Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

PANIPAT

CE00306-2-HCIU

HUMAN COMPUTER INTERCATION AND USABILITY

PT1181/82
HAND OUT DATE 21 AUGUST 2013

HAND IN DATE 11 NOVEMBER 2013

WEIGHTAGE 50%

INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES:
1. Students are advised to underpin their answers with the use of references (cited using
the Harvard Name System of Referencing).
2. Late submission will be awarded zero (0) unless Extenuating Circumstances (EC) is
upheld.
3. Cases of plagiarism will be penalized
4. The assignment should be in both hardcopy and softcopy:
 The hard copy of the assignment should be bound in an appropriate style (comb
bound )
 The softcopy of the written assignment and source code where appropriate should
be on a CD in an envelope /CD cover and attached to the hardcopy.

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Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

PANIPAT

CE00306-2-HCIU

HUMAN COMPUTER INTERCATION AND USABILITY

In-Course Assignment

Topic- Interface Design Assignment

LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Group Number-…..
HAND OUT DATE 21 AUGUST 2013
HAND IN DATE 11 NOVEMBER 2013

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Aakash Bathla(GL) PT1182214 Mr. Ravi Sachdeva(Module Lecturer)

Kawal Deep Singh PT1183306

Shubham Sharma PT1181138

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Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment

Marking Scheme (CE00306-2 HCIU Assignment)

Marks will be accorded to the team members for all work carried out in their respective section.
The following are the marks that are to be awarded to each team member for the work done by
the entire group.

Student Name: Intake No.:

Group Marks (70%)

Plan Walkthrough 10
Critical Discussion and Application of User Requirements: 15
To include
 the selection of data gathering methods
 the actual user profiling process performed
discussions on task analysis conducted
 the impact of user profiling and task analysis on the design
Critical Discussion and Application of Usability Goals and 15
Competitive Analysis:
To include
 the selection of design principles
 the selection of usability goals competitive analysis
 the impact of the activities on the design
Critical Discussion and Application of Design and Prototype: 15
To include
 parallel design, peer to peer evaluation and its impact on the
design.
 each screen purpose and strategy behind its design
Critical Discussion and Application on Testing: 15
To include
 details on heuristic evaluation performed
 details on the formative testing performed
 details on the impact of the results to the final prototype
Individual Marks (30%)
Research and Reference 20
Use of research to support decision making (appropriate use of
citations and references) in relevant to:
 User Profiling
 Usability Goals and Competitive Analysis
 Design and Prototype
 Testing
Each member will be responsible for documenting the research

section for one chosen usability engineering section identified above

Note: A group of three will only choose the first three sections for the

individual component.

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Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment

Presentation: 5
Demonstration of the final prototype/ability to explain the whole
usability engineering process undertaken
Overall achievement of the learning outcome: 5
Understanding of the overall HCI consideration for the project
Performance Criteria:

Criteria: Remarks

Distinction • Outstanding, comprehensive and clear explanation or implementation of the

A: 70%+ criteria
• A quality piece of work giving full coverage of the criteria

Credit • Effective and well standard of criteria used with some minor limitations
B: 60-69%

Credit • Acceptable and sufficient of criteria used with some severe limitations
C: 50:59%

Pass • Some criteria used with major limitations

D: 40-49%

Marginal • Insufficient and unclear of criteria used.

Fail
E: 30-39%

Fail • Major sections of criteria missing

F: 0-29%

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BE (HONS) IN COMPUTING
In-course Assignment Information Sheet

CE00306-2

Human Computer Interaction & Usability

Assignment
Interface Design Assignment
Subject : Human Computer Interaction & Usability

Intakes : PT1181/82
Date Assigned : 21 August 2013
Date Due : 11 November 2013
Lecturer : Ravi Sachdeva
Submission : Softcopy & Hardcopy

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this assignment, you should be able to:

1. Show fundamental issues of human computer interaction and cost effective

assessments of usability.
2. Apply common techniques in HCI to plan, investigate, model, synthesis and evaluate
a small-scale prototype.

Assignment Overview

You are to complete one piece of intensive course work for the module HCIU which is worth
50% of the module overall marks. The incourse work is to be completed as a piece of
cooperative and collaborative group work. You need to work in a team of 4/3 members.

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Topic of the Assignment:

You are required to develop an interface of a Library Management System. The design should be
made with respect to the HCI design guidelines.

It should be an interactive application which can be developed using an authoring tool of your
choice. Do note that the purpose of this assignment focuses on the user interface and what goes
into the entire design process that will give it a certain look and feel. A fully functional system is
not expected to be produced.

However, some limited functionality (such as dummy output) is expected in order to demonstrate
the ability of the system. Database backend are not necessary.

First Stage

At the initial stage of this project, the team members are to meet together and brainstorm for this
project. As a team, you are required to submit your proposal which includes the following
requirements:

You need to draw a scheme of work that shows how and when your team will perform the
usability engineering activities (as identified on page 3 of this document)

Your plan should include details of the tasks (including meetings) that will be involved and what
deliverables you will produce as the usability project proceeds, including the final report itself.

You are advised to include some spare time in your plan for unforeseen events e.g. one or more
team members being absent for short periods.

Deliverable: You will be expected to ‘walk through’ your plan with a module tutor during week 5
of the module (for up to 10% – see the Marking Scheme in page 4). You will need to make a 10-
minute appointment to do this, normally during one of the usual timetabled slots.

Once this proposal is approved then you and your team can move on to the second stage of the
project where design, implementation, documentation and presentation will be scheduled.

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Second Stage

Your team will work through the following usability engineering activities:

User Requirement
 User Profiling/Stakeholder analysis
 Task analysis

Usability Goals and Competitive Analysis

 Identifying usability principles used in the system
 Competitive Analysis

Prototype and Walkthrough

 Parallel design
 Storyboarding and description of each screen purpose and strategy behind its design

Testing of Design
 Heuristic evaluation
 Formative Testing

General
 Implementation
 Final presentation
 References

Complete documentation (maximum 10000 words) must be produced to contain all the activities
that the development team went through in producing the system. Complete and detailed
research is required for each activity.

As this is a group assignment, it is expected that the usability engineering activities are to be
carried out together as a team. Each member must demonstrate knowledge and ability to explain
each activity and the justifications of any decision made. This will contribute to the individual
marks during the presentation.

Each member will be responsible for documenting the research section of one chosen usability
engineering section.

Throughout the development cycle, the team is required to discuss the progress of the project
every two weeks. Documentation of the discussions is to be included as part of the submission
together with a detailed workload matrix to show the participation of all group members.

The workload matrix is to be signed off by each team member.

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Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment

Marking scheme

Marks will be accorded to the team members for all work carried out in their respective section.
The following are the marks that are to be awarded to each team member for the work done by
the entire group.

Group Marks (70%)

Plan Walkthrough 10
Critical Discussion and Application of User Requirements: 15
To include
 the selection of data gathering methods
 the actual user profiling process performed
discussions on task analysis conducted
 the impact of user profiling and task analysis on the design
Critical Discussion and Application of Usability Goals and 15
Competitive Analysis:
To include
 the selection of design principles
 the selection of usability goals competitive analysis
 the impact of the activities on the design
Critical Discussion and Application of Design and Prototype: 15
To include
 parallel design, peer to peer evaluation and its impact on the
design.
 each screen purpose and strategy behind its design
Critical Discussion and Application on Testing: 15
To include
 details on heuristic evaluation performed
 details on the formative testing performed
 details on the impact of the results to the final prototype
Individual Marks (30%)
Research and Reference 20
Use of research to support decision making (appropriate use of
citations and references) in relevant to:
 User Profiling
 Usability Goals and Competitive Analysis
 Design and Prototype
 Testing
Each member will be responsible for documenting the research

section for one chosen usability engineering section identified above

Note : A group of three will only choose the first three sections for
the individual component.
Presentation: 5
Demonstration of the final prototype/ability to explain the whole
usability engineering process undertaken

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Overall achievement of the learning outcome: 5

Understanding of the overall HCI consideration for the project
Performance Criteria:

Criteria: Remarks

Distinction • Outstanding, comprehensive and clear explanation or implementation of the

A: 70%+ criteria
• A quality piece of work giving full coverage of the criteria

Credit • Effective and well standard of criteria used with some minor limitations
B: 60-69%

Credit • Acceptable and sufficient of criteria used with some severe limitations
C: 50:59%

Pass • Some criteria used with major limitations

D: 40-49%

Marginal • Insufficient and unclear of criteria used.

Fail
E: 30-39%

Fail • Major sections of criteria missing

F: 0-29%

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Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment

Acknowledgement
-
Around a period of two months we were working hard to achieve our goal. We are
strived hard to complete our assignment. Now after the completion of our group assignment we
are happy to see the best results. Our goal was to give an outstanding and appreciating
performance. Though there were lots of problems we had to face but we all worked together and
moved on and on. Today we are out with flying colours. First, we would like thank to APIIT
INDIA to provide us the opportunity to do such an assignment. We are very much grateful to our
Module Lecturer Mr. Ravi Sachdeva for her continuous support in the development of the
assignment and have enabled us to complete our assignment on time. He was always there to
listen and to give advice and He also taught us how to express our ideas. We greatly
acknowledge the working contribution of Director Sir, who encouraged us and provided us with
all kinds of facilities including Ultra modern Library and computer Lab. We would also like to
thank all our friends, family and everybody else who helped us anyways in our assignment. Last
and but not the least, I want to acknowledge all my friends and colleagues who supported us in
our assignment.

Group Member„s Name:

Aakash Bathla(Group Leader) PT1182214

Kawal Deep Singh PT1183306
Shubham Sharma PT1181138

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Certification:

This is to Certify that Group Consisting of

Aakash Bathla (Group Leader) (PT1182214)

Kawal Deep Singh (PT1183306)

Shubham Sharma (PT1181138)

Has Successfully Completed their Project named “LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM” of

the Module ”Human Computer Interaction and Usability” As Per Staffordshire University

Guidelines and Under my Guidance.

Mr. Ravi Sachdeva

(Module Lecturer)

APIIT SD INDIA

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………………….. 10

Certification ………………………………………………………………………………. 11

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Introduction:

The Term HCIU stands for “Human Computer Interaction and User Interface” .It is the

study of interaction between user and Computer. HCIU is concerned with the design, evaluation

and implementation of interaction computing Systems for human is and with the study of major

phenomena surrounding them. HCIU is a very broad discipline that encompasses different

specialties with different concerns regarding computer development.

As a group we are decided to develop an attractive and user friendly “LIBRARY

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM”. It is one of the popular sites that can be seen by everyone. It has

become the necessity of every college and school.

As this site is mainly used by student and library faculties, we are going to introduce a new

interface which will be helpful to every computer user and it would not provide the major-

functionalities but would also provide the user with the simplest interface and easily navigation

to menus and sub-menus.

The Site is being developed by keeping the following considerations in mind such as:

Effectiveness, Efficiency, Usability and Simplicity.

Understanding the key issues in the field of Human-Computer Interaction.

A System that can be easily understandable and navigated by the kids.


Designing and evaluating interfaces on the basis of relevant knowledge and appreciation
of human capabilities.

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Workload Matrix:

Aakash Bathla Kawal Deep Singh Shubham Sharma

1. User Requirement
1.1. User Profiling and data 33.3 33.3 33.4
gathering
33.3 33.3 33.4
1.2. Stakeholder analysis
33.3 33.3 33.4
1.3. Task analysis
100
1.4. Documentation

2. Usability Goals and

Competitive Analysis 33.4
2.1. Identifying usability 33.3 33.3
goals 33.4
2.2. Design principles 33.3 33.3
33.4
2.3. Competitive Analysis 33.3 33.3
100
2.4. Documentation

33.4 33.3 33.3

3. Prototype and Walkthrough 33.4 33.3 33.3

3.1. Parallel design

3.2. Storyboarding
3.3. Software prototyping
3.4. Documentation 33.4 33.3 33.3

100
4. Testing of Design

4.1. Heuristic evaluation 33.3 33.4 33.3

4.2. Formative Testing 33.3 33.4 33.3
4.3. Documentation 33.3 33.3 33.3

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5. General
5.1. Implementation 33% 33% 34%
5.2. Documentation

Group Member Signature

Aakash Bathla(PT1182214) ____________________

Kawal Deep Singh(PT1183306) ____________________

Shubham Sharma(PT1181138) ____________________

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1.0 User Requirements

1.1 User Profiling

1.1.1 What is User Profiling?

The Process or act of “establishing and collecting the knowledge about the

users related to any specific system of all the users who are expected to use the

system and also of what these users want to do” can be termed as user profiling. In

other words we can say that the user profiling is the activity of gathering data regarding

intended user, either individuals, novice or casual or expert ones. Just designing

appropriate would not help, since, users attribute may vary from place to place and may

other factors too. User Profiling involves identifying user attributes like physical

proximities, background, preferences and skills, which may help in co-coordinating and

prioritizing user requirements.

1.1.2 Why we user Profiling?

The purpose of user profiling is to gather information about the requirements from the

users. We do user profiling to identify the interest of all the stakeholders who may affect

or be affected by the system. Another Purpose of user profiling is to give adequate

feedback or just to make the system enjoyable and satisfaction. We need to find out the

demands from the user to achieve the goal of the system, because the system will fail if it;

Doesn‟t do what the user‟s needs.


Is inappropriate to the user. So that the system must match the user‟s task and
must meet the user requirements

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User profiling plays a vital role in framing the system usable which is easy to learn, remember

and easy to use. User Profiling is done so that it can aspire to the system to match the user‟s

tasks and to meet the user requirements. Without proper User Profiling, the interface will fail if it

does not know what the actual user require. The system will fail if it is not as per the requirement

of user. In order to make the system, it is important to understand the capabilities and limitations

of those we are designing for our users.

User Profiling consists of three main things:

User Profiling

Users

Goals

Tasks

1.1.3 Process of User Profiling –


To know who are the users?

To know where is the task performed?

To know the relationship between the user and the data?

To know how often the tasks are performed?

To know what are the Time Constraints?

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1. To know who are the users?

Under this we have all the features related to the user like how the user look like, their

background, skills and all.

Identify attributes of users

-Physical Characteristics: It is related to the outer appearance of the user, like how the user
looks like. It also signifies the age of the user. The user‟s ability and users disabilities like is the
user is having any eye sighted problem for which he/she uses glasses. Its all related to the user
outer appearance.
-Background: Here it means the educational background of the user which shows upto what
extent the user can understand the things, the social and religious background of the user which
helps a lot in making the system.
-Skills: In this we get a fair idea about the skills and task experience of the user. We get to know
what the user knowledge and experience is and what kind of task the user can perform.
-Preferences: Under this we can get to know how efficient the user is and how efficiently
he/uses the system to meet his/her requirements.
2. To know where is the task performed?

Under this we will have an idea about the place and the situation where the system has to work

and according to which the system has to design because surrounding environment matters a lot

in working of a system.

While standing, while sitting, in a crowded place, where the system is going to be used.

Are users under stress or they are in absolutely light mood while using the system.

Is there confidentiality required or need to hide some information


The working space of the user, what kind of lighting do they work under, the kind of
place they sit and work .All the things related to their surroundings.

Surrounding noise

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3. To know the relationship between the user and the data?

Under this we can collect the information about relationship between the user and the data:

Personal Data: Is the data always accessed at same machine and personal to the user or not. Can

anyone else use the same data or not. Do users move between or work on the same particular

machine.

Common Data: Is the data being used is personal to a user or common to all the users. Is the

data passed sequentially between the users?

4. To know how often the task are performed?

Under this we get to know the about the frequency of using the system to perform any task:

Frequent users remember more details so no much assistance is required for them. So the
System is designed in same manner.

Infrequent users may need more help even for simple operations. So more and more steps
and guidance is given for such types of users in the system.

5. To know what are the time constraints?

Mainly time constraints deal with these Points:


What functions will users be in a hurry for and which functions can wait, positioning of
functions as in the same manner so that will easy for the user to perform his/her task as

per his/her need.


Is there any timing relationship between the tasks like if this task is performed then
within this much of time span the another task has to be done otherwise there will be time

out or the page will expire. This all have to decide while designing the system.

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Classification of user on the basis of domain knowledge and expertise-

The entire user domain can also be divided on the basis of knowledge possessed by the intended

users. They can be categorized as under-

Novice User- These are the users who has either no or limited knowledge of the occupational
task to be performed, and of computers and interface concepts. They are very new to the system

and will need a simple and basic interface. They may include that domain of users that has no

prime knowledge of basic computer handling and software handling. But this domain will

constitute very less numbers of users involved in present era of technology.

Guidelines for Novice User:

1. All initiative should come from the computer- the novice may not know what is to be

done.

2. Each required input should be brief- the shorter it is more likely it is to be remembered.

3. Input procedures should be consistent with user expectations-humans search for patterns

and will generalize.

4. Help should always be available-online.

5. I here should be sufficient feedback-closure.

Knowledgeable Intermittent Users- These are the users who understand the main
concept of the task. They also have a broad knowledge of computers and interface concepts.

These users may have problem in maintaining the system as they don‟t have a deep knowledge

of the system. The users in the group come under the less frequent users group and hence may

sometimes feel some problems in dealing with the system.

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Expert Frequent Users- These Users may include computer geeks. This user force may
include the developers and engineers who all are often involved in developing computer

applications. They are termed as frequent users, due to their tendency of maintaining close

relations to computer world. These mostly use shortcuts to accelerate the works faster.

1.2 Human Factors-

Considering Human Factors is a potent part of constructing a design of any system. Knowing

users‟ capability and restrictions is important for guiding the arrangement of controls and

components of any system. Certain human factors effecting interface working are:

1. Physiology:- It mainly deals with physical build up or body parts of the users. It

deals with the physical abilities and disabilities of the users. The design of system or

interface is many a time affected by human physiology or built up factors. Hence,

designers must take care of various techniques for users to access input and output

modules. Physiology can be covered under three points:-

Reaction Time: It is the response which an user takes to response for a action or
an activity. It vary from one user to another one.

Movement: It is related to the displacement of controls in any specific system. Or

it may be termed as the speed of accessibility of different components across the

screens of game by the user.

Disability: User may also possess some disability which may restrict them to make
full use of system. Disease like Rheumatoid arthritis often restrict user from accessing

interface containing too many buttons and splash screens. Hence, paper use of mouse

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control has been considered and tools like arrows keys will be used to handle input

modules.

2. Cognition: Cognition is the scientific term for “The Process of thought” and it is

basically related to brain of human body. It is related with the aspect that how many

things we can understand at a same time. It mainly deals with the human

understanding, thinking, reasoning, problem solving capabilities, memory. It also

deals with time span for which an individual can pay attention to a specific task.

According to George Miller‟s (1956) theory, 7±2 chunks of information can be held

in short-term memory at any time. This concept must be followed while designing the

interfaces for any system.

3. Perception: It describes perceiving power of users. It is the capabilities and

limitation of visual processing and understanding how users perceive size and depth.

While designing the system, care should be taken about all the human cognition ane

perception factors which could affect the output of the sytem.


It can be measured by mainly three laws:

 Law of proximity: Describes that object near each other tend

to be grouped together.

 Law of Closure: Describes objects together are seen as a

whole.

 Law of Similarity:- Items that are similar tend to be grouped

together.

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Stakeholder Analysis: Person, group or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an
organization, because it can affect or affected by the Organisation„s actions, objectives, and

policies.

Stakeholder analysis is a technique we can use to identify and access the importance of

key people, groups of people, or institutions that may signifies influence the success of our

activity or project. The technique can be used alone or with team members. The Stakeholder

concept was first used in a 1963 internal memorandum at the Stanford research institute .It

defined stakeholders as “those groups without whose support the organization would cease to

exist”

The four main categories of stockholders affecting are listed below:

Primary Stakeholder : Users who directly uses the system are known as primary stakeholder.

These users actually use all the resources of the system. They are the persons who are affected

either positively or negatively due to the project.

Secondary Stakeholder: Those who don‟t work on the system but need reports regarding

system at regular interval of time or in other words we can say that who are interested in progress

reports of system are kept under the category of secondary stakeholders. This may include

project managers, system managers etc.

Tertiary Stakeholder: Those who are the owner of the system and who are investing money and

their capital in development of the system comes under the category of tertiary stakeholders. i.e

all who are interrelated with loss and profit of system comes under tertiary stakeholders or those

who help in managing the system comes under this category.

Facilitating Stakeholder: Those persons who are involved in designing, developing and

maintaining the products are known as Facilitating stakeholders.

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Selection and Justification of the Stakeholder:

I already discussed above that stakeholders are the people that are directly or indirectly

affected by the organization action, objective and policies.

Following are the steps we took to analyze our stakeholders

1. Identifying the stakeholders

In this step we determined all the people who are affected by our work, who have influence or

power over it, or have an interest in its successful or unsuccessful conclusion. The identified

stakeholders are librarian, students, teachers.

Prioritize our stakeholders

All the above mentioned people are somehow linked with our system in one way or the other. We

can divide them into smaller groups on the basis of the power they have over the system and the

interest these people have in our system. This way we created 4 groups with people having low

power-low interest, low power-high interest, high power-low interest and high power-high

interest.

Thus the system can have following prioritization for their stakeholders:

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The stakeholders can be prioritized more precisely as follow:

1. Primary stakeholder: These are those who directly use the system and here the primary

stakeholders are the librarian, student and faculty as they for whom the whole system is

going to be developed.

2. Secondary stakeholder: These are the people who don‟t use or work on the developed

system but they want the reports after every certain period of time and here for library

management system the secondary stakeholders are director and accountant.

3. Tertiary stakeholder: These are the people who tell the developers to develop the

system and here APIIT SD INDIA, Panipat is the owner of the system who is paying the

developers to develop the system.

4. Facilitating: These are the developers who develop the system and maintain the system

and here the students namely aakash bathla, shubham Sharma, kawal deep singh are the

developers.

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Data Gathering Technique:

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in

an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test

hypothesis and evaluate outcomes. Data gathering is also defined as a type of tool that is used to

gather information from particular company, organization or any sort of a resource.

Data gathering techniques can be divided in to two categories, qualitative and quantitative

research.

Qualitative research is used to explore and understand people‟s benefits experiences, attitudes

and behavior and interactions. It is the most efficient and must be used whenever possible.

Quantitative methods are most used in focus group and observation, where direct reference to the

people is required.

Quantitative research refers to the data that can be represented with numerical values. It generate numerical data

or data that can be converted into numbers. for example the national census, which counts people and households.

Qualitative Quantitative

All research ultimately has a qualitative There is no such thing as Qualitative data. Everything
grounding. is either 1 or 0.

Recommended during early phases of research Recommended during latter phases of research
projects. projects.

Qualitative data is more “rich”, time consuming, Quantitative data is more efficient, able to test
and less able to be generalized. hypothesis, but may miss contextual details.

Data is in the form of words, pictures or objects. Data is in the form of numbers and statistics.

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Why do data collection:

1. To decide appropriate method of data collection to use. First we must know;


What data we need to achieve the objectives?

From whom do you need to collect it?

What is the most appropriate way of collecting data in the organization?

2. Develop clear objective


Know what we want to achieve

Know the organization

Identify the stakeholder

3. Determine scope and resource allocation


Coverage of the organization

Estimate the level of human, financial, physical and technical resources.

4. Choose methodology

Data Gathering(Questionnaire)

Data analysis and evaluation

5. Develop communication strategy


Communication before, during and after

Communication of findings and recommendations

Communication of implementation of recommendations.

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Steps in data gathering:

1. Schedule initial visit to user site.

2. Gather and read background materials

3. Establish data gathering objectives.

4. Determine what data gathering techniques to use

5. Identify contact persons

6. Schedule data gathering activities.

7. Assign to data gathering teams.

8. Identify deliverables.

Data Gathering Techniques:

There are various ways of data gathering techniques. We discussed about four techniques which

are;

Interview

Questionnaire

Observation

Focus Group

Interview

Interview is one of the most important ways to gather information and create contents for a story.

Interviews are conducted on one-on-one or small group of people. The purpose of an interview

are to become familiar with different types of interviews, To understand when interviews might

be useful for the evaluation, and to identify the components of a good interview.

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Types of Interview:

1. Structured Interview

2. Open-Ended Interview

3. In-Depth Interview

Structured Interview: Sometimes referred to as patterned interview. Interviews that use

predetermined categories of answers. The main purpose of the structured interview is to

pinpoint job skills that are essential to the position.

Open- Ended Interview: Broad Questions area asked in a predetermined manner

allowing for free-flowing conversation. Can be used both to give and receive information.

In-Depth Interviews : An In-depth Interview is a conversation with an individual

conducted by trained staff that usually collects specific information about one person.

When to use Different Types of Interviews:

Structured Interviews

Suitable for short, non-sensitive topics

Can address program processes and subjective response to program outcomes.

May be useful for needs assessments and satisfaction surveys.

Open-Ended and In-Depth Interviews


Used to gather detailed information, opinions and experiences and to
thoroughly document processes.

Help to make connections between the program impact and other aspects of
participants‟ lives.

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Advantages Of Interviews:

1. Enables us to learn about things that can-not be directly observed.

2. Add an inner perspective to outward behaviors.

3. Increase Accuracy of response.

4. Respondents can raise concerns

5. Enables Modification to lines of inquiry

6. The interviewer can probe deeper into a response given by an interviewee.

Disadvantages of Interviews:

1. It is time consuming.

2. The Interviewer may be biased and ask close questions.

3. Quality of information obtained is largely dependent upon the interviewer.

Questionnaire /Survey:

Questionnaire is a document containing a set of questions regarding the information that needs

to be gathered, and it allows the analyst to collect information and opinion from respondents.

The purposes of a questionnaire are to understand the survey would be useful for the evaluation

and to learn about the components of a good questionnaire/survey. Closed-Ended Questions:

Question that give the respondent a choice of answers to select from.

Open-Ended Questions: Questions that allow the respondent to write an answer in his/her own

words.

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Advantages of Questionnaire:

1. The responses are gathered in a standardized way, so questionnaires are more objective,

certainly more so than interviews

2. Generally it is relatively quick to collect information using a questionnaire. However in

some situations they can take a long time not only to design but also to apply and

analyze.

3. Potentially information can be collected from a large portion of a group. This potential is

not realized, as returns from questionnaires are usually low. However return rates can be

dramatically improved if the questionnaire is delivered and respond to in time.

Disadvantages:

1. Questions may be misunderstood by respondents.

2. Responses to closed-ended questions provide limited depth.

3. Quantitative analysis is less meaningful when the sample size is small.

4. Survey use requirements an understanding of survey design and statistics.

Observation

Observation method is a technique in which the behavior of research subjects is watched and

recorded without any direct contact. It is a qualitative method that provides descriptive

information about what happens in a program event, Including the environment or context,

activities, processes and discussions.

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Types and Using Observation methods

This method can be independently or in combination with other methods of a job analysis. There

are three methods of job analysis based on observation, which are:


Direct observation: This method observes employees in the performance of their duties,
recording observation as they are made.

Work Method Analysis: This method is used to describe manual and repetitive
production jobs and is used by industrial engineers to determine standard rates of

production, to set pay rates. It includes time and motion study and micro-motion system.

Critical Incident Technique: Though they employ the same method, these methods
differ in terms of who the observing,

Advantages of Observation:

1. Firsthand observation

2. Simple to use

3. Verifies data from other sources

4. Useful for manual and psycho-motor tasks.

Disadvantages of Observation:

1. Time Consuming

2. May bias worker performance

3. Small sample size

4. Requires skilled observer

5. Validity and reliability may be problematic.

6. Not useful for jobs consisting on mostly mental tasks.

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Focus Group:

Focus groups present a unique opportunity to a group of end-users to discuss their needs,

objectives and perceptions in an interactive environment. The opinions and statements of the

respondents enable one to derive strategic information and draw interesting conclusions.

Conducting a Focus Group

The seven basic steps for conducting a focus group are:

1. Determine research objectives

2. Develop a discussion format

3. Choose and screen participants

4. Select a moderator

5. Convene the focus group meeting

6. Collect and analyze the data

7. Make a presentation

To improve the effectiveness of the focus group, a special facility, consisting of a meeting room

with a round or oval table to enhance communication among the respondents, should be used.

Desirable Qualities of moderator

The moderator must lead the discussion and ensure that all the predetermined objectives of the

interview are met, while making sure that no personal bias affects the course of the interview.

Some of the desirable qualities are:


Must be well-informed in the nuances of the industry being discussed for a better
understanding of the discussion.

Must be able to encourage members of the group to discuss concepts in greater
detail.

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
Must be able to encourage a debate among the respondents to generate deeper
discussions. However, he/she must not allow the interview to degenerate into an

argument.

Must encourage the involvement of all the members in the group.

Must be adaptable. The moderator should commit the session‟s questionnaire to
memory and allow the session to flow smoothly without enforcing an arbitrary

question order.

Must exhibit significant degrees of empathy with the group, while maintaining
control over the interviews.

Advantages of focus group

1. Opinions or ideas of the individual group member can be taken and defined by the

group, resulting in more accurate information.

2. A snowballing effect can occur, causing the ideas of individual members of the group

to be passed around the ground, gathering both momentum and detail.

3. Focus group interviews are generally more interesting to the respondent than

individual interviews. As a result, answers are likely to be longer and more revealing.

4. As the questions of the moderator are directed at a group rather than individuals, the

degree of spontaneity of resultant answers is often greater in a focus group interview.

Disadvantages of focus group

1. Structuring a random sample is a complicated task. The responses of the participants in

the interview are likely to be different from those that did not participate. Therefore, non-

response can be a serious problem.

2. Focus group is generally costlier than other end-user interview alternatives.

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3. The moderator can introduce significant biases into the proceedings, should he/she fail to

ask certain questions or delve deeply into specific areas.

4. Skilled moderators are difficult to find, and when their services are available, they are

often expensive.

Selection and justification of a chosen data method

Any project or task requires a healthy amount of data. Based on this data, the team can induce its

work on the project. Data gathering is simply collecting information is related to a project or task

from the user or any other sources. Mainly there are five techniques for collecting or gathering

information.

Questionnaires

Interviews

Workshops/Focus Group

Naturalistic observation

Studying documents

The requisites of system being developed significantly depend upon the targeted users and the

conditions provided to the system of online library management system when is embryo stage.

Moreover, when it comes to the interface designing, It becomes all the more potent to consider

user expectations to make the system a popular entity among user community. Hence in order to

determine the user requirements and considering the market demands, designers often follow

various data gathering techniques.

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Data Gathering techniques we chose:

Since we have to design a online library management system project for College, Our project

includes large number of users from places which are geographically as well as culturally apart.

In this situations questionnaire s can be good option for collecting valuable data.

We will prepare printed as well as online questionnaires in order to reach large community.

Here‟s a small sample of our questionnaire

1. For how many years are you using your current Library management system?

a.) 0 year

b.) < 1 year

c.) 1-5 year

d.) > 5 Year

2. How do you grade performance of your present Library management system?

a.) 100%

b.) 50%-70%

c.) 70%-99%

d.) Can‟t say

3. In the Past 10 Years, How many times did your library go through LMS Migration?

a.) 0 time

b.) 1 time

c.) More than once

4. Why did your library take a decision to migrate from earlier Library Management

System?

a.) Cost Factor – Maintenance

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b.) Quality Improvement

c.) Administration reasons

d.) Economic Reasons

e.) New Feature if any_________

5. Which background color will be best for the online library management system?

a.) Colorful

b.) Colorless

c.) Not sure

6. Are you agree, that there must be some facility for the disable person in Library

management system?

a.) Yes

b.) No

c.) Not Sure

7. Which language is suitable for library management system?

a.) English

b.) Hindi

c.) France

d.) Any Other please specify___________________________

8. Which font you like most?

a.) Times new Roman

b.) Georgia c.)

Arial Black d.)

Other

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9. How often do you visit your college

library? a.) Daily

b.) Thrice Weekly

c.) Weekly

d.) Monthly

e.) Rarely

10. Are you comfortable with the library catalogue system?

a.) Most comfortable

b.) Comfortable

c.) Comfortable to a little extent

d.) Not at all comfortable

11. Do you always use the

internet? a.) Yes

b.) No

c.) Sometime

Questionnaire Analysis

Conclusion on questionnaire

After analyzing the resultant data of the user we find that we should create the online library

management system for the students and the faculty. The language of the online library

management system should be in English and the user must want their personal account in which

they can easily view the details of him/her. In online library management system there must be

something for the disable person through which they can easily use the online library

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management system, like as for a blind person there must be sound. We change the current

library management system from older to newer one only because of Quality Improvement.

Impact on Design

Question 1 For how many years are you using your current Library
management system?

Analysis 0 Year-10%, <1 Year- 60%, 1-5 Year-15%, >5 Year-60%

Impact Most of the users are under 1Year

10%
15%

15% 0 Year
< 1 Year

1-5 Year
>5 Year

60%

Question 2 How do you grade performance of your present Library

management system?

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Analysis 100%-(10%),50%-70%-(10%),70%-99%-(70%),Can‟t say(10%)

Impact Grade performance of our system is

10% 10%

10%

100%
50%-70%
70%-99%
Can't say

70%

Question 3 In the Past 10 Years, How many times did your library go through
LMS Migration?

Analysis

Impact

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10% 10%

0 time
1 time
more than once

80%

Question 4 Why did your library take a decision to migrate from earlier
Library Management System?

Analysis

Impact

5%
5%

15% Cost Factor

Quality Improvement
Economic Reasons
Administration reason
Any Other

70%

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Question 8 Which background color will be best for the online library
management system?

Analysis

Impact

10%

Colorful
30% Colorless
Not sure
60%

Question 9 Are you agree that there must be some facility for the disable
person in Library management system?

Analysis

Impact

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10%

Yes
30%
No
Not sure

70%

Question 10 Which language is suitable for library management system?

Analysis

Impact

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5%
5%

20% English
Hindi
France
70% Any Other

Question 11 Which font you like most?

Analysis

Impact

20%
Times New Roman

10% Georgia
Arial Black
60% Any Other

10%

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Question 12 How often do you visit your college library?

Analysis

Impact

8%
10%

Daily
Thrice Weekly
60% Weekly
Monthly
30% Rarely

Question 13 Are you comfortable with the library catalogue system?

Analysis

Impact

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8%

10%
Most Comfortable

Comfortable
60% Comfortable to a little extent
30% Not at all Comfortable

Question 14 Do you always use the internet?

Analysis

Impact

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10%

Yes
30% No
Sometime
60%

Knowledge about user

Students:-

Librarian:-

Task Analysis

Task analysis is the process of way people performing their jobs: The things they do, the thing

they act on and the things they need to know. It is process in which task structure is analyzed.

Critical elements and potential usability issues are identified. It is a method/set of methods for

understanding the tasks, user carry out with a product/system. The key terminologies involved

in task/analysis are goal and task.

Goal: The state that the human wishes to achieve.

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Task: The activities required in order to bring about the state the human wishes to achieve (the

goal).

Purpose of task analysis

1. Determine the goals and objectives

2. Define and describe in detail the tasks and sub tasks to be performed.

3. Specify the knowledge type(declarative, structural and procedural knowledge) that

characterize a task.

4. Select outcomes that are appropriate for the development.

5. Prioritize and sequence tasks.

6. Determine activities and strategies.

7. Select appropriate media environments.

8. Construct performance assessments and evaluation.

Three potential uses of task analysis in the design process

Existing Task New

system Analysis
System

Related
system
Task
New
System
Analysis
Related
system

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Related Task New

system Analysis System

Task synthesis

Hierarchical Task analysis

HTA is a task analysis technique which involves some form of task decomposition to express a

whole task into different subtasks. HTA is a commonly used means of breaking tasks down into a

hierarchy of goals Operations and plans. The sub-task are then further divided into sub-tasks

when are then grouped as plans that specifies how the tasks might be performed in an actual

situation.

The output of HTA are a hierarchy of tasks and subtasks and also plans describing in what order

and under what conditions subtasks are performed.

Goal:

It describes what the user wants to achieve

 Metaphors:-

Metaphors are the conceptual model that has been developed to be similar in some way to the

aspects of a physical entity. A metaphor is a figure of speech that constructs an analogy between

two things or ideas; the analogy is conveyed by the use of metaphorical word in place of some

other word.

Benefits of using metaphor

 Easier to learn because it is familiar to user.

 Enables learning by building upon existing knowledge.

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 Provides the powerful way of learning the complexity of a system.

 A short cut of complete tasks.

Selection and justification of task analysis

Goals:

We have to keep this thing in our mind that the design should be interactive and the users

will not get distracted, confused while accessing the online library management system.

Goals of our system when librarian uses the system:

1. Login

2. Add/Remove Books

3. Add/Remove Members

4. Issue Books

5. Renewal Books

6. Return Books

7. Search Books

8. Logout

Goals of our system when student uses the system

1. Login

2. Search books

3. Display status of books borrowed by him

4. Logout

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When student uses the system

HTA OF LOGIN

0.0
LOGIN

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Click for Login as

Open the website Fill the form Click submit button
Student

3.1 3.2 3.3

Enter Username Enter Password Forgot Password

Plan 0.0

Do 1.0 then 2.0 then do 3.1, 3.2, 3 randomly do 1.4

Plan 3.0

If user forgot 3.1 and 3.2 then go to 3.3.

Task Analysis of Login

Task Critically Difficulty Frequency

Open Website H L H

Click on Login H L H

Fill form H M H

Submit H L H

Assumptions for Login

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The person who logged in should have little idea about the online library management system.

HTA OF SEARCH

0.0
Search Books

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Click for login as Click Search

Open the website Login form
student books

3.1 3.2 3.3

Enter username Enter Password Forgot Password

4.1 4.2 4.3

Click on search by Click on search by Click on search by

book id book name author name

Plan 0.0

Do 1.0 then 2.0 then do 3.0 then 3.1 and 3.2 then do 4.0 then 4.1 or 4.2 or 4.3.

Task Analysis of Search Book

Task Critically Difficulty Frequency

Open Website H L H

Click on Login H L H

Fill form H M H

Search Book H M H

Submit H L H

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Assumptions for Search Book

The person who logged in should have idea about the book name or book id or author name.

HTA OF DISPLAY STATUS

0.0
Display Status

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Click for login as Click Display

Open the website Login form Logout
student Status

3.1 3.2 3.3

Enter username Enter Password Forgot Password

Plan 0.0

Do 1.0 then 2.0 then do 3.0 then 3.1 and 3.2 then do 4.0 then do 5.0.

Task Analysis of Display Status

Task Critically Difficulty Frequency

Open Website H L H

Click on Login H L H

Fill form H M H

Display Status H L H

Submit H L H

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When librarian use the system

HTA OF LOGIN

0.0
LOGIN

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Click for Login as

Open the website Fill the form Click submit button
Student

3.1 3.2 3.3

Enter Username Enter Password Forgot Password

Plan 0.0

Do 1.0 then 2.0 then do 3.1, 3.2, 3 randomly do 1.4

Plan 3.0

If user forgot 3.1 and 3.2 then go to 3.3.

Task Analysis of Login

Task Critically Difficulty Frequency

Open Website H L H

Click on Login H L H

Fill form H M H

Submit H L H

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Level 2(Computing) HCIU Group Assignment

Assumptions for Login

The person who logged in should have little idea about the online library management system.

HTA OF ADD/REMOVE BOOK

0.0
ADD/REMOVE BOOK

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Click for login as Click Add/Remove Add/Remove Book

Open the website Form Logout
Librariant Book

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

Fill Basic details of Click Remove

Click Add Book Enter Book Id
book Book

For add Book

Plan 0.0

Do 1.0 then 2.0 then do 3.0 then 4.0 then do 4.1 then do 4.2 then do 5.0.

For Remove Book

Plan 0.0

Do 1.0 then 2.0 then do 3.0 then 4.0 then do 4.3 then do 4.4 then do 5.0.

Task Analysis of Add/Remove Book

Task Critically Difficulty Frequency

Open Website H L H

Do Login H L H

Fill Add/Remove H M H
Book Form

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Submit H L H

Assumptions for Add/Remove Book

The librarian know the book id of the book which he want to delete the book.

HTA OF ADD/REMOVE STUDENT

0.0
ADD/REMOVE STUDENT

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Click for login as Click Add/Remove Add/Remove

Open the website Student Form Logout
Librariant Student

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

Fill Basic details of Click Remove

Click Add Student Enter Student Id
Student Student

For add Student

Plan 0.0

Do 1.0 then 2.0 then do 3.0 then 4.0 then do 4.1 then do 4.2 then do 5.0.

For Remove Student

Plan 0.0

Do 1.0 then 2.0 then do 3.0 then 4.0 then do 4.3 then do 4.4 then do 5.0.

Task Analysis of Add/Remove Book

Task Critically Difficulty Frequency

Open Website H L H

Do Login H L H

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Fill Add/Remove H M H
Book Form

Submit H L H

Assumptions for Add/Remove Student

The librarian know the book id of the book which he want to delete the book.

HTA OF SEARCH BOOK

0.0
Search Books

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Click for login as Click Search

Open the website Login form Logout
student books

3.1 3.2 3.3

Enter username Enter Password Forgot Password

4.1 4.2 4.3

Click on search by Click on search by Click on search by

book id book name author name

Plan 0.0

Do 1.0 then 2.0 then do 3.0 then 3.1 and 3.2 then do 4.0 then 4.1 or 4.2 or 4.3 then do 5.0.

Task Analysis of Search Book

Task Critically Difficulty Frequency

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Open Website H L H

Click on Login H L H

Fill form H M H

Search Book H M H

Submit H L H

Assumptions for Search Book

The person who logged in should have idea about the book name or book id or author name.

HTA OF ISSUE BOOK

0.0
ISSUE BOOK

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Click for login as Fill Issue Book

Open the website Click Issue Book Form Logout
Librarian

4.1 4.2 4.2

Fill Basic details of Fill Basic Details

Click Issue Book
book Of Student

Plan 0.0

Do 1.0 then 2.0 then do 3.0 then 3.1 and 3.2 then do 4.0 then 4.1 or 4.2 or 4.3 then do 5.0.

Task Analysis of Issue Book

Task Critically Difficulty Frequency

Open Website H L H

Do Login H L H

Click Issue Book H L H

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Fill Requirements for H M H

Issue Book

Submit H L H

Assumptions for Issue Book

The librarian knows the book details to be issued and the student details to whom the book is to

be issued.

HTA OF RENEW BOOK

0.0
RENIEW BOOK

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Click for login as Fill Reniew Book

Open the website Click Reniew Book Form Logout
Librarian

4.1 4.2 4.2

Fill Basic details of Fill Basic Details

Click Submit
book Of Student

Plan 0.0

Do 1.0 then 2.0 then do 3.0 then 3.1 and 3.2 then do 4.0 then 4.1 or 4.2 or 4.3 then do 5.0.

Task Analysis of Renew Book

Task Critically Difficulty Frequency

Open Website H L H

Do Login H L H

Click Issue Book H L H

Fill Requirements for H M H

Renew Book

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Submit H L H

Assumptions for Renew Book

The librarian knows the book details to be Renew and the student details to which the book is

to be renewed.

HTA OF RETURN BOOK

0.0
RETURN BOOK

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Click for login as Fill Return Book

Open the website Click Return Book Form Logout
Librarian

4.1 4.2 4.2

Fill Basic details of Fill Basic Details

Click Submit
book Of Student

Plan 0.0

Do 1.0 then 2.0 then do 3.0 then 3.1 and 3.2 then do 4.0 then 4.1 or 4.2 or 4.3 then do 5.0.

Task Analysis of Return Book

Task Critically Difficulty Frequency

Open Website H L H

Do Login H L H

Click Return Book H L H

Fill Requirements for H M H

Return Book

Submit H L H

Assumptions for Return Book

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The librarian knows the book details to be Returned and the student details who returned the

book.

Design and Prototype:

Description:

Designing is achieving goals within constraints. It helps us tp focus on certain things. the main

goal of designing to get the overview of what we are trying to develop, for whom we are trying

to develop and do we want to develop. The constraints that are kept in mind while designing

could how designing should be done, what should be done, what would be the cost and timing of

designing and other issues. There are two types of design:

1. Conceptual Design: It is a basic foundation that defines the structure of the system,

including the functional elements of the product, their relationship and the system

behavior. Conceptual design tells us what and how the system is going to behave.

2. Physical Design: It shows the actual look of the screen and details of the designing

example: Screen, Icons, Graphics, menus.

Card Sorting:

Introduction:

Card sorting is a technique that many designers use as a design method to structure the

product or the system. This technique increases the system‟s finding capability. It is a way to

involve users in grouping similar elements under a single category Card sorting is quick,

inexpensive and a reliable method to structure our website. There are basically two types of card

sorting techniques.

1. OPEN- CARD SORTING: It is grouping similar elements under one category. The

participants are given cards showing the site contents. Then, they are asked to sort/ group cards

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in the order in which they find it easy to handle. This sorting is usually done, when the system is

wholly new, the designer and doesn‟t have any pre- requisites for it. This technique is generative,

exploring new ideas.

2. CLOSED–CARD SORTING: The best design is searched not a particular element. The

participants are given cards with pre grouped site contents. They are than asked to find the best

among those groups. This sorting is usually done, when the similar kinds of design are available

to us. This technique is evaluative, it is basically used to judge whether a given set of category

provides an effective way to organize a given collection of content.

Activity of Card Sorting:

It is open card sorting. The design team has conducted the card sorting for the menus of

our website. Here 4 menus/cards were distributed among the users and were asked to group them

logically.

a.) Home
b.) Administrator

c.) Library Member

d.) Book Details

e.) About Us

f.) Contact Us

Result of Card Sorting(Menus):

Sorting by Sorting by Sorting by Sorting by Sorting by Sorting by

user 1 user 2 user 3 user 4 user 5 user 6

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A A A B A A

B C B A B C
C B C D C B

D D D E D E

E E E C E D

F F F F F F

Here, from the above sorting of menus, designers has found that the maximum no. of user

has selected the sorting like A, B, C, D, E, F. So, from the above Card Sorting Technique

designer has Selected A, B, C, D , E, F Sorting.

Activities of Card Sorting 2(Header)

Here, four sketches of headers have been made and shown to six users, to understand their

likes, dislikes and needs. The user will choose the best design among these sketches, which user

wants to be implemented into the website on the basis of background, color, font, menu location and

many others. The design team has done card sorting for the header of our website. Here we have

shown 4 headers/ cards.

(A) (B)
(C) (D)

Results Of Card Sorting (Header):

Sorting By Sorting By Sorting By Sorting By Sorting By Sorting By Sorting By

User1 User2 User3 User4 User5 User6 User7

D A D C B D D

Here, from the above sorting for the header, designer has found that the maximum number of
users has selected the Card D for design. So, from the above Card Sorting Technique designer
has selected Card D.
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10.3. Parallel Design Sketches

10.3.1. Introduction

In parallel design technique, several people or the members of the project create an initial design

from the same set of requirements. Each member works independently, and when finished,

shares his concepts with the group. These designs work because:
 The designer is able to get variety of solutions (ideas and concepts) of the problem.

 It also gives some extent of assuredly that best design and concept is going to be
integrated into our system.
 It gives last views in a short span of time.

Parallel design can be broken down into different steps:

 Design independently
 Present all the designs
 Evaluate the designs
 Implementing the design

Parallel Design 1

Parallel Design 2

Parallel Design 3

Parallel Design 4

Participatory Design

The design which is based on user requirements or user preferences .It is also defined as
an approach to design that attempts to actively involve all stakeholders (e.g. employees, partners,
customers, citizens, end users) in the design process to help ensure that the product designed

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meets their needs and is usable. Participatory Design is an approach which is focused on
processes and procedures of design and is not a design style.
Here the final design is chosen after discussion between all team members. From each of
the parallel sketches, best features are taken and implemented into the final design. From parallel
sketch one, menubar has been taken, from design 2, background color has been selected, from
design 3, slideshow has been chosen and from design4, header has been chosen .The final design
is fulfilling all the major design principles.
 The home page is achieving visibility here the designer has placed the name of shop at
the top middle position. So that whenever any user opens the website, he gets to see what
this website is all about.
 An appropriate colour combination, colour contrast, font size and tooltips is used, to
enhance the visibility of the controls as well as make the interface consistent.
 In this design, changes in the colour/ pointer of the buttons on the click or hover event
has also been suggested, so this design will also be able to achieve feedback.
 The metaphors used in the menu bar are also giving the feedback, that what is the use of
particular menu option.
 In the top-left corner of the screen, there will be the login information about the user, so
that whenever he wants to login/ logout, he can do it instantly. So through this design
designer is able to achieve mapping also.
 The designer has provided the help option, if the user (novice) wants to know what
exactly the controls are meant for. Hence affordance is achieved (know the properties of
the object by just looking at it).
Prototyping:
It is another kind of method which is used to acquire feedback from the users. Prototype
is a partial representation of a design that allows users to interact with it and to explore its
suitability.
 Prototyping reduces development time and development costs. It also includes user
satisfaction. So there are fewer chances of website degradation/ unapproved.
 It increases the communication between the team members as they discuss what exactly they
want in their system.

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 Very useful for user testing as prototyping act as a dummy model that defines the system so
the user is able to tell their needs.
 It makes it possible to get a formal approval of the design from both programmers and the
client before we proceed to the development stage
There are two types of prototyping:
1.) Low-Fidelity Prototyping
2.) High- Fidelity Prototyping
Low-Fidelity prototyping: It is done at the early stages of the design process and hence it
reveals very little features of the final product. It provided limited or no functionality. They are
cheap and quick to produce. They are good for considering early design issues.
Examples of Low-fidelity prototypes are storyboarding and index cards.
Storyboarding:
It is a sketch or a graphical representation of the outside system, which shows how a user
wants a screen to appear after being developed. It is designed by the designer itself without the
use of any computer aids on a white sheet of paper. It basically tells the whole story of our
website in the graphical form. The whole story is divided into different screens.

In low fidelity prototyping, storyboarding is selected because:

 It requires team work.
 It gives a genuine feedback, so that designer can enhance its features.

 It is cheap, easy to design, less time consuming,

 Easy to make changes

 It provides a way for high fidelity prototyping.

The storyboards made before designing the online library management system are as
follows.
1. Homepage

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2. Login Page

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3. About us

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4. Contact Us

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5. Student/Faculty

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6. Librarian

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7. Feedback form:

High Fidelity Prototyping: It is fully interactive, functional detail of the system. This prototype
can also be said as sample final design. It is an expensive prototype and it good for sales and
marketing of the product for future. Users can operate on the prototype, or even perform some
real tasks with it; they faithfully represent the interface to be implemented in the product. They
enable wide range of usability issues, quality attributes and impress management. It will include
screen designs.
Example of high- fidelity prototypes is software prototyping, solid form models.

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Conclusion:
Design and prototype is an important phase while designing websites. The story boarding serves
as a low-fidelity prototyping while the screen designs serve as a high fidelity prototype. Both
helps in removing the communication gap between the user and the developer. The design team
has drawn the rough sketches in the form of storyboard and screen designs have been used for
representing high-fidelity one. With the help of prototype, users suggestions can be taken and
then the final implementation may be changed accordingly to design according to the needs of
the user.

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