINGS TO REMEMBER :

1. Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as, x a when

Lim f (x) = Lim f (x) = finite quantity..
x a x a
2. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS ON LIMITS:
Let Lim f (x) = l & Lim g (x) = m. If l & m exists then :
x a x a
REMEMBER
(i) Lim f (x) ± g (x) = l ± m (ii) Lim f(x). g(x) = l. m
x a x a
Limit x a
f (x ) x a
(iii) Lim , provided m 0
x a g(g ) m
(iv) Lim k f(x) = k Lim f(x) ; where k is a constant.
x a x a

(v) Lim f [g(x)] = f Lim g( x ) = f (m) ; provided f is continuous at g (x) = m.

x a x a

For example Lim l n (f(x) = ln Lim f ( x ) l n l (l > 0).

x a x a

3. STANDARD LIMITS :
sin x tan x tan 1 x sin 1 x
(a) Lim = 1 = Lim = Lim = Lim
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x
[Where x is measured in radians]
x
(b) Lim (1 + x)1/x = e = Lim 1 1 note however there Lim (1 – h)n = 0
x 0 x x h 0
n

and Lim (1 + h )n
h 0
n

(c) If Lim f(x) = 1 and Lim (x) = , then ;

x a x a
Lim ( x )[ f ( x ) 1]
(x)
Lim f ( x ) e x a
x a
(d) If Lim f(x) = A > 0 & Lim (x) = B (a finite quantity) then ;
x a x a
(x) = ez where z = (x). ln[f(x)] = eBlnA = AB
Lim [f(x)] Lim
x a x a
x
ex 1
(e) Lim a 1
= ln a (a > 0). In particular Lim =1
x 0 x x 0 x
n n
x a
(f) Lim na n 1

x a x a

4. SQUEEZE PLAY THEOREM :

If f(x) g(x) h(x) x & Limit Limit Limit
x a f(x) = l = x a h(x) then x a g(x) = l.

5. INDETERMINANT FORMS :
0
, ,0 , 0 , , and 1
0

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 Note :
(i) We cannot plot on the paper. Infinity ( ) is a symbol & not a number. It does not obey the
laws of elementry algebra.
(ii) + = (iii) × = (iv) (a/ ) = 0 if a is finite
a
(v) is not defined , if a 0.
0
(vi) a b = 0 , if & only if a = 0 or b = 0 and a & b are finite.
6. The following strategies should be born in mind for evaluating the limits:
(a) Factorisation
(b) Rationalisation or double rationalisation
(c) Use of trigonometric transformation ;
appropriate substitution and using standard limits
(d) Expansion of function like Binomial expansion, exponential & logarithmic expansion, expansion of sinx ,
cosx , tanx should be remembered by heart & are given below :
x ln a x 2 ln 2 a x 3ln 3a
(i) a x 1 .........a 0
1! 2! 3!
x x x2 x3
(ii) e 1 ............ x R
1! 2! 3!
x2 x3 x4
(iii) ln(1+ x) = x .........for 1 x 1
2 3 4

x3 x5 x7 ,
(iv) sin x x ... x
3! 5! 7! 2 2

x2 x4 x6 ,
(v) cos x 1 ...... x
2! 4! 6! 2 2

x3 2x 5 ,
(vi) tan x = x ........ x
3 15 2 2

x3 x5 x7
(vii) tan–1x = x .......
3 5 7
EXERCISE–I
13 7
x2 x x x Lim x
2
x.1nx 1nx 1
Q.1 Lim
x 1
Q.2 Lim Q.3 x 1
x 1 x 1 5 x 3
x x 1
100
xk 100 2 x 3x1/ 3 5x1/ 5 3
Lim 1 tan x
Q.4 Lim K 1 Q.5 x 1/ 3 Q.6 Lim
x 1 3x 2 (2x 3) 1 2 cos 2 x
x 1 x
4

Lim sec 4 x sec 2 x p q

Q.7 Q.8 Lim p, q N
x 0
sec 3x sec x x 1 1 xp 1 xq
tan x sin x
Q.9 Find the sum of an infinite geometric series whose first term is the limit of the function f(x) =
sin 3 x
1 x
as x 0 and whose common ratio is the limit of the function g(x) = as x 1.
(cos x) 2
1

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 t t
Q.10 Lim (x l n cosh x) where cosh t = e e
.
x 2

1
cos 2x 1 x 2 [ x ]2 15[x ] 56
1 sin 2x
Q.11 (a) Lim ; (b) Lim
x
; (c) Lim
x
1 1 4 4x x 7 sin( x 7) sin( x 8)
2
x
2 where [ ] denotes the greatest
integer function

Lim 1 tan x 8 x2 x2 x2 x2
Q.12 Q.13 Lim 1 cos cos cos cos
x
4 1 2 sin x x 0 x8 2 4 2 4
cos x
Lim 2 cos sin Lim 2 1
Q.14 Q.15 x 2 x (x
4 (4 )2 2
)

Q.16 If Lim a sin x 3 sin 2x is finite then find the value of 'a' & the limit.
x 0 tan x
a 2x x
Q.17 (a) Lim tan 2
1
, where a R ; (b) Plot the graph of the function f(x) = Lim tan 1 2
x 0 x t 0 t
x 1
(ln (1 x ) ln 2)(3.4 3x )
Q.18 Lim [ln (1 + sin²x). cot(ln2 (1 + x))] Q.19 Limx 1
1 1
x 0 [(7 x ) 3 (1 3x ) 2 ]. sin( x 1)
n
Q.20 If l = Lim (r 1) sin r sin then find { l }. (where { } denotes the fractional part function)
n
r 2 r 1 r
4
(3x 2 x 2 ) sin 1x | x |3 5 (x 3 27 )1n (x 2)
Q.21 Lim Q.22 Lim
x 3 2 x 3 2
|x| |x| |x| 1 x 9
x x x
Q.23 Lim 27 9 3 1
x 0 2 1 cos x
x
Q.24 Let f ( x ) , x 0 and g( x ) x 3, x 1
sin x
2 x, x 0 x 2 2 x 2, 1 x 2
x 5, x!2
find LHL and RHL of g f ( x ) at x = 0 and hence find Lim g f ( x ) .
x 0
P Pn
Q.25 Let Pn a n1 1, n = 2, 3,.......and Let P1 = ax – 1 where a R+ then evaluate Lim .
x 0 x
1 1 1 ax 1 2 3
Q.26 If the Lim 3 exists and has the value equal to l, then find the value of .
x 0 x 1 x 1 bx a l b
Q.27 Let {an}, {bn}, {cn} be sequences such that
(i) an + bn + cn = 2n + 1 ; (ii) anbn +bncn + cnan = 2n – 1 ; (iii) anbncn = – 1 ; (iv) an < bn < cn
Then find the value of Lim na n .
n
Q.28 If n N and an = 22 + 42 + 62 + ....... + (2n)2 and bn = 12 + 32 + 52 + ..... + (2n – 1)2. Find the value
an bn
Lim .
n n

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Q.29 At the end points A, B of the fixed segment of length L, lines are drawn meeting in C and making angles
and 2 respectively with the given segment. Let D be the foot of the altitude CD and let x represents
the length of AD. Find the value of x as tends to zero i.e. Lim x .
0

Q.30 At the end-points and the midpoint of a circular arc AB tangent lines are drawn, and the points A and B
are joined with a chord. Prove that the ratio of the areas of the two triangles thus formed tends to 4 as the
arc AB decreases indefinitely.
EXERCISE–II
1/ x
8x 2 3 x 1 x
1/ x
2 x c
Q.1 Lim 2x 3 Q.2 Lim 4 then find c Q.3 Lim
x 2 x x c x 0 e
2x 5

2 n2 n 1
n2 n 1 2 π
Q.4 Lim Q.5 Lim x sin n cos
n n x x

x2
a tan 2x
Lim x Lim tan x
Q.6 cos 2 a R Q.7
x 1 x x 1 4
1 1 1 1 1 nx
Lim x 1 cos x a1x a2x a 3 x ..... a n x
x
Q.8 Q.9 Lim where a1,a2,a3,......an > 0
x 0 x n
x

sin 1 (1 {x}).cos 1 (1 {x})

Q.10 Let f(x) = then find xLim
0
f(x) and xLim
0
f(x), where {x} denotes the fractional
2{x} . (1 {x})
part function.
ae x b cos x ce x
Q.11 Find the values of a, b & c so that Lim
x 0 2
x. sin x
1 a2 x2 a x
Q.12 Lim 2
2 sin sin where a is an odd integer
x a (a x 2 )2 ax 2 2
2
Lim tan x x2
Q.13 x 0
x 2 tan 2 x

(1 x )(1 x 2 )(1 x 3 )......(1 x 2 n )

Q.14 If L = Lim then show that L can be equal to
x 1 [(1 x )(1 x 2 )(1 x 3 ).........(1 x n )]2
n
n r 1 n
(a) " r (b) " ( 4 r 2)
n! r 1
r 1

(c) The sum of the coefficients of two middle terms in the expansion of (1 + x)2n – 1.
(d) The coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 + x)2n.

Q.15 Lim [1.x ] [ 2 .x ] [ 3 .x ] ..... [ n .x ]

, Where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
n
n2
1 x ln x
Q.16 Evaluate, Lim
x 1 1 cos x
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 ay by
exp x ln(1 ) exp x1n(1 )
x x
Q.17 Lim Limit
y 0 x y

Q.18 Let x0 = 2 cos and xn = 2 xn , n = 1, 2, 3, .........., find Lim 2( n 1)

· 2 xn .
6 1 n

Lim n (1 x)1 x
1
Q.19 x 0 2
x x

n3 1 (1 n 1 ) 2
Q.20 Let L = " 1 2
4
; M= " n3 1
and N = " 1 2n 1 , then find the value of
n 3 n n 2 n 1
–1 –1
L +M +N . –1

Q.21 A circular arc of radius 1 subtends an angle of x radians, 0 < x < as shown in
2
the figure. The point C is the intersection of the two tangent lines at A & B. Let
T(x) be the area of triangle ABC & let S(x) be the area of the shaded region.
Compute:
T (x)
(a) T(x) (b) S(x) & (c) the limit of as x 0.
S(x)
n
x cot x
Q.22 Let f (x) = Lim 3n 1 sin 3 and g (x) = x – 4 f (x). Evaluate Lim 1 g( x ) .
n
n 1 3n x 0

n
If f (n, )= " 1 tan
2
Q.23 , then compute Lim f (n , )
r 1 2r n

cos 2 x (1 3x )1 3 3 4 cos3 x ln (1 x ) 4
Q.24 L = Lim 2 4
x 0 x
If L = a b where 'a' and 'b' are relatively primes find (a + b).
x2
cosh ( x ) et e t
Q.25 Lim where cosh t =
x cos ( x ) 2

f (x) x (1 a cos x ) b sin x

Q.26 f (x) is the function such that Lim 1 . If Lim
3
1 , then find the value of
x 0 x x 0 f (x)
a and b.
Q.27 Through a point A on a circle, a chord AP is drawn & on the tangent at A a point T is taken such that
AT = AP. If TP produced meet the diameter through A at Q, prove that the limiting value of AQ when P
moves upto A is double the diameter of the circle.
Q.28 Using Sandwich theorem, evaluate

1 1 1 1
(a) Lim ...........
n 2 2 2 2
n n 1 n 2 n 2n
1 2 n
(b) Lim 2 + 2 + ......... +
n 1 n 2 n n n2

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 x2 1
Q.29 Find a & b if : (i) Lim
x x 1
ax b = 0 (ii) xLim x2 x 1 ax b = 0

1 1 L 153
Q.30 If L = Lim then find the value of .
x 0 ln (1 x ) ln ( x 1 x2 ) L

EXERCISE–III
Q.1 Lim x tan 2x 2x tan x
is : [ JEE '99, 2 (out of 200) ]
x 0 (1 cos 2x )2
1 1
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) (D)
2 2
x
x 3
Q.2 For x R , Lim
x = [ JEE 2000, Screening]
x 2
(A) e (B) e 1 (C) e 5 (D) e5
sin( cos 2 x )
Q.3 Lim equals [ JEE 2001, Screening]
x 0 x2
(A) – (B) (C) (D) 1
2

a tan x a sin x
Q.4 Evaluate Lim , a > 0. [REE 2001, 3 out of 100]
x 0 tan x sin x

(cos x 1)(cos x e x )
Q.5 The integer n for which Lim is a finite non-zero number is
x 0 xn
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
[JEE 2002 (screening), 3]
sin(n x )[(a n) n x tan x ]
Q.6 If Lim 0 (n > 0) then the value of 'a' is equal to
x 0 x2
1 2 n2 1
(A) (B) n + 1 (C) (D) None
n n
[JEE 2003 (screening)]
2 1 1
Q.7 Find the value of Lim (n 1) cos n . [ JEE ' 2004, 2 out of 60]
n n

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THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1. A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c, if Limit f(x) = f(c). Symbolically
x c
f is continuous at x = c if Limit f(c - h) = Limit f(c+h) = f(c).
h 0 h 0
i.e. LHL at x = c = RHL at x = c equals Value of ‘f’ at x = c.
It should be noted that continuity of a function at x = a is meaningful only if the function is defined in the
immediate neighbourhood of x = a, not necessarily at x = a.
2. Reasons of discontinuity:
(i) Limit f(x) does not exist
x c
i.e. Limit f(x) Limit f (x)
x c x c
(ii) f(x) is not defined at x= c
(iii) Limit f(x) f (c)
x c
Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit a break at x= c. The graph as shown is discontinuous
at x = 1 , 2 and 3.
3. Types of Discontinuities :
Type - 1: ( Removable type of discontinuities)
In case Limit f(x) exists but is not equal to f(c) then the function is said to have a removable discontinuity
x c
or discontinuity of the first kind. In this case we can redefine the function such that Limit f(x) = f(c) &
x c
make it continuous at x= c. Removable type of discontinuity can be further classified as :
(a) MISSING POINT D ISCONTINUITY : Where Limit f(x) exists finitely but f(a) is not defined.
x a
(1 x )(9 x 2 ) sin x
e.g. f(x) = has a missing point discontinuity at x = 1 , and f(x) = has a missing point
1 x x
discontinuity at x = 0
(b) ISOLATED POINT DISCONTINUITY : Where Limit f(x) exists & f(a) also exists but ; Limit f(a).
x a x a
x 2 16
e.g. f(x) = , x 4 & f (4) = 9 has an isolated point discontinuity at x = 4.
x 4
0 if x I
Similarly f(x) = [x] + [ –x] = has an isolated point discontinuity at all x I.
1 if x # I
Type-2: ( Non - Removable type of discontinuities)
In case Limit f(x) does not exist then it is not possible to make the function continuous by redefining it.
x c
Such discontinuities are known as non - removable discontinuity or discontinuity of the 2nd kind.
Non-removable type of discontinuity can be further classified as :
1 1 1
(a) Finite discontinuity e.g. f(x) = x [x] at all integral x ; f(x) = tan at x = 0 and f(x) = 1 at x = 0
x
( note that f(0+) = 0 ; f(0–) = 1 ) 1 2x

1 cosx
(b) Infinite discontinuity e.g. f(x) = 1 or g(x) = 2
at x = 4 ; f(x) = 2tanx at x = and f(x) =
x 4 ( x 4) 2 x
at x = 0.
(c) Oscillatory discontinuity e.g. f(x) = sin 1 at x = 0.
x

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 In all these cases the value of f(a) of the function at x= a (point of discontinuity) may or may not exist but
Limit does not exist.
x a
Note: From the adjacent graph note that
– f is continuous at x = – 1
– f has isolated discontinuity at x = 1
– f has missing point discontinuity at x = 2
– f has non removable (finite type)
discontinuity at the origin.
4. In case of dis-continuity of the second kind the non-negative difference between the value of the RHL at
x = c & LHL at x = c is called THE JUMP OF DISCONTINUITY. A function having a finite number of jumps
in a given interval I is called a PIECE WISE CONTINUOUS or SECTIONALLY CONTINUOUS function in this
interval.
5. All Polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, exponential & Logarithmic functions are continuous in their
domains.
6. If f & g are two functions that are continuous at x= c then the functions defined by :
F1(x) = f(x) $ g(x); F2(x) = K f(x), K any real number; F3(x) = f(x).g(x) are also continuous at x= c.
f (x)
Further, if g (c) is not zero, then F4(x) = is also continuous at x= c.
g(x)
7. The intermediate value theorem:
Suppose f(x) is continuous on an interval I , and a
and b are any two points of I. Then if y0 is a number
between f(a) and f(b) , their exists a number c
between a and b such that f(c) = y0.
The function f, being continuous on [a,b)
takes on every value between f(a) and f(b)
NOTE VERY CAREFULLY THAT :
(a) If f(x) is continuous & g(x) is discontinuous at x = a then the product function (x) = f(x). g(x) is not
necessarily be discontinuous at x = a. e.g.
sin x x 0
f(x) = x & g(x) =
0 x 0
(b) If f(x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a then the product function (x) = f(x). g(x) is not necessarily
be discontinuous at x = a. e.g.
1 x!0
f(x) = g(x) =
1 x 0

(c) Point functions are to be treated as discontinuous. eg. f(x) = 1 x x 1 is not continuous at x = 1.

(d) A Continuous function whose domain is closed must have a range also in closed interval.
(e) If f is continuous at x = c & g is continuous at x = f(c) then the composite g[f(x)] is continuous at x = c.
x sin x x sin x
eg. f(x) = 2 & g(x) = %x% are continuous at x = 0 , hence the composite (gof) (x) = will also
x 2 x2 2
be continuous at x=0.
7. CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL :
(a) A function f is said to be continuous in (a , b) if f is continuous at each & every point (a , b).

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(b) A function f is said to be continuous in a closed interval a ,b if :
(i) f is continuous in the open interval (a , b) &
(ii) f is right continuous at ‘a’ i.e. Limit f(x) = f(a) = a finite quantity..
x a
(iii) f is left continuous at ‘b’ i.e. Limit f(x) = f(b) = a finite quantity..
x b
Note that a function f which is continuous in a ,b possesses the following properties :
(i) If f(a) & f(b) possess opposite signs, then there exists at least one solution of the equation f(x) = 0 in the
open interval (a , b).
(ii) If K is any real number between f(a) & f(b), then there exists at least one solution of the equation
f(x) = K in the open inetrval (a , b).
8. SINGLE POINT CONTINUITY:
Functions which are continuous only at one point are said to exhibit single point continuity
x if x Q x if x Q
e.g. f(x) = and g(x) = are both continuous only at x = 0.
x if x # Q 0 if x # Q
EXERCISE–I
3x 2 ax a 3
Q.1 If the function f (x) = is continuous at x = – 2. Find f (–2).
x2 x 2

Q.2 Find all possible values of a and b so that f (x) is continuous for all x R if
| ax 3 | if x 1
)
& | 3x a | if 1 x 0
f (x) = ( b sin 2x
& 2b if 0 x
' x
cos 2 x 3 if x !

ln cos x
if x 0
4
1 x2 1
Q.3 Let f(x) =
esin 4 x 1
if x 0
ln (1 tan 2x )
Is it possible to define f(0) to make the function continuous at x = 0. If yes what is the value of f(0), if not
then indicate the nature of discontinuity.
f (x)
, x 3
Q.4 Suppose that f (x) = x3 – 3x2 – 4x + 12 and h(x) = x 3 then
K , x 3
(a) find all zeros of f (x)
(b) find the value of K that makes h continuous at x = 3
(c) using the value of K found in (b), determine whether h is an even function.
x2 x2 x2
Q.5 Let yn(x) = + x2 ............ and y (x) = Lim y n ( x )
1 x 2 (1 x 2 )2 (1 x2 ) n 1
n
Discuss the continuity of yn(x) (n N) and y(x) at x = 0
Q.6 Draw the graph of the function f(x) = x %x x²%, 1 x 1 & discuss the continuity or discontinuity
of f in the interval 1 x 1.

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 1 sin x 1
1 cos 2 x
, x 2
p, x 1
Q.7 Let f(x) = 2 . Determine the value of p, if possible, so that the function is continuous
2x 1 1
,x 2
4 2x 1 2
at x=1/2.
Q.8 Given the function g (x) = 6 2 x and h (x) = 2x2 – 3x + a. Then
g( x ), x 1
(a) evaluate h ( g(2) ) (b) If f (x) = , find 'a' so that f is continuous.
h ( x ), x 1
1 x , 0 x 2
Q.9 Let f(x) = . Determine the form of g(x) = f [f(x)] & hence find the point of
3 x , 2 x 3
discontinuity of g, if any.
Q.10 Let [x] denote the greatest integer function & f(x) be defined in a neighbourhood of 2 by
[ x 1]
exp {( x 2) n4} 4 16
x
,x 2
f (x) = 4 16 .
1 cos( x 2)
A ( x 2) tan ( x 2) ,x 2

Find the values of A & f(2) in order that f(x) may be continuous at x = 2.
tan6x
6 tan5x
5
if 0 x 2
Q.11 The function f(x) = b 2 if x 2
a tanx
1 cosx b if 2
x
Determine the values of 'a' & 'b' , if f is continuous at x = /2.
ax 2 bx c e nx
Q.12 A function f : R R is defined as f (x) = Lim where f is continuous on R. Find the
n 1 c ·e nx
values of a, b and c.

)&1 x 3 , x 0 )& x 1
1/ 3
, x 0
Q.13 Let f(x) = ( ; g(x) = ( . Discuss the continuity of g (f (x)).
&'x 2 1 , x ! 0 &' x 1
1/ 2
, x!0
1 sin 3 x
if x 2
3cos 2 x
Q.14 Determine a & b so that f is continuous at x = . f(x) = a if x 2
2 b (1 sin x )
2 if x 2
2x

sin(a 1)x sinx

x
for x 0
Q.15 Determine the values of a, b & c for which the function f (x) = c for x 0
2 1/ 2
x bx x1/ 2
3/ 2 for x 0
bx
is continuous at x = 0.
Q.16 If f(x) = sin 3 x A sin52 x B sin x (x 0) is cont. at x = 0. Find A & B. Also find f(0).
x
1
x 1
for 0 x 2
3
Q.17 Discuss the continuity of the function ‘f’ defined as follows: f(x) = x 1
for 2 x 4 and draw the
x 1
x 5
for 4 x 6
graph of the function for x [0, 6]. Also indicate the nature of discontinuities if any.
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Q.18 If f(x) = x + {-x} + [x] , where [x] is the integral part & {x} is the fractional part of x. Discuss the
continuity of f in [ – 2, 2 ].
ax b for x 1
Q.19 Find the locus of (a, b) for which the function f (x) = 3x for 1 x 2
is continuous at x = 1 but discontinuous at x = 2. bx 2 a for x!2

x n f (x ) h( x) 1 sin 2 ( ·2 x )
Q.20 Let g (x) = Lim Lim
, x 1 and g (1) = x 1 be a continuous function
n 2 x n 3x 3 ln sec( ·2 x )
at x = 1, find the value of 4 g (1) + 2 f (1) – h (1). Assume that f (x) and h (x) are continuous at x = 1.
Q.21 If g : [a, b] onto [a, b] is continous show that there is some c [a, b] such that g (c) = c.
2 cos x 3
Q.22 The function f(x) = is not defined at x = 0. How should the function be defined at
x 3 sin x x 4
x = 0 to make it continuous at x = 0.
a sin x a tan x
Q.23 f (x) = for x > 0
tan x sin x
ln (1 x x 2 ) ln (1 x x 2 )
= for x < 0, if f is continuous at x = 0, find 'a'
sec x cos x
x
now if g (x) = ln 2 · cot (x – a) for x a, a 0, a > 0. If g is continuous at x = a then show that
a
g(e–1) = – e.
Q.24(a) Let f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x , y & if the function f(x) is continuous at x = 0 , then show that f(x) is
continuous at all x.
(b) If f(x. y) = f(x). f(y) for all x, y and f(x) is continuous at x = 1. Prove that f(x) is continuous for all x except
at x = 0. Given f(1) 0.
n
x x
Q.25 Given f (x) = tan r
sec r 1
; r, n N
r 1 2 2
n
n f (x ) tan xn f (x ) tan xn . sin tan x
2 2 2
g (x) = Limit
n n
1 f (x ) tan xn
2

= k for x = and the domain of g (x) is (0 , /2).

4
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
Find the value of k, if possible, so that g(x) is continuous at x = /4. Also state the points of discontinuity
of g (x) in (0 , /4) , if any.
f (x )
Q.26 Let f (x) = x3 – x2 – 3x – 1 and h (x) = where h is a rational function such that
g( x )
1
(a) it is continuous every where except when x = – 1, (b) Lim h ( x ) and (c) Lim h ( x ) .
x x 1 2
Find Lim 3h ( x ) f ( x ) 2g ( x )
x 0

Q.27 Let f be continuous on the interval [0, 1] to R such that f (0) = f (1). Prove that there exists a point c in
1 1
0, such that f (c) = f c
2 2

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 1 ax xax na
for x 0
a x x2
Q.28 Consider the function g(x) = where a > 0.
2x a x x n2 x na 1
for x 0
x2
find the value of 'a' & 'g(0)' so that the function g(x) is continuous at x = 0.

2 sin 1 1 {x}2 .sin 1 1 {x}

for x 0
Q.29 Let f(x) = 2 {x} {x}3 where {x} is the fractional part of x.
for x 0
2
Consider another function g(x) ; such that
g(x) = f(x) for x ! 0
= 2 2 f(x) for x < 0
Discuss the continuity of the functions f(x) & g(x) at x = 0.
4x 5 [x] for x 1
Q.30 Discuss the continuity of f in [0,2] where f(x) = ; where [x] is the greatest
cos x for x 1
integer not greater than x. Also draw the graph.
EXERCISE–II
(OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)
Q.1 State whether True or False.
1
(i) f(x) = Limit is continuous at x = 1.
n 1 n sin 2 x
x
(ii) The function defined by f(x)= for x 0 & f(0) = 1 is continuous at x = 0.
| x | 2x 2
21 /( 1 x )
(iii) The function f(x) = 2 if x 1 & f(1) = 1 is not continuous at x = 1.
(iv) There exists a continuous function f: [0, 1] onto [0, 10], but there exists no continuous function
g : [0, 1] onto (0, 10).

(v) If f (x) is continuous in [0 , 1] & f(x) = 1 for all rational numbers in [0 , 1] then f 1 2 equal to 1.
cos x sin( x 2)
if x 1
( x 1)(3x 2 2 x 1) 3 2
(vi) If f (x) = is continuous, then the value of k is .
32
k if k 1
Select the correct alternative : (Only one is correct)
Q.2 f is a continuous function on the real line. Given that
x² + (f(x) 2) x 3 . f(x) + 2 3 3 = 0. Then the value of f( 3 )
2 3 2
(A) can not be determined (B) is 2 (1 3) (C) is zero (D) is
3
Q.3 If f (x) = sgn (cos 2 x 2 sin x + 3) , where sgn ( ) is the signum function , then f (x)
(A) is continuous over its domain (B) has a missing point discontinuity
(C) has isolated point discontinuity (D) has irremovable discontinuity.

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 [x ]
Q.4 Let g(x) = tan–1|x| – cot–1|x|, f(x) = {x}, h(x) = g(f (x)) where {x} denotes fractional part and
[x 1]
[x] denotes the integral part then which of the following holds good?
(A) h is continuous at x = 0 (B) h is discontinuous at x = 0
(C) h(0–) = /2 (D) h(0+) = – /2

xn sin x n
Q.5 Consi der f (x) = Lim it for x > 0, x 1,
n xn sin x n
f (1) = 0
then
(A) f is continuous at x = 1 (B) f has an infinite or oscillatory discontinuity at x = 1.
(C) f has a finite discontinuity at x = 1 (D) f has a removable type of discontinuity at x = 1.

2
| x | ex x {x}
Q.6 Given f(x) = 2 for x 0
e1 x 1 sgn (sin x )

= 0 for x = 0
where {x} is the fractional part function; [x] is the step up function and sgn(x) is the signum function of x
then, f(x)
(A) is continuous at x = 0 (B) is discontinuous at x = 0
(C) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0 (D) has an irremovable discontinuity at x = 0

x[ x ]2 log (1 x)
2 for 1 x 0
Q.7 Consider f(x) = ln e x
2
2 x
for0 x 1
tan x
where [ * ] & {*} are the greatest integer function & fractional part function respectively, then
(A) f(0) = ln2 f is continuous at x = 0 (B) f(0) = 2 f is continuous at x = 0
(C) f(0) = e2 f is continuous at x = 0 (D) f has an irremovable discontinuity at x = 0

1 x 1 x
Q.8 Consider f (x) = , x 0;
{x}
g (x) = cos 2x, – < x < 0,
4
1
f (g(x)) for x 0
2
h(x) – 1 for x 0
f (x) forx 0
then, which of the following holds good.
where {x} denotes fractional part function.
(A) 'h' is continuous at x = 0 (B) 'h' is discontinuous at x = 0
(C) f(g(x)) is an even function (D) f(x) is an even function

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 2x 1
Q.9 The function f(x) = [x]. cos , where [•] denotes the greatest integer function, is discontinuous at
2
(A) all x (B) all integer points
(C) no x (D) x which is not an integer

sin x x cos x
Q.10 Consider the function defined on [0, 1] R, f (x) = if x 0 and f (0) = 0, then the
x2
function f (x)
(A) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
(B) has a non removable finite discontinuity at x = 0
(C) has a non removable infinite discontinuity at x = 0
(D) is continuous at x = 0

a x x
sin tan for x a
2 2a
Q.11 f (x) =
x
cos
2a
for x a
a x
where [x] is the greatest integer function of x, and a > 0, then
(A) f (a–) < 0 (B) f has a removable discontinuity at x = a
(C) f has an irremovable discontinuity at x=a (D) f (a+) < 0
sin x x 2 n sin( x 1)
Q.12 Consider the function f (x) = Lim , where n N
n 1 x 2n 1
x 2n
Statement-1: f (x) is discontinuous at x = 1.
because
Statement-2: f (1) = 0.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

Q.13 Consider the functions

f (x) = sgn (x – 1) and g (x) = cot–1[x – 1]
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
Statement-1 : The function F (x) = f (x) · g (x) is discontinuous at x = 1.
because
Statement-2 : If f (x) is discontinuous at x = a and g (x) is also discontinuous at x = a then the product
function f (x) · g (x) is discontinuous at x = a.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

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 Select the correct alternative : (More than one are correct)
Q.14 A function f is defined on an interval [a, b]. Which of the following statement(s) is/are INCORRECT?
(A) If f (a) and f (b), have opposite sign, then there must be a point c (a, b) such that f (c) = 0.
(B) If f is continuous on [a, b], f (a) < 0 and f (b) > 0, then there must be a point c (a, b) such that
f (c) = 0
(C) If f is continuous on [a, b] and there is a point c in (a, b) such that f (c) = 0, then f (a) and f (b) have
opposite sign.
(D) If f has no zeroes on [a, b], then f (a) and f (b) have the same sign.
Q.15 Which of the following functions f has/have a removable discontinuity at the indicated point?
x 2 2x 8 x 7
(A) f (x) = at x = – 2 (B) f (x) = at x = 7
x 2 |x 7|

x 3 64 3 x
(C) f (x) = at x = – 4 (D) f (x) = at x = 9
x 4 9 x
n2 n2
Q.16 Let ‘f’ be a continuous function on R. If f (1/4n) = sin e n e then f(0) is :
n2 1
(A) not unique (B) 1
(C) data sufficient to find f(0) (D) data insufficient to find f(0)

x
Q.17 Indicate all correct alternatives if, f (x) = 1 , then on the interval [0, ]
2
1 1
(A) tan ( f (x) ) & are both continuous (B) tan ( f (x) ) & are both discontinuous
f (x) f ( x)
1
(C) tan ( f (x) ) & f 1 (x) are both continuous (D) tan ( f (x) ) is continuous but is not
f (x )

EXERCISE–III
Q.1 The function f(x) = [x]2 [x2] (where [y] is the greatest integer less than or equal to y), is discontinuous
at :
(A) all integers (B) all integers except 0 & 1
(C) all integers except 0 (D) all integers except 1
[ JEE '99, 2 (out of 200) ]
(1 ax )1/ x for x 0
Q.2 Determine the constants a, b & c for which the function f(x) = b for x 0 is continuous at
(x c)1/3 1
x = 0. (x 1)1/2 1
for x 0 [ REE '99, 6 ]
Q.3 Discuss the continuity of the function
) e1/(x 1)
2
& , x 1
f(x) = ( e1/(x 1)
2
&' 1, x 1
at x = 1. [REE 2001 (Mains) , 3 out of 100]

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 EXERCISE–I
45 2 1
Q 1. 3 Q 2. Q 3. 2 Q.4 5050 Q 5. Q.6 –
91 3 3

3 p q 1 1 2
Q.7 Q.8 Q.9 a = ;r= ;S= Q 10. l n 2
2 2 2 4 3
1 1
Q.11 (a) does not exist; (b) does not exist; (c) 0 Q 12. 2 Q.13 Q.14
32 16 2
21n 2
Q.15 Q.16 a = 2 ; limit = 1 Q.17 (a) /2 if a > 0 ; 0 if a = 0 and – /2 if a < 0; (b) f(x) = | x |

9 4
Q.18 1 Q 19. 1n Q.20 – 3 Q.21 2 Q.22 9 Q.23 8 2 (1n 3) 2
4 e
3 2L
Q.24 – 3, –3, – 3 Q.25 (ln a)n Q.26 72 Q.27 – 1/2 Q.28 Q.29 Q.30 4
2 3

EXERCISE–II
2
1 2 2 a2
Q.1 e-8 Q.2 c = ln2 Q.3 e 2 Q.4 e–1 Q.5 Q.6 e Q.7
4
e-1

Q.8 e–1/2 Q.9 (a1.a2.a3....an) Q.10 ,

2 2 2
2 2
a 4 2
Q.11 a = c = 1, b = 2 Q.12 Q.13
16a 4 3

x 1
Q.15 Q.16 – 2 Q.17 a - b Q.18 Q.19 1/2 Q.20 8
2 3
1 x x sin x 1 1 3
Q.21 T(x) = tan2 . sin x or tan , S(x) = x sin x, limit =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
Q.22 g (x) = sin x and l = e Q.23 Q.24 19 Q.25 e
tan
1
Q.26 a = – 5/2, b = – 3/2 Q.28 (a) 2; (b) 1/2 Q.29 (i) a =1, b = 1 (ii) a = 1 , b = Q.30 307
2

EXERCISE–III
Q.1 C Q.2 C Q.3 B Q.4 lna Q.5 C
2
Q.6 C Q.7 1

*************************

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 EXERCISE–I
Q.1 –1 Q.2 a = 0, b = 1
Q.3 f(0+) = –2 ; f(0–) = 2 hence f(0) not possible to define
Q.4 (a) 2, 2, 3 (b) K = 5 (c) even
Q.5 yn(x) is continuous at x = 0 for all n and y(x) is dicontinuous at x = 0
Q.6 f is cont. in 1 x 1 Q.7 P not possible.
Q.8 (a) 4 – 3 2 a , (b) a = 3
Q.9 g(x) = 2 + x for 0 x 1, 2 x for 1 < x 2, 4 x for 2 < x 3 , g is discontinuous at x = 1 & x = 2
Q.10 A = 1 ; f(2) = 1/2 Q.11 a = 0 ; b = 1 Q.12 c = 1, a, b R
Q.13 gof is dis-cont. at x = 0, 1 & – 1
Q.14 a = 1/2, b = 4 Q.15 a = 3/2, b 0, c = 1/2
Q.16 A = 4 , B = 5, f(0) = 1 Q.17 discontinuous at x = 1, 4 & 5
Q.18 discontinuous at all integral values in [ 2 , 2]
Q.19 locus (a, b) x, y is y = x – 3 excluding the points where y = 3 intersects it.
1
Q.20 5 Q.22
60
n (tan x) if 0 x
Q.25 k = 0 ; g (x) = 4 . Hence g (x) is continuous everywhere.
0 if x
4 2

39
Q.26 g (x) = 4 (x + 1) and limit = –
4
2
1 n2
Q.28 a= , g(0) =
2 8
Q.29 f(0+) = ; f(0 ) = f is discont. at x = 0 ;
2 4 2
g(0+) = g(0 ) = g(0) = /2 g is cont. at x = 0
Q.30 the function f is continuous everywhere in [0 , 2] except for x = 0 , 1 , 1 & 2.
2
EXERCISE–II
Q.1 (i) false ; (ii) false ; (iii) true ; (iv) true; (v) true; (vi) True
Q.2 B Q.3 C Q.4 A Q.5 C Q.6 A Q.7 D Q.8 A
Q.9 C Q.10 D; Q.11 B Q.12 B Q.13 C Q.14 A, C, D
Q.15 A, C, D Q.16 B, C Q.17 C, D

EXERCISE–III
2 2
Q.1 D Q.2 a = ln ; b= ; c=1
3 3
Q.3 Discontinuous at x = 1; f(1+) = 1 and f(1–) = –1
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