 Visual Display Unit (Monitor)

 Printer : Dot Matrix and Impact/Non Impact, Printer, Daisy wheel Printer, Line
Printers, Ink-jet, Laser Printer
 Plotters etc.

 Central Processing Unit:

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the heart of the computer combined
in the system with the processing system of a computer. The CPU carries out actions
with information help of Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU). This is done following a detailed set
of arithmetic instructions written in the main memory. It also uses the main memory
for the memory temporary storage of information. Through the channels of
information specified

“Bus”, the CPU instructs various parts called device controllers to transfer
data between secondary memory and the main memory. The CPU accepts
the data from the Input unit processes it and gives the result/output to the output
device. The data/result can be stored for the use by storing it in the secondary memory.
The total operations of the computer is synchronized and controlled by the CPU.
The processing capacity of a computer is measured in terms the amount of data
 Input Unit: processed by the CPU in one operation. The CPU has three important sub units.
Any device designed to assist in the entry of data into a computer is known as input
device. Input devices convert data from any convenient external format into binary codes Arithmetic-Logic unit
that a computer can store and manipulate internally. Some of the most common, most Control Unit
popularly used devices are following. Memory Unit
 Mouse  Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU is an electronic circuit used to carry
 Light Pen out the arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and
 Touch Screen division. This unit carries out logical operations like greater than, less than,
 Keyboard be equal to etc. It performs the operation on the data provided by the input
 Scanner devices. A comparison operation allows a program to make decisions based
 OCR and MICR he on its data input and results of the previous calculations.
 Bar Code Reader
 Joy Stick etc.
Logical operations can be used to determine whether particular statement is re
 Output Unit: TRUE or FALSE.
The ALU operates on the data available in the main memory and sends them
Any peripheral device that converts the stored binary coded data into convenient back after processing again to main memory.
external forms as test and pictures are known as Output device. Some of the most
popularly used Output devices are following:
 Control Unit: The control unit coordinates the activities of all the other units end
in the system. Its main functions are to control the transfer of data and
information between various units and to initiate appropriate actions by the THE CHIPSET DIAGRAM
arithmetic-logic unit. Conceptually, the control unit fetches instructions from the
memory, decodes them, and directs them to various units to perform the
on specified tasks.

Memory Unit: The main memory is also called primary memory, is used to store
data temporarily. Although, the CPU is the brain behind all the operations in the
computer, it needs to be supplied with the data to be processed and the
instructions to tell it what to do. Once the CPU has carried out an instruction, it
needs the result to be stored. This storage space is provided by the computer’s
memory. Data provided by the input device, and the result of that processed
data is also stored in the memory nit. This main memory is like a scratch pad. The
storage capacity of the memory is generally measured in megabytes.
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes= 1 Kilobyte (KB)
1 024 Kilobytes= 1 Megabyte (MB)
1024 Megabytes= 1 Gigabyte (GB)
Different kinds of primary memory are Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read
Only Memory (ROM). You can read and write data in RAM but the data is volatile
or temporary that is whenever the power is switched off the contents of RAM is
lost so its is required to store the data in the secondary memory if the data is
required for the future use. But you can only read the data from ROM and you Intel® PC Chipsets
can not write any thing into it and the data is permanent. The manufacturer
himself has written the data in it initially.  Include North Bridge, South Bridge and Firmware Hub

 Secondary Memory:  Various chipsets available from Intel to meet specific performance requirements
This is the permanent memory. The data stored in it is permanent. But you can  Value PC (810, 815)
delete the data if you want. There are different kinds of secondary storage
devices available. Few of them are Floppy disks, Fixed (hard) disks and Optical  Pentium III or Celeron Processor
disks etc.
 Floppy Disk  SDRAM
 Fixed or Hard Disk  Integrated Graphics controller (Direct AGP)
 Optical Disk like: CD (Compact Disk) DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
 Magnetic Tape Drive  Mainstream & Performance PCs (845, 850)

 Pentium 4 Processor
  SDRAM, DDR or RAMbus  The Firmware Hub (FWH)

 Support for AGP, DVO or Direct AGP  Stores BIOS code/data in 512KB or 1MB flash memory

 Support for Hyper-Threading Technology (later 845’s)  Random number generator

Chipset Components  Can be reprogrammed in place

 The Northbridge may be either:  The FWH contains

Memory Controller Hub (MCH)  512KB or 1MB of Flash ROM for storing BIOS code/data

 Interfaces between the CPU and the rest of the system  Arranged into 64KB lockable blocks

 Memory  Block Lock Registers

 AGP Bus  One for each 64KB block to lock read or write ability

 Hublink Bus  General Purpose Register

Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH)  Reflects status of FGPI pins

 Includes integrated graphics accelerator  Typical use of FGPI pins are to gather misc. data such as
jumper settings (BIOS recovery jumper).
 Supports either: (depends on version)

» Direct AGP - fully integrated graphics engine - no

external AGP slot - used for “Value PC”

» or AGP 2.0 (with AGP slot)

 Support for analog video, Digital Video Out (DVO) and

Display Data Channel (DDC)

 The South Bridge or I/O Controller Hub (ICH)

 Interfaces to I/O devices

 PCI Bus

 IDE

 USB

 LPC bus to Firmware Hub and Super I/O (Legacy I/O)