19/09/2010

Current Directions in
Seismic Design

Dr. Carlos Estuardo Ventura, P.Eng.

Professor of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
The University of British Columbia

Basic Problem…
Inelastic Analysis
Procedure

Nonlinear analysis
model

Estimates of
forces and
inelastic
deformations

Characterization
of seismic ground
motion

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Tools for Seismic Structural Analysis

 Basic Modelling Concepts

 Linear Static Analysis
 Linear Dynamic Modal Response Spectrum Analysis
 Linear Dynamic Modal Response History Analysis
 Linear Dynamic Explicit Response History Analysis
 Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis
 Nonlinear Dynamic Response History Analysis
 Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis (IDA)
 IDA is a relatively new approach in which a structure is repeatedly
analyzed for each motion scaled for gradually increasing/decreasing
intensities.
 Probabilistic Approaches (e.g. FEMA 350) quantifying
uncertainties such as: Magnitude, Source mechanism, Site
amplification……..
 Strength, Stiffness, Damping, Hysteretic behaviour

Dynamic Time History Analysis

In general, a three-dimensional model is necessary for TH

Analysis. However, due to limitations in available software,
3-D inelastic time history analysis may not be practical
((except
p for veryy special
p and important
p structures).
)
Main Concerns in Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis:
 Modelling of hysteretic behaviour
 Modelling inherent damping
 Selection and scaling of ground motions
 Interpretation of results
 Results may be quite sensitive to seemingly minor
pert rbations
perturbations
Due to the fact that some of these concerns may be
insurmountable in the framework of a deterministic analysis,
a probabilistic framework is being developed.
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Basic Modelling Concepts

In general, a model should include the following:

 Structural (Primary) Components and Elements
 Soil-Structure-Foundation System
 Structural
St t l (Secondary)
(S d ) Components
C t and
d El
Elements
t

Basic Modelling Concepts

…………a model should include the following:

 Mechanical Systems (if performance of such
systems is being assessed)
 Reasonable Distribution
Distrib tion and Seq
Sequencing
encing of gra
gravity
it
loads
 P-Delta (Second Order) Effects
 Reasonable Representation of Inherent Damping
 Realistic Representation of Inelastic Behaviour
 Realistic Representation of Ground Shaking

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Analysis Procedures
Sa

Linear Static Linear Dynamic

1940 El Centro 180o

0.30

0.20

0.10

Acceleration (g)
0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-0.10

-0.20

-0.30

-0.40
time seconds

Nonlinear Dynamic

All of these analyses provide forces and displacements, but only nonlinear
dynamic analysis directly provides nonlinear displacements

Performance-based Design
What is it?

• An alternative to following the

prescriptive building code
• Structures designed using PBD
approaches may or may not meet literal
code requirements
requirements, but
• Shall be capable of equal or better
performance

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Building Code Performance Implies

• Resisting frequent, minor earthquakes

without
ith t ddamage
• Resisting infrequent, moderate
earthquakes with limited damage
• Resisting worst anticipated earthquakes
without collapse or major life safety
endangerment

Performance-based design
Select
Performance
Objectives

Develop
Preliminary
Design

Assess
Performance
Revise Capability
Design
D
Does
No Performance Yes
Meet Done
Objectives?

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The Process
4- Determine 5- Determine
1- Select Hazard Drift & Component Performance
Level Demands
Annual Probability of Exceedance

Joe’s
10-1

Lateral Force - V
Beer!
Food!

10-2

10-3

10-4 Beer!
Food!

10-5 0 LS  CP
0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Spectral Acceleration at Period T Lateral Displacement - 

t
6- Pass or Fail Criterion
2- Determine ground evaluated on component
Motion Sa 3- Run Analysis by component or global
structural basis

Performance

• The potential consequences of building

response to earthquakes, including:
– Life loss and serious injury (Casualties)
– Direct economic loss (Cost = repair and
replacement)
– Indirect economic and social loss (Downtime =
loss of use of damaged or destroyed facilities)

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ATC 58

• Performance-based design g todayy ((in its

first generation) provides an effective
tool for mitigation of potential
earthquake losses

• Powerful new next-generation

procedures are under development that
will make this important technology
more accessible and useful to decision
makers

Seismic Force-Displacement Response of Elastic

and Inelastic Systems

The “Equal Displacement” Approximation

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Sequence of
Operations for
Force-Based
Procedure

Dual Wall-Frame Building

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Basic Concept of Direct Displacement-Based Design

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After Aydinoglu

After Aydinoglu

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After Aydinoglu

After Aydinoglu

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After Aydinoglu

After Aydinoglu

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After Aydinoglu

After Aydinoglu

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After Aydinoglu

After Aydinoglu

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After Aydinoglu

After Aydinoglu

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After Aydinoglu

Seismic Characteristics

After Friedman

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Seismic Characteristics

After Friedman

Structural System Comparison

After Friedman

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Performance / Design Criteria

After Friedman

After Friedman

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Increase Damping

Old Systems
Maximum Response – with
Building and Soil Resonance
2% Damping

New Systems
eleration

Maximum Response – No
Resonance
10 20% Damping
10-20% D i
Acce

Provide Redundancy
Moment Frame Seismic Systems

Complete 2-way MF Perimeter MF Limited MF

Dual Seismic Systems

Core + Complete Frame Core + Partial Frame Core

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Energy
Dissipation

After Friedman

Post-Earthquake Repair Cost

100%

0%
small Earthquake large
After Friedman

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Buckling
B kli
Restrained Braced
Frames

Version 1 - March 2007

After Engelhardt

Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames (BRBFs)

• Type of concentrically braced frame.

• Beams, columns and braces arranged to form a vertical truss. Resist

lateral earthquake forces by truss action.

• Special type of brace members used: Buckling-Restrained

Buckling Restrained Braces
(BRBs). BRBS yield both in tension and compression - no buckling !!

• Develop ductility through inelastic action (cyclic tension and compression

yielding) in BRBs.

• System
y combines high
g stiffness with high
g ductility.
y

After Engelhardt

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Buckling-Restrained Brace
Buckling-
Restrained
Brace:
Steel Core
+
Casing

Casing

Steel Core

After Engelhardt

Buckling-Restrained Brace
Buckling-
Restrained
A

Brace:
Steel Core
+
A

Casing

Casing Steel Core

Steel jacket
Mortar
Debonding material

Section A-A

After Engelhardt

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Buckling-Restrained Brace

P P

Steel core resists entire axial force P

Casing is debonded from steel core

- casing does not resist axial force P
- flexural stiffness of casing restrains buckling of core

After Engelhardt

Buckling-Restrained Brace
Buckling-
Restrained
Brace:
Steel Core
+
Casing

Steel Core

Yielding Segment

Core projection and

brace connection
segment

After Engelhardt

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Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading

P
Conventional Brace:
Py

• yields in tension (ductile)

• buckles in compression
(nonducile)
• significantly different strength
 in tension and compression

PCR


P

After Engelhardt

Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading

P
Buckling-Restrained Brace:
Py

• yields in tension (ductile)

• yields in compression (ductile)
• similar strength in tension and
compression (slightly stronger in
 compression)

PCR

Py

P

After Engelhardt

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Bracing Configurations for BRBFs

Single Diagonal Inverted V- Bracing V- Bracing

X- Bracing Two Story X- Bracing

After Engelhardt

After Engelhardt

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After Engelhardt

After Engelhardt

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After Engelhardt

Inelastic Response of BRBFs under

Earthquake Loading

After Engelhardt

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Tension Brace: Yields Compression Brace:

Yields

Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

After Engelhardt

Compression Brace: Tension Brace: Yields

Yields

Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

After Engelhardt

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Base Isolation

Earthquake Performance of Fixed

Base Structures

• Conventional Fixed Base Structures can not be realistically

designed to remain elastic in large seismic events (more so in
regions of high seismicity)

• Common practice is to design them so that they experience

damage in a controlled manner and have large inelastic
displacements potential

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Unconventional Earthquake
Protective Systems
Earthquake Protective Systems

Passive Protective Systems Hybrid Protective Systems Active Protective Systems

Tuned Mass Damper Active Isolation Active Mass Damping

Energy Dissipation Semi-Active Isolation Active Bracing

Base Isolation Semi-Active Mass Damping Adaptive Control

Base Isolation is the most common System

The Concept of Base Isolation

Fixed Base

Significantly Increase the

Period of the Structure and the
Damping so that the Response
is Significantly Reduced

Period
Base Isolated

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Base Isolation in Buildings

Isolator Components Between the Foundation and Superstructure

An Isolation Interface is formed

How exactly does Base

Isolation Work?

• Isolators have large deformation

potential allowing for large drift on
the Isolation Interface

Most types of Isolators exhibit

nonlinear behavior

Lengthening of the Structure’s Period and increased Damping that result

in a large scale decrease of the Seismic Response

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Force – Displacement
Relationship at the Isolation
Interface

actual hysteretic behavior viscoelastic idealization

Response of Base Isolated Buildings

versus Fixed Base Response

Reduced
Superstructure
Deformations
for Base
Isolated
Structure
Drift on Isolation Interface

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Sliding Isolators
– Friction Pendulum System

Superstructure

Foundation

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Friction Pendulum System

Practical Aspects of
Vibration in Structures

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Loads acting on Structures

• Dead
• Live
• Settlement
• Thermal
• Dynamic
• Seismic
• Wind

The Effects of Wind Loads

• Cause Vibrations and Swaying in the
Building
• The building itself is strong enough to
withstand normal wind loads by swaying
(the tallest buildings sway several feet)
• The sway of the building, however, is
enough to make people sea sick and
cause objects in the building to fall over

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The Effects of Seismic Loads

• More intense vibrations than those caused
b wind
by i d
• Causes vibrations at many frequencies
• May cause building structure to contort
• May cause building to collapse

Methods of Controlling
Building Vibrations

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Variables to control vibrations

•Stiffness
•Mass
•Damping
•Shape

Types of Dampers
• Distributed Viscous Dampers
• Tuned Mass Dampers
• Viscoelastic Dampers
• Tuned Liquid Column Dampers
• Friction Dampers
• Active or Passive

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Dampers in Buildings
Dampers absorb
some of the horizontal
forces exerted on tall
buildings, minimizing
the stress applied to
the structure.

Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs)

• Relatively inexpensive
• Can move and is coupled to the building
– Slide on a Track
– Oscillate on Springs
– Roll on the Floor
– Pendulum
• Tuned to the vibrational modes of the building
• Moves with the same period as the building

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Single TMD Systems

• Tuned to the fundamental frequency
– The building is less stable higher up
• Placed at the top floor of the building
– The building is less stable higher up

Example of TMD

400 kg - 14 Hz

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Millennium Bridge

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Mass damper on an electricity cable

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Park Hyatt Tower, Chicago

Achieved 35% reduction

in 10 year acceleration

One Wall Centre, Vancouver

Tuned Liquid Column Damper

10 year acceleration was

reduced by 29%
88

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Taipei 101, Taiwan

Chiba Bay Tower

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Remarks
• Vibration control of civil structures is more recent as
compared to machines & aerospace vehicles.
• Environmental disturbances (wind(wind, earthquake
excitations) occur over wide range of frequency and
amplitudes, i.e., they are uncertain, whereas mechanical
loads are usually deterministic.
• Earthquakes and wind loads - main sources of structural
vibrations.
• Control vibrations by: changing rigidity
rigidity, mass,
mass damping
damping,
shape, or applying passive or active control forces.
• High strength may result in high acceleration levels, so
increasing strength alone wont always work.

Project Examples

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San Francisco City Hall

After Friedman

City Hall Constraints

Maintain Historic Character and Details

Maintain Existing Functions and Spaces

Limited Capacity of Existing Structure

Discontinuities and Lack of Complete Load Path

Brittle Archaic Materials

Seismic Response of Dome

Compatibility of Numerous Materials and Systems

After Friedman

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Seismic Performance Goals

Prevent Structural Instability

Limit Hazards to Life

Limited and Repairable Damage to:

- Structural Elements
- Non-Structural Elements
- Historic Features

After Friedman

Scheme A : Base Isolation

After Friedman

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Scheme B : Fixed Base – Concrete Shear Walls

After Friedman

After Friedman

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Base Isolation Period Shift

After Friedman

Fixed Base Response – Shear Walls

After Friedman

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Base Isolation Response

After Friedman

Column Jacking

After Friedman

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Installation of Base
Isolators

After Friedman

San Francisco
State Office
Building

After Friedman

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San Francisco State Office Building

Steel Moment Frames With Hydraulic Dampers

After Friedman

UCSF Biomedical Research Laboratory

After Friedman

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UCSF Biomedical Research Laboratory

After Friedman

UCSF Biomedical Research Laboratory

After Friedman

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UCSF Biomedical Research Laboratory

After Friedman

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Thank you

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