SQL*Plus®

Quick Reference
Release 10.1

December 2003
Part No. B12171-01

About this Quick Reference

This Quick Reference shows iSQL*Plus buttons and icons, and iSQL*Plus
and SQL*Plus command syntax. For detailed information on each
command, refer to the SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference.
This Quick Reference has the following topics:
Q Conventions for Command Syntax
Q Documentation Accessibility
Q Alphabetic List of SQL*Plus Commands
Q Starting iSQL*Plus
Q iSQL*Plus Navigation
Q iSQL*Plus Preferences
Q iSQL*Plus Workspace Buttons
Q Starting and Leaving SQL*Plus
Q Starting Up and Shutting Down a Database
Q Entering and Executing Commands
Q Manipulating SQL, SQL*Plus and PL/SQL Commands
Q Formatting Query Results
Q Accessing Databases
Q Miscellaneous

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may
be trademarks of their respective owners.
Copyright © 1996, 2003 Oracle Corporation.
All Rights Reserved.
Conventions for Command Syntax
The following two tables describe the notation and conventions for
command syntax used in this Quick Reference.

Table 1 Commands, Terms, and Clauses

Feature Example Explanation
uppercase BTITLE Enter text exactly as spelled; it need not be in uppercase.

lowercase column A clause value; substitute an appropriate value.

italics
words with c A single character.
specific
meanings
char A CHAR value—a literal in single quotes—or an
expression with a CHAR value.
d or e A date or an expression with a DATE value.

expr An unspecified expression.

m or n A number of an expression with a NUMBER value.

text A CHAR constant with or without single quotes.

variable A substitution variable (unless the text specifies another

variable type).

Table 2 Punctuation
Feature Example Explanation
vertical bar | Separates alternative syntax elements that may be
optional or mandatory.
brackets [ON | OFF] One or more optional items. If two items appear
separated by |, enter one of the items. Do not enter the
brackets or |.
braces {ON | OFF} A choice of mandatory items; enter one of the items. Do
not enter the braces or |.
underlining {ON | OFF} A default value; if you enter nothing, SQL*Plus assumes
the underlined value.
ellipsis n ... Preceding items may be repeated any number of times.

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Documentation Accessibility
Our goal is to make Oracle products, services, and supporting
documentation accessible, with good usability, to the disabled community.
To that end, our documentation includes features that make information
available to users of assistive technology. This documentation is available in
HTML format, and contains markup to facilitate access by the disabled
community. Standards will continue to evolve over time, and Oracle is
actively engaged with other market-leading technology vendors to address
technical obstacles so that our documentation can be accessible to all of our
customers. For additional information, visit the Oracle Accessibility
Program Web site at
http://www.oracle.com/accessibility/

Accessibility of Code Examples in Documentation JAWS, a Windows screen

reader, may not always correctly read the code examples in this document.
The conventions for writing code require that closing braces should appear
on an otherwise empty line; however, JAWS may not always read a line of
text that consists solely of a bracket or brace.

Accessibility of Links to External Web Sites in Documentation This documentation

may contain links to Web sites of other companies or organizations that
Oracle does not own or control. Oracle neither evaluates nor makes any
representations regarding the accessibility of these Web sites.

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Alphabetic List of SQL*Plus Commands
@{url | file_name [.ext]} [arg ...]
@@ { url | file_name[.ext] } [arg ...]
/ (slash)
ACC[EPT] variable [NUM[BER] | CHAR | DATE | BINARY_FLOAT | BINARY_DOUBLE]
[FOR[MAT] format] [DEF[AULT] default] [PROMPT text | NOPR[OMPT]] [HIDE]
*A[PPEND] text
ARCHIVE LOG {LIST | STOP} | {START | NEXT | ALL | integer} [TO destination ]
ATTRIBUTE [type_name.attribute_name [option...]]
BRE[AK] [ON report_element [action [action]]] ...
BTI[TLE] [printspec [text | variable] ...] | [ON | OFF]
*C[HANGE] sepchar old [sepchar [new [sepchar]]]
CL[EAR] option ...
COL[UMN] [{column | expr} [option ...]]
COMP[UTE] [function [LAB[EL] text] ... OF {expr | column | alias} ...ON {expr | column | alias
| REPORT | ROW} ...]
CONN[ECT] [{logon | /} [AS {SYSOPER | SYSDBA}]]
COPY {FROM database | TO database | FROM database TO database} {APPEND |
CREATE | INSERT | REPLACE} destination_table[(column, column, column, ...)] USING
query
DEF[INE] [variable ] | [variable = text]
*DEL [n | n m | n * | n LAST | * | * n | * LAST | LAST]
DESC[RIBE] {[schema .]object[@connect_identifier]}
DISC[ONNECT]
*ED[IT] [file_name[.ext]]
EXEC[UTE] statement
{EXIT | QUIT} [SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | variable
| :BindVariable] [COMMIT | ROLLBACK]
*GET [FILE] file_name[.ext] [LIS[T] | NOL[IST]]
HELP | ? [topic]
*HO[ST] [command]
*I[NPUT] [text]

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L[IST] [n | n m | n * | n LAST | * | * n | * LAST | LAST]
*PASSW[ORD] [username]
PAU[SE] [text]
PRI[NT] [variable ...]
PRO[MPT] [text]
{EXIT | QUIT} [SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | variable
| :BindVariable] [COMMIT | ROLLBACK]
RECOVER {general | managed | BEGIN BACKUP | END BACKUP}
REM[ARK]
REPF[OOTER] [PAGE] [printspec [text | variable ] ...] | [ON | OFF]
REPH[EADER] [PAGE] [printspec [text | variable] ...] | [ON | OFF]
R[UN]
*SAV[E] [FILE] file_name[.ext] [CRE[ATE] | REP[LACE] | APP[END]]
SET system_variable value
SHO[W] [option]
SHUTDOWN [ABORT | IMMEDIATE | NORMAL | TRANSACTIONAL [LOCAL]]
*SPO[OL] [filename[.ext] [CRE[ATE] | REP[LACE] | APP[END]] | OFF | OUT]
STA[RT] { url | file_name[.ext] } [arg ...]
STARTUP options | upgrade_options
*STORE {SET} file_name[.ext] [CRE[ATE] | REP[LACE] | APP[END]]
TIMI[NG] [START text | SHOW | STOP]
TTI[TLE] [printspec [text | variable] ...] | [ON | OFF]
UNDEF[INE] variable ...
VAR[IABLE] [variable {NUMBER | CHAR | CHAR (n [CHAR | BYTE]) | NCHAR | NCHAR (n)
| VARCHAR2 (n [CHAR | BYTE])| NVARCHAR2(n) | CLOB | NCLOB | REFCURSOR
| BINARY_FLOAT | BINARY_DOUBLE}]
WHENEVER OSERROR {EXIT [SUCCESS | FAILURE | n | variable | :BindVariable]
[COMMIT | ROLLBACK] | CONTINUE[COMMIT | ROLLBACK | NONE]}
WHENEVER SQLERROR {EXIT [SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | variable
| :BindVariable] [COMMIT | ROLLBACK] | CONTINUE [COMMIT | ROLLBACK | NONE]}
*Commands not available in iSQL*Plus.

5
Starting iSQL*Plus
Use the following syntax in your web browser's URL field to display
iSQL*Plus.
http://machine_name.domain:port/isqlplus[/dynamic?UserOpts]
or to start iSQL*Plus with DBA privileges, use:
http://machine_name.domain/isqlplus/dba[/dynamic?DBAOpts]
where UserOpts has the following syntax:
UserLogin | Script | UserLogin&Script
where DBAOpts has the following syntax:
DBALogin | Script | DBALogin&Script
where UserLogin has the following syntax:
userid=username[/password] [@connect_identifier]
where DBALogin has the following syntax:
userid ={username[/password] [@connect_identifier] | / } AS {SYSDBA | SYSOPER}
and where Script has the following syntax:
script=text[&type={url | text}] [&action={execute | load}] [&variable =value. . .]

Examples
To start iSQL*Plus, enter
http://machine_name.domain:port/isqlplus
To start iSQL*Plus with DBA Privileges, enter
http://machine_name.domain:port/isqlplus/dba

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iSQL*Plus Navigation
The table lists navigation icons used to navigate in iSQL*Plus.

Icon Label Purpose

Logout Log out of the iSQL*Plus session, return to the Login screen.

Preferences Open the iSQL*Plus Preferences screen to set interface options,

configure system options or change your password.
Help Open the iSQL*Plus Help in a new browser window.

iSQL*Plus Preferences
The table lists preferences that can be set in iSQL*Plus.

Navigation Path Purpose

Preferences > To change options which affect the iSQL*Plus user
Interface Configuration interface.
Preferences > To change options which affect output formatting,
System Configuration script execution and database administration.
Preferences > To change your Oracle database password.
Change Password

iSQL*Plus Workspace Buttons

The table lists buttons in the iSQL*Plus Workspace, and their purpose.

Button Purpose
Execute To execute the contents of the Workspace.
Load Script To load a script into the Workspace. The script can be local, or
loaded via HTTP or FTP.
Save Script To save the contents of the Workspace to a local file.
Cancel To interrupt a script during execution.
Next Page To view the next page of results.
Clear To clear the script input and output areas.

7
Starting and Leaving SQL*Plus
Use the following commands to log in to and out of SQL*Plus.
SQLPLUS [[option] [logon] [start]]
where option has the following syntax:
-H[ELP]
| -V[ERSION]
| [ [-C[OMPATIBILITY] x.y[.z]] [-L[OGON]]
[-M[ARKUP] "mark_options"] [-R[ESTRICT] {1 | 2 | 3}] [-S[ILENT]] ]
where mark_options has the following syntax:
HTML [ON | OFF] [HEAD text] [BODY text] [TABLE text]
[ENTMAP {ON | OFF}] [SPOOL {ON | OFF}] [PRE[FORMAT] {ON | OFF}]
where logon has the following syntax:
{username[/password] [@connect_identifier] | /} [AS {SYSOPER | SYSDBA}]
| /NOLOG
and where start has the following syntax:
@{url | file_name [.ext]} [arg ...]

{EXIT | QUIT} [SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | variable

| :BindVariable] [COMMIT | ROLLBACK]
Commits or rolls back all pending changes, logs out of Oracle, terminates
SQL*Plus and returns control to the operating system.
In iSQL*Plus, commits or rolls back all pending changes, stops processing
the current iSQL*Plus script and returns focus to the Workspace. In
iSQL*Plus, click the Logout button to log out of Oracle.

8
Starting Up and Shutting Down a Database
Starting up and shutting down a database requires DBA privileges.
STARTUP options | upgrade_options
where options has the following syntax:
[FORCE] [RESTRICT] [PFILE= filename] [QUIET] [ MOUNT [dbname] |
[ OPEN [open_options] [dbname ] ] | NOMOUNT ]
where open_options has the following syntax:
READ {ONLY | WRITE [RECOVER]} | RECOVER
and where upgrade_options has the following syntax:
[PFILE=filename] {UPGRADE | DOWNGRADE} [QUIET]
Starts an Oracle instance with several options, including mounting and
opening a database.

SHUTDOWN [ABORT | IMMEDIATE | NORMAL | TRANSACTIONAL [LOCAL]]

Shuts down a currently running Oracle instance, optionally closing and
dismounting a database.

Entering and Executing Commands

Use the following commands to execute and collect timing statistics on SQL
commands and PL/SQL blocks.
/ (slash)
Executes the most recently executed SQL command or PL/SQL block which
is stored in the SQL buffer. Does not list the command. Use slash (/) at the
command prompt or line number prompt in SQL*Plus command line, or
use slash (/) in the iSQL*Plus Workspace. The buffer has no command
history and does not record SQL*Plus commands.

EXEC[UTE] statement
Executes a single PL/SQL statement or runs a stored procedure.

R[UN]
Lists and executes the most recently executed SQL command or PL/SQL
block which is stored in the SQL buffer. The buffer has no command history
and does not record SQL*Plus commands.

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TIMI[NG] [START text | SHOW | STOP]
Records timing data for an elapsed period of time, lists the current timer's
name and timing data, or lists the number of active timers.

Use the following command to access the help system.

HELP | ? [topic]
Accesses the command-line help system. Enter HELP INDEX or ? INDEX
for a list of topics. In iSQL*Plus, you can also click the Help button to
display iSQL*Plus online help. You can view SQL*Plus resources at
http://otn.oracle.com/tech/sql_plus/ and the Oracle Database
Library at http://otn.oracle.com/documentation/.

Use the following command to execute operating system commands.

HO[ST] [command]
Executes an operating system command without leaving SQL*Plus. Enter
HOST without command to display an operating system prompt. You can
then enter multiple operating system commands.
With some operating systems, you can use another character instead of
HOST such as "!" (UNIX) and "$" (Windows). See the Oracle installation and
user's manuals provided for your operating system for details.
HOST is not available in iSQL*Plus.

Manipulating SQL, SQL*Plus and PL/SQL Commands

Use the following commands to edit SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks.
A[PPEND] text
Adds specified text to the end of the current line in the SQL buffer. To
separate text from the preceding characters with a space, enter two spaces.
To append text that ends with a semicolon, end the command with two
semicolons (a single semicolon is interpreted as a command terminator).
APPEND is not available in iSQL*Plus.

C[HANGE] sepchar old [sepchar [new [sepchar]]]

Changes first occurrence of old on the current line of the SQL buffer. You
can use any non-alphanumeric character such as "/" or "!" as a sepchar. You
can omit the space between CHANGE and the first sepchar. The buffer has
no command history list and does not record SQL*Plus commands.
CHANGE is not available in iSQL*Plus.

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DEL [n | n m | n * | n LAST | * | * n | * LAST | LAST]
Deletes one or more lines of the SQL buffer ("*" indicates the current line).
You can omit the space between DEL and n or *, but not between DEL and
LAST. Enter DEL with no clauses to delete the current line of the buffer.
The buffer has no command history list and does not record SQL*Plus
commands.
DEL is not available in iSQL*Plus.

I[NPUT] [text]
Adds one or more new lines of text after the current line in the SQL buffer.
The buffer has no command history list and does not record SQL*Plus
commands.
INPUT is not available in iSQL*Plus.

L[IST] [n | n m | n * | n LAST | * | * n | * LAST | LAST]

Lists one or more lines of the most recently executed SQL command or
PL/SQL block which is stored in the SQL buffer. Asterisk (*) indicates the
current line. You can omit the space between LIST and n or *, but not
between LIST and LAST. Enter LIST with no clauses to list all lines. The
buffer has no command history list and does not record SQL*Plus
commands.

Use the following commands to run scripts.

@ { url | file_name [.ext] } [arg ...]

Runs the SQL*Plus statements in the specified script. The script can be
called from the local file system or a web server. You can pass values to
script variables in the usual way.
Only the url form is supported in iSQL*Plus.
@@ { url | file_name[.ext] } [arg ...]
Runs the SQL*Plus statements in the specified script. This command is
almost identical to the @ command. It is useful for running nested scripts
because it has the additional functionality of looking for the specified script
in the same path or url as the calling script.
Only the url form is supported in iSQL*Plus.

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STA[RT] { url | file_name[.ext] } [arg ...]
Runs the SQL*Plus statements in the specified script. The script can be
called from the local file system or a web server. You can pass values to
script variables in the usual way.
Only the url form is supported in iSQL*Plus.

Use the following commands to create and modify scripts.

ED[IT] [file_name[.ext]]
Invokes an operating system text editor on the contents of the specified file
or on the contents of the SQL buffer. To edit the buffer contents, omit the
file name. The buffer has no command history list and does not record
SQL*Plus commands.
EDIT is not available in iSQL*Plus.

GET file_name[.ext] [LIS[T] | NOL[IST]]

Loads a SQL statement or PL/SQL block from a file into the SQL buffer. In
iSQL*Plus click the Load Script button to load a script into the Workspace.
The buffer has no command history list and does not record SQL*Plus
commands.
GET is not available in iSQL*Plus.

REM[ARK]
Begins a comment in a script. The REMARK command must appear at the
beginning of a line, and the comment ends at the end of the line (a line
cannot contain both a comment and a command). SQL*Plus does not
interpret the comment as a command.

SAV[E] file_name[.ext] [CRE[ATE] | REP[LACE] | APP[END]]

Saves the contents of the SQL buffer in a file. In iSQL*Plus, click the Save
Script button to save the Workspace contents to a script. The buffer has no
command history list and does not record SQL*Plus commands.
SAVE is not available in iSQL*Plus.

STORE {SET} file_name[.ext] [CRE[ATE] | REP[LACE] | APP[END]]

Saves attributes of the current SQL*Plus environment in a file.
STORE is not available in iSQL*Plus.

12
WHENEVER OSERROR {EXIT [SUCCESS | FAILURE | n | variable
| :BindVariable] [COMMIT | ROLLBACK] | CONTINUE [COMMIT | ROLLBACK | NONE]}
Performs the specified action (exits SQL*Plus by default) if an operating
system error occurs (such as a file writing error).
In iSQL*Plus, performs the specified action (stops the current script by
default) and returns focus to the Workspace if an operating system error
occurs.
WHENEVER SQLERROR {EXIT [SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | variable
| :BindVariable] [COMMIT | ROLLBACK] | CONTINUE [COMMIT | ROLLBACK | NONE]}
Performs the specified action (exits SQL*Plus by default) if a SQL command
or PL/SQL block generates an error.
In iSQL*Plus, performs the specified action (stops the current script by
default) and returns focus to the Workspace if a SQL command or PL/SQL
block generates an error.

Use the following commands to write interactive commands.

ACC[EPT] variable [NUM[BER] | CHAR | DATE | BINARY_FLOAT | BINARY_DOUBLE]

[FOR[MAT] format] [DEF[AULT] default] [PROMPT text | NOPR[OMPT]] [HIDE]
Reads a line of input and stores it in a given substitution variable. In
iSQL*Plus, displays the Input Required screen for you to enter a value for
the substitution variable.

DEF[INE] [variable ] | [variable = text]

Specifies a substitution variable and assigns a CHAR value to it, or lists the
value and variable type of a single variable or all variables.

PAU[SE] [text]
Displays the specified text then waits for the user to press RETURN. In
iSQL*Plus, displays the Next Page button which the user must click to
continue.

PRO[MPT] [text]
Sends the specified message or a blank line to the user's screen.

UNDEF[INE] variable ...

Deletes one or more substitution variables that you defined either explicitly
(with the DEFINE command) or implicitly (with a START command
argument).

13
Use the following commands to create and display bind variables.

PRI[NT] [variable ...]

Displays the current values of bind variables, or lists all bind variables.

VAR[IABLE] [variable {NUMBER | CHAR | CHAR (n [CHAR | BYTE]) | NCHAR

| NCHAR (n) | VARCHAR2 (n [CHAR | BYTE]) | NVARCHAR2(n) | CLOB | NCLOB |
REFCURSOR | BINARY_FLOAT | BINARY_DOUBLE}]
Declares a bind variable that can be referenced in PL/SQL, or lists the
current display characteristics for a single variable or all variables.

Use the following symbols to create substitution variables and parameters for use in
scripts.

&n
Specifies a parameter in a script you run using the START command.
START substitutes values you list after the script name as follows: the first
for &1, the second for &2, and so on.

&user_variable, &&user_variable
Indicates a substitution variable in a SQL or SQL*Plus command. SQL*Plus
substitutes the value of the specified substitution variable for each
substitution variable it encounters. If the substitution variable is undefined,
SQL*Plus prompts you for a value each time an "&" variable is found, and
the first time an "&&" variable is found.

. (period)
Terminates a substitution variable followed by a character that would
otherwise be part of the variable name.

Formatting Query Results

Use the following commands to format, store and print your query results.

ATTRIBUTE [type_name.attribute_name [option...]]

Specifies display characteristics for a given attribute of an Object Type
column, such as the format of NUMBER data. Columns and attributes
should not have the same names as they share a common namespace. Lists
the current display characteristics for a single attribute or for all attributes.

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Where option represents one of the following clauses:
ALI[AS] alias
CLE[AR]
FOR[MAT] format
LIKE {type_name.attribute_name|alias}
ON|OFF

BRE[AK] [ON report_element [action [action]]] ...

Specifies where changes occur in a report and the formatting action to
perform, such as:
Q suppressing the display of duplicate values for a given column
Q skipping a line each time a given column value changes (in iSQL*Plus,
only when Preformatted Output is ON)
Q printing computed figures each time a given column value changes or
at the end of the report
Enter BREAK with no clauses to list the current BREAK definition.
Where report_element has the following syntax:
{column | expr | ROW | REPORT}
and where action has the following syntax:
[SKI[P] n | [SKI[P]] PAGE] [NODUP[LICATES] | DUP[LICATES]]
The SKIP option is not available in iSQL*Plus.

BTI[TLE] [printspec [text | variable] ...] | [ON | OFF]

Places and formats a title at the bottom of each report page, or lists the
current BTITLE definition. Use one of the following clauses in place of
printspec:
BOLD
CE[NTER]
COL n
FORMAT text
LE[FT]
R[IGHT]
S[KIP] [n]
TAB n

15
CL[EAR] option ...
Resets or erases the current value or setting for the specified option.
Where option represents one of the following clauses:
BRE[AKS]
BUFF[ER]
COL[UMNS]
COMP[UTES]
SCR[EEN]
SQL
TIMI[NG]
CLEAR SCREEN is not available in iSQL*Plus.

COL[UMN] [{column | expr} [option ...]]

Specifies display attributes for a given column, such as:
Q text for the column heading
Q alignment for the column heading
Q format for NUMBER data
Q wrapping of column data
Also lists the current display attributes for a single column or all columns.
Where option represents one of the following clauses:
ALI[AS] alias
CLE[AR]
ENTMAP {ON | OFF}
FOLD_A[FTER]
FOLD_B[EFORE]
FOR[MAT] format
HEA[DING] text
JUS[TIFY] {L[EFT] | C[ENTER] | R[IGHT]}
LIKE {expr | alias}
NEWL[INE]
NEW_V[ALUE] variable
NOPRI[NT] | PRI[NT]
NUL[L] text
OLD_V[ALUE] variable
ON | OFF
WRA[PPED] | WOR[D_WRAPPED] | TRU[NCATED]
Enter COLUMN [{column |expr} FORMAT format] where the format element
specifies the display format for the column.

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To change the display format of a NUMBER column, use FORMAT
followed by one of the elements in the following table:

Element Examples Description

, (comma) 9,999 Displays a comma in the specified position.
. (period) 99.99 Displays a period (decimal point) to separate the
integral and fractional parts of a number.
$ $9999 Displays a leading dollar sign.
0 0999 Displays leading zeros
9990 Displays trailing zeros.

9 9999 Displays a value with the number of digits specified by

the number of 9s. Value has a leading space if positive,
a leading minus sign if negative. Blanks are displayed
for leading zeroes. A zero (0) is displayed for a value of
zero.
B B9999 Displays blanks for the integer part of a fixed-point
number when the integer part is zero, regardless of
zeros in the format model.
C C999 Displays the ISO currency symbol in the specified
position.
D 99D99 Displays the decimal character to separate the integral
and fractional parts of a number.
EEEE 9.999EEEE Displays value in scientific notation (format must
contain exactly four "E"s).
G 9G999 Displays the group separator in the specified positions
in the integral part of a number.
L L999 Displays the local currency symbol in the specified
position.
MI 9999MI Displays a trailing minus sign after a negative value.
Display a trailing space after a positive value.
PR 9999PR Displays a negative value in <angle brackets>.
Displays a positive value with a leading and trailing
space.
RN RN Displays uppercase Roman numerals.
rn rn Displays lowercase Roman numerals.
Value can be an integer between 1 and 3999.
S S9999 Displays a leading minus or plus sign.
9999S Displays a trailing minus or plus sign.

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Element Examples Description
TM TM Displays the smallest number of decimal characters
possible. The default is TM9. Fixed notation is used for
output up to 64 characters, scientific notation for more
than 64 characters. Cannot precede TM with any other
element. TM can only be followed by a single 9 or E
U U9999 Displays the dual currency symbol in the specified
position.

COMP[UTE] [function [LAB[EL] text] ... OF {expr | column | alias} ...ON {expr | column | alias
| REPORT | ROW} ...]
In combination with the BREAK command, calculates and prints summary
lines using various standard computations. It also lists all COMPUTE
definitions. The following table lists valid functions. All functions except
NUMBER apply to non-null values only. COMPUTE functions are always
executed in the following sequence AVG, COUNT, MINIMUM,
MAXIMUM, NUMBER, SUM, STD, VARIANCE.

Function Computes Applies to Datatypes

AVG Average of non-null values NUMBER

COU[NT] Count of non-null values All types

MIN[IMUM] Minimum value NUMBER, CHAR, NCHAR,

VARCHAR2 (VARCHAR),
NVARCHAR2 (NCHAR VARYING)

MAX[IMUM] Maximum value NUMBER, CHAR, NCHAR,

VARCHAR2 (VARCHAR),
NVARCHAR2 (NCHAR VARYING)

NUM[BER] Count of rows All types

SUM Sum of non-null values NUMBER

STD Standard deviation of NUMBER

non-null values
VAR[IANCE] Variance of non-null values NUMBER

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REPF[OOTER] [PAGE] [printspec [text | variable ] ...] | [ON | OFF]
Places and formats a footer at the bottom of a report, or lists the current
REPFOOTER definition.
Where printspec represents one or more of the following clauses:
BOLD
CE[NTER]
COL n
FORMAT text
LE[FT]
R[IGHT]
S[KIP] [n]
TAB n

REPH[EADER] [PAGE] [printspec [text | variable] ...] | [ON | OFF]

Places and formats a header at the top of a report, or lists the current
REPHEADER definition.
Where printspec represents one or more of the clauses shown for
REPFOOTER.

SPO[OL] [filename[.ext] [CRE[ATE] | REP[LACE] | APP[END]] | OFF | OUT]

Stores query results in a file, or optionally sends the file to a printer. OFF
stops spooling. OUT stops spooling and sends the file to your computer's
default printer. Enter SPOOL with no clauses to list the current spooling
status. If no file extension is given, the default extension, .lst or .lis, is used.
In iSQL*Plus, use the Preferences screen to direct output to a file.
SPOOL is not available in iSQL*Plus.

TTI[TLE] [printspec [text | variable] ...] | [ON | OFF]

Places and formats a specified title at the top of each report page, or lists the
current TTITLE definition. The old form of TTITLE is used if only a single
word or a string in quotes follows the TTITLE command.
Where printspec represents one or more of the following clauses:
BOLD
CE[NTER]
COL n
FORMAT text
LE[FT]
R[IGHT]
S[KIP] [n]
TAB n

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Accessing Databases
Use the following commands to access and copy data between tables on different
databases.

CONN[ECT] [{logon | /} [AS {SYSOPER | SYSDBA}]]

where logon requires the following syntax:
username[/password] [@connect_identifier]
Connects a given username to the Oracle Database. If you omit connect_
identifier, SQL*Plus connects you to the default database. If you omit
username and/or password, SQL*Plus prompts you for them. CONNECT
followed by a slash (/) connects you using a default (OPS$) logon.
When you run a CONNECT command, the site profile, glogin.sql, and the
user profile, login.sql, are processed in that order. CONNECT does not
reprompt for username or password if the initial connection does not
succeed.

DISC[ONNECT]
Commits pending changes to the database and logs the current user out of
Oracle, but does not exit SQL*Plus. In SQL*Plus command line, use EXIT or
QUIT to log out of Oracle and return control to your computer's operating
system. In iSQL*Plus, click the Logout button to log out of Oracle.

COPY {FROM database | TO database | FROM database TO database} {APPEND |

CREATE | INSERT | REPLACE} destination_table[(column, column, column, ...)] USING
query
where database has the following syntax:
username[/password]@connect_identifier
Copies data from a query to a table in the same or another database.
APPEND, CREATE, INSERT or REPLACE specifies how COPY treats the
existing copy of the destination table (if it exists). USING query identifies
the source table and determines which rows and columns COPY copies
from it. COPY supports CHAR, DATE, LONG, NUMBER and VARCHAR2
datatypes.

PASSW[ORD] [username]
Allows you to change a password without displaying it on an input device.
In iSQL*Plus, you can also use the Password screen to change your
password.

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Miscellaneous
ARCHIVE LOG {LIST | STOP} | {START | NEXT | ALL | integer}[TO destination]
Starts or stops automatic archiving of online redo logs, manually (explicitly)
archives specified redo logs, or displays information about redo log files.

DESC[RIBE] {[schema .]object[@connect_identifier]}

Lists the column definitions for a table, view or synonym, or the
specifications for a function or procedure.

RECOVER {general | managed | BEGIN BACKUP | END BACKUP}

where the general clause has the following syntax:
[AUTOMATIC] [FROM location]
{ {full_database_recovery | partial_database_recovery | LOGFILE filename}
[ {TEST | ALLOW integer CORRUPTION | parallel_clause } [TEST | ALLOW integer
CORRUPTION | parallel_clause ]...]
|CONTINUE [DEFAULT] | CANCEL}
where the full_database_recovery clause has the following syntax:
[STANDBY] DATABASE
[ {UNTIL {CANCEL | TIME date | CHANGE integer} | USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE}
[UNTIL {CANCEL | TIME date | CHANGE integer} | USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE]...]
where the partial_database_recovery clause has the following syntax:
{TABLESPACE tablespace [, tablespace]...
| DATAFILE {filename | filenumber} [, filename | filenumber]...
| STANDBY {TABLESPACE tablespace [, tablespace ]...
| DATAFILE {filename | filenumber} [, filename | filenumber]...}
UNTIL [CONSISTENT WITH] CONTROLFILE }
where the parallel clause has the following syntax:
{ NOPARALLEL | PARALLEL [ integer ] }
where the managed clause has the following syntax:
MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE recover_clause | cancel_clause | finish_clause
where the recover_clause has the following syntax:
{ { DISCONNECT [ FROM SESSION ] | { TIMEOUT integer | NOTIMEOUT } }
| { NODELAY | DEFAULT DELAY | DELAY integer } | NEXT integer
| { EXPIRE integer | NO EXPIRE } | parallel_clause
| USING CURRENT LOGFILE | UNTIL CHANGE integer
| THROUGH { [ THREAD integer ] SEQUENCE integer

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 | ALL ARCHIVELOG | { ALL | LAST | NEXT } SWITCHOVER} }
[ DISCONNECT [ FROM SESSION ] | { TIMEOUT integer | NOTIMEOUT }
| { NODELAY | DEFAULT DELAY | DELAY integer } | NEXT integer
| { EXPIRE integer | NO EXPIRE } | parallel_clause
| USING CURRENT LOGFILE | UNTIL CHANGE integer
| THROUGH { [ THREAD integer ] SEQUENCE integer
| ALL ARCHIVELOG | { ALL | LAST | NEXT } SWITCHOVER} ]...
where the cancel_clause has the following syntax:
CANCEL [IMMEDIATE] [WAIT | NOWAIT]
where the finish_clause has the following syntax:
[ DISCONNECT [ FROM SESSION ] ] [ parallel_clause ]
FINISH [ SKIP [ STANDBY LOGFILE ] ] [ WAIT | NOWAIT ]
where the parallel_clause has the following syntax:
{ NOPARALLEL | PARALLEL [ integer ] }
Performs media recovery on one or more tablespaces, one or more datafiles,
or the entire database.
Because of possible network timeouts, it is recommended that you use
SQL*Plus command-line, not iSQL*Plus, for long running DBA operations
such as RECOVER.

SET system_variable value

Sets a system variable to alter the SQL*Plus environment settings for your
current session. For example, to:
Q set the display width for data
Q customize HTML formatting
Q enable or disable printing of column headings
Q set the number of lines per page
In iSQL*Plus, you can also use the Preferences screen to set system
variables.
Enter a system variable followed by a value as shown below:
SET APPI[NFO]{ON | OFF | text}
SET ARRAY[SIZE] {15 | n}
SET AUTO[COMMIT] {ON | OFF | IMM[EDIATE] | n}
SET AUTOP[RINT] {ON | OFF}
SET AUTORECOVERY {ON | OFF]
SET AUTOT[RACE] {ON | OFF | TRACE[ONLY]} [EXP[LAIN]] [STAT[ISTICS]]
SET BLO[CKTERMINATOR] {. | c | ON | OFF}

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SET CMDS[EP] {; | c | ON | OFF}
SET COLSEP {_ | text}
SET COM[PATIBILITY] {V7 | V8 | NATIVE}
SET CON[CAT] {. | c | ON | OFF}
SET COPYC[OMMIT] {0 | n}
SET COPYTYPECHECK {ON | OFF}
SET DEF[INE] {& | c | ON | OFF}
SET DESCRIBE [DEPTH {1 | n | ALL}] [LINENUM {ON | OFF}] [INDENT {ON | OFF}]
SET ECHO {ON | OFF}
*SET EDITF[ILE] file_name[.ext]
SET EMB[EDDED] {ON | OFF}
SET ESC[APE] {\ | c | ON | OFF}
SET FEED[BACK] {6 | n | ON | OFF}
SET FLAGGER {OFF | ENTRY | INTERMED[IATE] | FULL}
*SET FLU[SH] {ON | OFF}
SET HEA[DING] {ON | OFF}
SET HEADS[EP] { | | c | ON | OFF}
SET INSTANCE [instance_path | LOCAL]
SET LIN[ESIZE] {80 | n} (default is 150 in iSQL*Plus)
SET LOBOF[FSET] {n | 1}
SET LOGSOURCE [pathname]
SET LONG {80 | n}
SET LONGC[HUNKSIZE] {80 | n}
SET MARK[UP] HTML [ON | OFF] [HEAD text] [BODY text] [TABLE text]
[ENTMAP {ON | OFF}] [SPOOL {ON | OFF}] [PRE[FORMAT] {ON | OFF}]
SET NEWP[AGE] {1 | n | NONE}
SET NULL text
SET NUMF[ORMAT] format
SET NUM[WIDTH] {10 | n}
SET PAGES[IZE] {14 | n}
SET PAU[SE] {ON | OFF | text}
SET RECSEP {WR[APPED] | EA[CH] | OFF}
SET RECSEPCHAR { | c}
SET SERVEROUT[PUT] {ON | OFF} [SIZE n] [FOR[MAT] {WRA[PPED]
| WOR[D_WRAPPED] | TRU[NCATED]}]
*SET SHIFT[INOUT] {VIS[IBLE] | INV[ISIBLE]}
*SET SHOW[MODE] {ON | OFF}
*SET SQLBL[ANKLINES] {ON | OFF}
SET SQLC[ASE] {MIX[ED] | LO[WER] | UP[PER]}
*SET SQLCO[NTINUE] {> | text}
*SET SQLN[UMBER] {ON | OFF}
SET SQLPLUSCOMPAT[IBILITY] {x.y[.z]}
*SET SQLPRE[FIX] {# | c}
*SET SQLP[ROMPT] {SQL> | text}
SET SQLT[ERMINATOR] {; | c | ON | OFF}

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*SET SUF[FIX] {SQL | text}
*SET TAB {ON | OFF}
*SET TERM[OUT] {ON | OFF}
*SET TI[ME] {ON | OFF}
SET TIMI[NG] {ON | OFF}
*SET TRIM[OUT] {ON | OFF}
*SET TRIMS[POOL] {ON | OFF}
SET UND[ERLINE] {- | c | ON | OFF}
SET VER[IFY] {ON | OFF}
SET WRA[P] {ON | OFF}
An asterisk (*) indicates the SET option is not supported in iSQL*Plus.

SHO[W] [option]
Shows the value of a SQL*Plus system variable, or the current SQL*Plus
environment. Enter any system variable set by the SET command in place
of system_variable. SHOW SGA requires a DBA privileged login. Use one of
the following terms or clauses in place of option:
system_variable
ALL
BTI[TLE]
ERR[ORS] [ {FUNCTION | PROCEDURE | PACKAGE | PACKAGE BODY | TRIGGER
| VIEW | TYPE | TYPE BODY | DIMENSION | JAVA CLASS} [schema.]name]
LNO
PARAMETERS [parameter_name]
PNO
RECYC[LEBIN] [original_name]
REL[EASE]
REPF[OOTER]
REPH[EADER]
SGA
SPOO[L] (Not available in iSQL*Plus)
SQLCODE
TTI[TLE]
USER

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