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Simple Simple Simple Simple Program Program Program Program of of of of Java Java Java Java

1. The document describes a simple Java program that prints "Hello Java" when run. It defines a class called Simple with a main method that uses System.out.println to print the message. 2. It then explains some key aspects of the program like the class and public keywords, static methods, void return type, and String[] args for command line arguments. 3. The document also provides a high-level overview of what happens at compile time (conversion to bytecode) and runtime (loading by the classloader and execution by the interpreter).

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Nancy Kujur
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61 views

Simple Simple Simple Simple Program Program Program Program of of of of Java Java Java Java

1. The document describes a simple Java program that prints "Hello Java" when run. It defines a class called Simple with a main method that uses System.out.println to print the message. 2. It then explains some key aspects of the program like the class and public keywords, static methods, void return type, and String[] args for command line arguments. 3. The document also provides a high-level overview of what happens at compile time (conversion to bytecode) and runtime (loading by the classloader and execution by the interpreter).

Uploaded by

Nancy Kujur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Simple Program of Java

1. class Simple{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. System.out.println("Hello Java");
4. }
5. }
save this file as Simple.java

Understanding first java program


Let's see what is the meaning of class, public, static, void, main, String[],
System.out.println().

o class keyword is used to declare a class in java.


o public keyword is an access modifier which represents visibility, it means it is
visible to all.
o static is a keyword, if we declare any method as static, it is known as static
method. The core advantage of static method is that there is no need to create
object to invoke the static method. The main method is executed by the JVM, so it
doesn't require to create object to invoke the main method. So it saves memory.
o void is the return type of the method, it means it doesn't return any value.
o main represents startup of the program.
o String[] args is used for command line argument. We will learn it later.
o System.out.println() is used print statement. We will learn about the internal
working of System.out.println statement later.
What happens at compile time?
At compile time, java file is compiled by Java Compiler (It does not interact with OS) and
converts the java code into bytecode.

What happens at runtime?


At runtime, following steps are performed:
Classloader: is the subsystem of JVM that is used to load class files.

Bytecode Verifier: checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate access
right to objects.

Interpreter: read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.

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Difference between JDK, JRE and JVM


JVM

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides


runtime environment in which java bytecode can be executed.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms. JVM, JRE and JDK are
platform dependent because configuration of each OS differs. But, Java is platform
independent.

The JVM performs following main tasks:

o Loads code
o Verifies code
o Executes code
o Provides runtime environment

JRE

JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime Environment.It is used to provide runtime


environment.It is the implementation of JVM. It physically exists. It contains set of
libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime.

Implementation of JVMs are also actively released by other companies besides Sun Micro
Systems.
JDK

JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit.It physically exists.It contains JRE +
development tools.
JVM (Java Virtual Machine)
1. Java Virtual Machine
2. Internal Architecture of JVM

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides


runtime environment in which java bytecode can be executed.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (i.e. JVM is platform
dependent).

What is JVM
It is:

1. A specification where working of Java Virtual Machine is specified. But


implementation provider is independent to choose the algorithm. Its
implementation has been provided by Sun and other companies.
2. An implementation Its implementation is known as JRE (Java Runtime
Environment).
3. Runtime Instance Whenever you write java command on the command prompt
to run the java class, an instance of JVM is created.

What it does
The JVM performs following operation:

o Loads code
o Verifies code
o Executes code
o Provides runtime environment

JVM provides definitions for the:

o Memory area
o Class file format
o Register set
o Garbage-collected heap
o Fatal error reporting etc.

Internal Architecture of JVM


Let's understand the internal architecture of JVM. It contains classloader, memory
area, execution engine etc.

1) Classloader

Classloader is a subsystem of JVM that is used to load class files.

2) Class(Method) Area

Class(Method) Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime constant pool, field
and method data, the code for methods.
3) Heap

It is the runtime data area in which objects are allocated.

4) Stack
Java Stack stores frames.It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a part
in method invocation and return.

Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at the same time as thread.

A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame is destroyed when its
method invocation completes.

5) Program Counter Register

PC (program counter) register. It contains the address of the Java virtual machine
instruction currently being executed.

6) Native Method Stack

It contains all the native methods used in the application.

7) Execution Engine
It contains:

1) A virtual processor

2) Interpreter: Read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.

3) Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance.JIT compiles


parts of the byte code that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence
reduces the amount of time needed for compilation.Here the term ?compiler? refers to
a translator from the instruction set of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction
set of a specific CPU.
Java’’s Magic: The Byte Code
Java

The means that allows Java to solve both the security and the portability problems is
that the output of a Java compiler is not executable code but it is the Bytecode.

Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions designed to be executed by the Java


run-time system, which is called the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

JVM is an interpreter for bytecode. The fact that a Java program is executed by JVM
helps solve the major problems associated with downloading programs over the Internet.
Translating a Java program into bytecode helps makes it much easier to run a program
in a wide variety of environments. This is because only the JVM needs to be
implemented for each platform.

Once the run-time package exists for a given system, any Java program can run on it. If
a Java program is compiled to its subject code, then different versions of the same
program would exist for each type of CPU connected to the Internet. This is not a
practical solution. Thus, the understanding of bytecode is the most effective way to
create strictly portable programs. Now, if a Java program is interpreted, it also helps to
make it secure. Since the execution of every Java program is under the control of the
JVM, the JVM can contain the program, and prevent it from generating side effects
outside of the system. The use of byte Code enables the Java run-time system to execute
programs much faster.

Sun provides a facility called Just In Time (JIT) compiler for bytecode. It is not possible
to compile an entire Java program into executable code all at once, because Java
performs various run-time checks that can be done only at run time. JIT compiles the
code 3.S and when needed.

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