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Research Article
Abdrabo et al. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL
European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research
AND MEDICAL RESEARCH ` ISSN 2394-3211
www.ejpmr.com EJPMR

EVALUATION OF ALCOHOLIC CONSUMPTION ON SERUM URIC ACID, UREA,

AND CREATININE LEVELS

Yahia Sayed Mohamed1, Suhair A. Ahmed1, Siddig B. Mohamed2, AbdElkarim A. Abdrabo*1

1
Alneelain University, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences Department of Clinical Chemistry, Khartoum, Sudan.
2
Al-Zawia University, Faculty of Medical Technology – Surman, Libya.

*Corresponding Author: AbdElkarim A. Abdrabo

Alneelain University, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences Department of Clinical Chemistry, Khartoum, Sudan.

Article Received on 22/03/2016 Article Revised on 12/04/2016 Article Accepted on 02/05/2016

ABSTRACT
Background: Several metabolic changes occurs in humans’body duo to alcoholic consumption which may lead to
changes in biochemical substance such as uric acid, urea and creatinine. Objective: The objective of this study was
to evaluate and compare serum uric acid, urea and creatinine in alcoholic and non-alcoholic abuse. Methodology:
This is descriptive case control study carried in Khartoum state. One hundred (100) apparently healthy males (50
Alcoholic abuse and 50 non- alcoholic abuse) serum uric acid, urea and creatinine were estimated using endpoint
and kinetic methods and established mathematical analysis. Results: The (mean ±SD in mg/dl) of serum uric acid
urea and creatinine in alcoholic abuse respectively were (7.8 ±1.06, 39.5 ±6.9, 1.01 ±0.21) while the (mean ±SD)
of serum uric acid, urea and creatininein non-alcoholic abuse respectively were (5.2 ±0.8, 32 ±7.2, 0.8 ±0.2)The
results showed that there was significant difference in the uric acid between the two groups (P value < 0,005) there
was no significant difference in the urea between the two groups (P Value > 0.005). There was no significant
difference in the creatinine between the two groups (P value >0.005). Conclusion: The result was concluded that
there was significant increase in serum uric acid in alcoholic abuse groups (value 0.00). While urea and
creatinineremainedunchanged and no significant difference between alcoholic and non-alcoholic abuse (P value
0.077 and 0.64 respectively).

KEYWORD: serum uric acid, urea and creatininein.

INTEODUCTION hyperuricaemia.[5] The purine content of several alcohol

Chronic alcohol consumption is accompanied by various (especially bear contain high amount of guano sire,
metabolic abnormalities.[1] Alcohol consumption cause which is probably the most readily absorbed dietary
direct damage to the kidneys with lead to elevating blood purine). It was concluded that the hyperuricaemia effect
pressure and inducing electrolyte imbalance. Though one of alcohol mediated by digestion of purine and effect of
study showed that alcohol consumption was significant ethanol on uric acid synthesis.[6] Alcohol can risk health
associated with lower blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and will-being through three intermediate and linked ways,
creatinine.[2] However in another study alcohol intake direct biochemical effect, intoxication and episodic
had no effect on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and heavy drinking[7] alcohol consumption is associated with
renal plasma flow[3] a number of changes in cell function and the oxidant-
antioxidant system, body weight, percent of body fat,
Alcohol induces hyperuriceamia by several mechanisms, body mass index, same hematological parameters are
the diuresis and volume depletion induced by alcohol effect and hyparuriceamia are common feature of
consumption result in decreased glomerular filtration rate alcohol ingestion.[8]
(GFR) and increased tubular reabsorption of uric acid.
The lactic acidosis that follows alcohol ingestion The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare
diminished the renal tubular secretion of uric acid by uric acid, urea and creatinine in alcohol and non -alcohol
competitive inhibition between lactic acid and uric acid. abuse.
Recently it has been shown that the production of uric
acid for adenine nucleotide is increased when large MATERIAL AND METHODS
amount of alcohol are consumed.[4] Study population
A descriptive case control study was carried in Khartoum
Several studies have indicated that ethanol increase urate in the period from March to May 2015, A group of 100
excretion and increases de-novo urate formation, male involved in the study, 50 heavy alcoholic subjects
probably by the between the two, however leads to

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Abdrabo et al. European Journal of Pharmaceutical
` and Medical Research

and other 50 nonalcoholic healthy subjects aged concentration was measured by using BS-200 Chemistry
between 25-70 year. analyzer (Mindery).

Including criteria Statistical analysis

Apparently healthy alcoholic abuse males. Statistical analysis was done using excel. Showing the
mean and standard deviation.
Excluding criteria Permission was obtained p value calculated by
Subject with following illness are excluded from the independent T test.
study (Gout, Known renal diseases, cardiovascular
disease and hypertension). RESULTS
In table (1) Comparing between means and standard
Blood Sample division of the two groups.Uric acid show significant
Venous blood sample (3ml) were collected in increase in alcoholic groups when it compared with non-
heparinized bottles. Sample was centrifuged and plasma alcoholic groups. P value (0.00).Urea showed no
separated and stored in plastic tubes of 40c. serum urea, significant difference between alcoholic and non-
uric acid was measured using established method with alcoholic groups P.value (0.077). Also Creatinineshowed
the mindery Kit, creatinine was measured end point no significant difference between alcoholic and non-
using established method with the mindery kits, then alcoholic groups. P value (0.647).

Parameter Alcoholic mean ±SD Nonalcoholic mean ± SD P value

Uric acid 7.85 ± 1.06 5.2 ± 0.85 0.00
Urea 39 ± 6.9 32.0±7.2 0.077
creatinine 1.01 ± 0.21 0.82±0.23 0.647

DISCUSSION some extent impaired renal function leading to decreased

There are several change occurs in biochemical urate excretion.
parameter in the body such as uric acid, urea and
creatinine. Being alcohol induced person leads to Alcohol consumption cause direct damage to the kidneys
potentially increased concentration of uric acid and with lead to elevating blood pressure and inducing
leading to health problem.[8] electrolyte imbalance. Though one study showed that
alcohol consumption was significant associated with
Hyperuricaemia has been observed in alcoholic abused in lower blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine.[2]
table (1) statistical analysis reveals significant increase However in another study alcohol intake had no effect on
in serum uric acid level in alcoholic abuse subject as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow.[3]
compare to non alcoholicgroups P. value (0.00). Similar
findings were observed by Faler et al (1982) in their The result showed that there was no significant change in
study they found that alcohol intake has been show to urea and creatinine between two groups. Which that
increase uric acid production by increasing ATP means alcoholic abuse has no direct effects in urea and
degradation to AMP uric acid precursor.[9] Puig et al creatinine.
(1984) in their study with similar findings showed that
ethanol increase in uric acid production involve acetate CONCLUSION
conversion to acetyl Co A the metabolism of ethanol.[10] The results concluded that there was significant increase
in serum uric acid in alcholic abuse group P. value
A number of mechanism have been implicated in the (0.00).
pathogenesis of alcoholic induced hyperuricemia
inducing both decrease urate excretion(11)(12) and Urea remainedunhorsed and no significant difference
increased production[5][13], the former is via conversion of between alcholic and non alcholic abuse (P value 0.077).
alcoholic to lactic acid which reduces renal acid Creatinine remained unchanged and no significant
excretion by competitively inhibiting uric acid secretion difference between alcholic and nonalcoholic abuse (P
by proximal tubule[14][15][16]. value 0.64).

When the alcohol intake exceed heavy, there is definite REFRANCES

evidence of impaired renal function as indicated by 1. M. Elisaf, M. Merkouropoulos, E. V. Tsianos, and
increased serum creatinine levels. So, hyperuricemia K. C.Siamopoulos, “Acid-base and electrolyte
observed in heavy alcoholics can be attribted to1) abnormalities in alcoholicpatients,” Mineral and
increased ATPdegradation, 2)Decreased urate excretion Electrolyte Metabolism, 1994; 20(5): 274–281.
via conversion of alcohol to lactic acid ,which reduce 2. Chan-Yeung M, Ferreira P, Frohlich J,
renal uric acid excretion by competitively inhibiting uric Schulzer M, Tan F.The effects of age, smoking
acid secretion by the proximal tubules[14][5][16]. and 3) to and alcohol on routine laboratory tests. Am J
Clin Pathol, 1981; 75(3): 320-6.

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Abdrabo et al. European Journal of Pharmaceutical
` and Medical Research

3. Kalbfleisch JM, lindeman RD. Ginn HE. Smith

Wo. Effects of ethanol administration on
urinary excretion of magnesium and other
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4. Olin R. Sharpe “A case-control study of
alcohol consumption and drinking behavior in
patients with acute gout” CAN MED ASSOC
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6. Gibson T., Rodgers A.V., Simmonds H.A.
andToseland P. “beer drinking and its effect on
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7. Peter Anderson and Ben Baumberg “alcohol
and public health in Europe” institute of
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8. Subir Kumar Das and Vasudevan D. M.
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Elevation of serum uric acid as a clue to
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13. Faller J, Fox IH. Ethanol-induced
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production by activation of adenine nucleotide
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14. Yu TF, Sirota JH, Berger L. Effect of sodium
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