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The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

A NEW DISPLACEMENT-BASED SEISMIC DESIGN METHOD FOR SHEAR

WALL STRUCTURES
Mingke DENG1 and Xingwen LIANG2
1
Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, China,
Email: [email protected]
2
Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, China,

ABSTRACT: According to the characteristics of shear wall structures, the destructive story drift ratio is
employed to represent the performance index of structures. Then, the performance levels of shear wall structures
are quantified and the lateral deformation is controlled by two parameters of destructive story drift ratio and roof
drift ratio. Based on the seismic fortification level in Chinese Code for Seismic Design of Buildings, the
performance of shear wall structures is divided into three levels: fully operational, performance interruption and
collapse prevention. Applying the inverted triangular distribution of lateral force to the cantilever wall with
identical section, the displaced curve is regarded as the initial lateral displacement mode. By employing the
design parameter of destructive story drift ratio, the determining method of target lateral displacement for shear
wall structures is demonstrated and a destructive story drift-based seismic design method is presented. In the
“fully operational” performance level, the target lateral displacement is determined by the corresponding drift
curve when the shear wall structure reaches the target destructive story drift ratio. Afterward, the equivalent
parameters of single-degree-of-freedom system can be calculated, and the base shear and horizontal earthquake
action of every mass of multi-degree-of-freedom system can be estimated. In the “performance interrupt” and
“collapse prevention” performance levels, the designed structure is adjusted based on the relationship between
pushover curve and demand curve and the ductility demands of structure. It is demonstrated the method in this
paper is convenient for practical application, which can be employed to control the performance of shear wall
structures under different earthquake levels.

KEYWORDS: shear wall structure, displacement-based seismic design, performance level, effective parameter

1. INTRODUCTION

Reinforced concrete shear walls have always been recognized for their large lateral stiffness and strength, which
provide for good control over horizontal displacements and story drifts. Thus, reinforce concrete structural walls
are commonly used in tall buildings for resisting lateral forces imposed by wind or earthquakes. The two stages
seismic design method is adopted for shear wall structures in the Chinese Code for Seismic Design of Buildings
(CCSDB, GB 50011-2001) and other design codes. In the first stage, it is necessary to calculate the earthquake
action and seismic action effect of building structures under minor but frequently occurring earthquakes,
combine it with gravity load effect, and check the bearing capacity of the shear wall section based on the
combined internal force of critical section of members. In the second stage, the designer proceeds to the
elastoplastic deformation checking computations for the structure under rare but major earthquakes. This
procedure is a force-based seismic design method, i.e., the force is regarded as the design parameter at the
beginning.
Earthquake damage analysis and experimental results have shown that the force-based seismic design
method mentioned above can ensure that buildings resist minor earthquakes without damage and undergo major
earthquakes without collapse. However, in the 1990s, the earthquakes occurring in metropolis of developed
countries brought few earthquake casualties, but resulted in tremendous economic losses for the buildings
invested heavily in equipment and decoration because of excessive structural damage, although they didn’t
collapse. Thus, the researchers are aware that simply emphasizing that the structure is not severely damaged and
collapsed under the earthquake action is not a perfect seismic design concept and can not satisfy the demand of
seismic design of modern engineering structures. Under this background, the scholars of America and Japan put
forward the idea of performance-based seismic design. In recent years, much progress has been made on the
approach of performance-based seismic design (Medhekar et al. 2000), and the method has been partially

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adopted by the modern seismic design codes in many counties.

Experimental investigations show that the performance of engineering structures in each stage is closely
related to the deformation capacity, that is, the quantificational relationship between structural performance and
deformation index can be established. Hence, the displacement is regarded as the design parameter in
performance-based seismic design, and then, the displacement-based seismic design approach (Kowalsky et al.
1995, 2001; Priestly et al. 2000, Medhekar et al. 2000) is presented. In this paper, a new displacement-based
design method for shear wall structure is presented.
There are two basic problems in displacement-based design for shear wall structure. Firstly, it is necessary
to determine the corresponding target drift curve based on the performance objectives of structure, calculate the
base shear and the horizontal earthquake force at each floor, and check the bearing capacity of the shear wall
section. Secondly, according to the deformation demand of structure under a certain intensity of earthquake
action, it should proceed to the deformation capacity design of shear wall section, and ensure that the structure
is able to reach the prospective performance objective. Only the first problem will be analyzed and studied in
this paper.

2. THE PERFOMANCE LEVELS AND QUANTIFICATION OF SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE

In displacement-based seismic design, the relationship between performance level and target displacement
should be determined. In order to correspond with the earthquake fortification objective in CCSDB and control
the deformation behavior of a structure, the performance level of building structures is divided into three: fully
operational, performance interruption, and collapse prevention in this paper. In a certain levels of ground
motions, these three performance levels are consistent with the specified level of without damage, repairable and
without collapse in CCSDB, respectively. But in CCSDB, seismic design has been carried out based on the
philosophy that buildings should be able to resist minor earthquakes without damage, should continue to
function with repairable damage when subject to moderate earthquakes, and should not collapse when subject to
major earthquakes. Thus, this is a performance-based earthquake fortification objective, which ensures the
safety of the occupants of structure. However, in performance-based seismic design, various seismic
fortification criterion, such as without damage to structure when subject to moderate or major earthquakes, can
be adopted according to the importance of the building and the requirement of the owner. It is different from the
traditional seismic design methods.
It has been recognized that the story drift ratio of a multi-story building, defined as the ratio of the story
drift to the story height, reflects the total deformation of members in the story for reinforced concrete structure
and can be a good measure of structural and nonstructural damage of the building under various levels of
ground motions. Thus, the performance levels can be qualified by story drift ratio in performance-based seismic
design procedure.
Researches by the present author (Deng 2006) show that the story drift ratio in shear wall structures can be
divided into the destructive story drift ratio and the nondestructive story drift ratio. The destructive story drift
ratio reflects the force-induced deformation and relates to the structural performance levels; the nondestructive
story drift ratio, produced by the rigid body rotation of the floor, only relates to the serviceability limit state.
In this paper, according to the characteristics of shear wall structures, the destructive story drift ratio is
employed to represent the performance index of structures, and the story deformation of shear wall structures
are controlled by two parameters of the destructive story drift ratio and roof drift ratio. The destructive story
drift ratio controls the force-induced deformation in the lowers stories and the roof drift ratio controls the rigid
body rotation of floors in the upper stories to satisfy the requirements of serviceability and to reduce the P-delta
effects under gravity loads. Based on extensive experimental investigations (Liang 2007), the destructive story
drift ratio limits of shear wall structure corresponding to the three performance levels can be given as follows: in
the serviceability performance level, taking [θ]=1/1000; in the life safety performance level, taking [θ]=1/250;
in the collapse prevention performance level, taking [θ]=1/100.

3. THE TARGET LATERAL DISPLACEMENT OF SHEAR WALL STRUCTURES

3.1. The Initial Lateral Displacement Mode of Shear Wall Structures

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In direct displacement-based seismic design, the lateral displacement mode of the structure should be
determined at the first step. Next, the corresponding target drift curve for the structure can be obtained
according to the performance objective. Then, the equivalent parameter and base shear can be calculated. For
shear wall structure, applying the inverted triangular distribution of lateral force to the cantilever wall with
identical section, as shown in Figure 1, the displaced shape can be regarded as the initial lateral displacement
mode. That is,
x
q

u(x)

H
x

y
Figure 1 The initial lateral displacement mode

φH 2
u (ξ ) = (20ξ 2 − 10ξ 3 + ξ 5 ) (1)
40
where φ denotes the curvature at the bottom critical section of the first story of shear wall structure, H denotes
total height of the building, and ξ is the height ratio of storey, which is expressed as ξ = z / H .
In fully operational performance level, assuming that the curvature at the bottom critical section of the first
story of the shear wall structure reaches yield value, which is in correspondence to the elastic limit state, the
corresponding target drift curve is expressed as
φy H 2
u (ξ ) = (20ξ 2 − 10ξ 3 + ξ 5 ) (2)
40
where φ y denotes the yield curvature of the section, which can be determined as (Kowalsky et al. 2001)
φ y = 2ε y / hw (3)
in which ε y is the yield strain of the longitudinal reinforcement at the end of shear wall section, and hw is the
depth of section.

3.2. The Target Story Drifts and Floor Displacement of Shear Wall Structures

According to the characteristic of shear wall structures, when the destructive story drift is regarded as the
performance index, the target story drifts and floor displacement can be calculated in the following procedures.
(1) Select a specific destructive story drift ratio and regard it as the target destructive story drift ratio
according to the performance level of structure. Such as, for ‘fully operational’ performance level, giving
θ =1/1000.
(2) Determine the special target story where the maximum force-induced deformation will be reached by
the elasticity analysis, and calculate the floor rotation of the corresponding story. Usually, the special target
story occurs in the several stories close to the base.
(3) Assume that the special target story reaches the target destructive story drift ratio, and then calculate its
destructive story drift.
(4) According to the relationship between the nominal story drift and destructive story drift (Deng, 2006),
calculate the nominal story drift of the special target story, which can be regarded as the target story drift under
the corresponding performance level.
(5) Calculate the curvature at the bottom critical section of the first story of shear wall structure, and then c

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ompute the roof displacement based on the dimensionless floor height ratio ξ and the lateral drift curve of shear
wall structure in equation (1).
(6) Lastly check the roof displacement ratio. If it satisfies the allowable upper limit, the floor displacements
of a shear wall structure under a certain performance level can be determined. If it does not satisfy the
requirement for roof displacement ratio, modify the value of the target destructive story drifts ratio, and
recalculate the floor displacement and roof displacement until it is satisfied.

4. DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE SPECTRA

In a traditional force-based design, the period of natural vibration of a structure is estimated based on previous
trial design, and design pseudo-acceleration response spectra are entered to determine the elastic design force
level on the structure. However, in displacement-based seismic design, the required design displacement
demand for the structure can be specified, and the displacement response spectra can be used to determine the
required period of vibration, provided that the structure has been modeled assuming a linear behavior and a
viscous damping equivalent to the actual non-linear response. Hence, the displacement response spectra, for a
given level of damping, are the basis of direct displacement-based seismic design. The smoothed elastic
response spectra can be determined by two methods:
(1) Based on large numbers of strong ground motion record (or earthquake wave), the relationship between
the period of vibration of a structure T and the spectral displacement S d can be obtained by numerical
integration.
(2) Based on the design pseudo-acceleration response spectra S a (T ) in CCSDB, the displacement response
spectra can be expressed as
T 2 (4)
Sd = ( ) Sa
2π
It has to be pointed out, however, that the spectral pseudo-accelerations is magnified for moderate or long
period structures in order to avoid that the earthquake action of the structure is too small. Thus, the displacement
response spectra obtained from equation (4) will be different from the real displacement response for moderate
or long period structures. Whereas, the difference of period for shear wall structure can be decreased because the
corresponding spectral acceleration fall into the range of short or moderate period structures. Consequently, on
the condition of without displacement response spectra in accordance with the fact, the design spectra for
displacement can be determined by equation (4) to calculate the earthquake displacement response of shear wall
structure.
Based on the smoothed acceleration response spectra in CCSDB, from equation (4), we obtain the period of
vibration expressed as
4π 2 (T ≤ 0.1s )
T 2 [0.45 + 10(η 2 − 0.45)T ] = S (5a)
α max g d
Sd
T = 2π (0.1s ≤ T ≤ Tg ) (5b)
η 2α max g
1
⎛ 4π 2 S d ⎞⎟ 2−γ
T =⎜ γ ⋅ (Tg ≤ T ≤ 5Tg ) (5c)
⎜T ⎟
⎝ g η 2α max g ⎠
4π 2
T 2 ⎡⎣0.2γ η 2 − η1 (T − 5Tg ) ⎤⎦ = S (5Tg ≤ T ≤ 6.0 s ) (5d)
α g d
max

0.05 − ζ , 0.05 − ζ , 0.05 − ζ

γ = 0.9 + η1 = 0.02 + η2 = 1 +
0.5 + 5ζ 8 0.06 + 1.7ζ
where α max denotes the maximum value of horizontal seismic influence coefficient. For frequent, low-intensity
and infrequent severe ground motions, it can be obtained from current seismic design code. For moderate
ground motion, taking α max =0.23, 0.45 and 0.90 when the earthquake fortification intensity is Ⅶ,Ⅷ and
Ⅸ,respectively.

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When the equivalent displacement u eff , which is equivalent to S d in equation (5), is obtained, the
parameters, such as seismic fortification level, site classification, damping ratio and so on, are determined. Then,
the corresponding effective period can be calculated by equation (5).

5. DESTRUCTIVE STORY DRIFT-BASED DESIGN APPROACH FOR SHEAR WALL

STRUCTURES

In this paper, according to the characteristic of shear wall structures, the destructive story drift is regarded as the
performance index and a new displacement-based design procedure is outlined as follows.

5.1. Design Procedure According to Fully Operational Performance Level

(1) Preliminary design of the structure, including selection of concrete and reinforcement grades and
determination of member size of shear wall.
(2) Based on the significance of the structure and the requirement of owner, determine the performance
objective, i.e., “fully operational under minor earthquakes and collapse prevention under major earthquakes” or
“fully operational under moderate earthquakes and performance interruption”. And designate the destructive
story drift ratio as the performance index.
(3) Select the corresponding allowable value of destructive story drift ratio, specify the special target story
where the maximum force-induced deformation will be reached by the elastic analysis, and determine the target
displacement pattern of shear wall structure based on equation (2). Then, calculate the story drift ratio in each
story and satisfy θ i ≤ [θ ] .
(4) Calculate the floor displacement at each floor from previous steps, and determine the effective
displacement u eff and effective mass M eff of the equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system from equations in
the following.
n

∑ m i u i2
(6)
u eff = i =1
n

∑i =1
m iu i
n

∑mu i i
M eff = i =1 (7)
u eff
where mi denotes the mass at each floor.
(5) According to the seismic fortification level, effective damping ratio ζ eff and effective displacement u eff ,
determine the effective period Teff from equation (5), in which the effective damping ratio ζ eff is given by
(Miranda et al. 2002)
ζ eff = ζ 0 + 0.2(1 − 1/ u ) (8)
where ζ 0 represents the viscous damping ratio in elastic system, which can be given as 0.05 for reinforced
concrete structure, μ denotes the displacement ductility demand, which can be determined by the seismic
fortification level. For example, under a certain level of ground motion, give μ = 1.0 for serviceability
performance level and μ = 3.0 ~ 4.0 for collapse prevention performance level, and so on.
(6) Determine the effective stiffness K eff of the equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system, the base shear
Vb of the structure and the horizontal earthquake action Fi at each story level, namely,
2
⎛ 2π ⎞
K eff = ⎜ ⎟ M eff (9)
⎜T ⎟
⎝ eff ⎠
Vb = K eff ⋅ u eff (10)

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mi u i (11)
Fi = n
Vb
∑m u
j =1
j j

(7) Calculate the horizontal earthquake action effect and corresponding gravity load effect of the structure.
Then, check the bearing capacity of shear wall section and adopt the details of seismic design.
(8) The designed structure is analyzed with pushover method. If the pushover drift curve, corresponding to
the special target story of the shear wall structure reaches the target destructive story drift, is identical with the
initial assumed shape, the design is valid. Otherwise, the corresponding pushover drift curve when the special
target story of the shear wall structure reaches the target destructive story drift can be employed as the modified
target lateral displacement curve, and then, recalculate the base shear and horizontal earthquake action, and
check the bearing capacity of shear wall section until it is satisfied, based on the method mentioned above.
Based on the method presented above, if the structure is required to satisfy the serviceability performance
level when subject to minor but frequently occurring earthquakes, from equation (5), the effective period can be
determined based on the corresponding ground motion parameter. Then, other design parameters and horizontal
earthquake action can be obtained from equations (6) to (11). Similarly, if it is required to satisfy the
serviceability performance level when subject to moderate or rare but major earthquakes, the effective period
can be determined according to the corresponding ground motion parameter of moderate or major. Then, the
other design parameters can be determined from equations (6) to (11).

5.2. Performance Interruption and Collapse Prevention Performance Level

Under the frequently occurred earthquake action, the structure is required to satisfy the serviceability
performance level. Furthermore, the displacement of the structure should be controlled in the life-safety and
collapse prevention performance level.
These two performance levels are in correspondence to the performance of building structure under
moderate intensity earthquake and seldomly occurred earthquake. Under the action of seldomly occurred
earthquake, assume that the curvature at the bottom cross section of shear wall reaches the ultimate curvature φu .
The corresponding target lateral displacement mode can be determined from equation (1) and the story drift
ratio θ i can be obtained. Ensure that θ i satisfies the allowable value, namely, θ i ≤ [θ ] . Then, the corresponding
displacement u and base shear Vb can be obtained from equation (6) and (10). Under the action of moderate
earthquake, assume that the curvature at the bottom cross section of shear wall reaches φu 2 . Similarly, the
corresponding displacement u and base shear Vb can be calculated.
Finally, the base shear and displacement corresponding to the three performance levels can be drew in a
same V − u coordinate, such as point A, B and C in Figure 2. By linking these points, the base shear versus
displacement curve represents the demand curve under serviceability, life-safety and collapse prevention
performance level.

Vb
Pushover曲线

C
B
A

o u
Figure 2. The demand curve and pushover curve

Afterward, the designed structure is analyzed with nonlinear static procedure. Place the pushover curve and
demand curve on a same coordinate, as shown in Figure 2. According to the relationship between demand curve
and pushover curve, the design result can be modified by the following method.
(1) If the pushover curve is consistent with or above the demand curve, as shown in Figure 3a, the designed

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structure satisfies the performance levels.

(2) If the pushover curve is below the demand curve, as shown in Figure 3b, the designed structure does
not satisfy the performance levels and should be redesigned.
(3) If point B is lower than point A in the demand curve, as shown in Figure 3c, it is indicated that the
seismic demands in moderate earthquake is too low. Then, the earthquake resistant demand should be improved.
(4) If point B is much higher than point A in the demand curve, as shown in Figure 3d, two problems may
be exist in the designed structure as follows.
1) The initial stiffness of the structure is too small. The size of the structure member should be adjusted and
the initial stiffness needs to increase in appropriate range.
2) The performance demand for moderate earthquake is too high and should be decreased.

V V
Pushover曲线
B C
A
C Pushover曲线
B
A

o u u
o
(a) (b)

V V

C C
A B
B A

o u o u
(c) (d)

Figure 3. Several demand curve and pushover curve

Based on the displacement demand of the moderate and major earthquakes, the corresponding pushover
drift curve can be obtained. Consequently, the damage information and plastic hinge distribution under these
two conditions can be obtained. Then, the local reinforcement of the structure can be adjusted according to the
information.

6. CONCLUSIONS

Above all, the characteristic of the method in this paper is listed as follows:
(1) According to the characteristics and lateral displacement of shear wall structures, the use of destructive
story drift ratio to specify the performance index and to quantify the structural performance levels is well
correlated with story deformation and damage control in shear wall structures.
(2) The plastic hinge of shear wall structure formed at the bottom. Thus, the target lateral displacement
curve is determined by destructive story drift ratio at maximum force-induce story, which reflects the fact that
the critical section of the structure reaches a certain limit state firstly.
(3) When determine the initial lateral displacement curve, the shear wall structure is regarded as a
cantilever wall with identical section. Perhaps it is not in accordance with the fact. The modified lateral
displacement curve, which is obtained from the pushover drift curve corresponding to the state that the special
target story of the shear wall structure reaches the target destructive story drift, reflects the change of strength
and stiffness over the height of the structure.
(4) Based on the procedure in this paper, the performance of the structure is controlled under not only
minor and major earthquakes, but also moderate earthquakes. This is the objective that should be achieved in
performance-based seismic design.

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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This research was supported by the China National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 50678146) and the
Science and Technology Foundation of Xi’an University of architecture and technology (Grant No. RC 0731).

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