Telecommunication:- Telecommunication is the assisted transmission of signals over a distance for the

purpose of communication

Analog-to-digital converter:- An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is a

device which converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. The reverse operation is performed by a
digital-to-analog converter (DAC).

Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage (or current) to a digital number.
However, some non-electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be
considered ADCs. The digital output may use different coding schemes, such as binary, Gray code or two's
complement binary.

Signals:- Signals are analog or digital electrical representations of time-varying or spatial-varying physical
quantities. In the context of signal processing, arbitrary binary data streams and on-off signals are not
considered as signals, but only analog and digital signals that are representations of analog physical quantities.
In the physical world, any quantity measurable through time or over space can be taken as a signal.

If for a signal, the quantities are defined only on a discrete set of times, we call it a discrete-time signal. In
other words, a discrete-time real (or complex) signal can be seen as a function from the set of integers to the set
of real (or complex) numbers. A continuous-time real (or complex) signal is any real-valued (or complex-
valued) function which is defined for all time t in an interval, most commonly an infinite interval.

Less formally than the theoretical distinctions mentioned above, two main types of signals encountered in
practice are analog and digital. In short, the difference between them is that digital signals are discrete and
quantized, as defined below, while analog signals possess neither property.

Quantization: - If a signal is to be represented as a sequence of numbers, it is impossible to maintain

arbitrarily high precision - each number in the sequence must have a finite number of digits. As a result, the values
of such a signal are restricted to belong to a finite set; in other words, it is quantized.

Signal processing Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation, and manipulation of signals. Signals of
interest include: sound, images, time-varying measurement values and sensor data, for example biological data
such as electrocardiograms, control system signals, telecommunication transmission signals such as radio
signals, and many others.

EDAP:- EDGE DYNAMIC ABIS POOL

Modulation: - The shaping of a signal to convey information is known as modulation

Frequency Modulation:- The process of modulation means to systematically use the information signal
(what you want to transmit) to vary some parameter of the carrier signal. The carrier signal is usually just a
simple, single-frequency sinusoid (varies in time like a sine wave).

Channel: - A channel is a division in a transmission medium so that it can be used to send multiple streams of
information. For example, a radio station may broadcast at 96.1 MHz while another radio station may broadcast at
94.5 MHz. In this case, the medium has been divided by frequency and each channel has received a separate frequency
to broadcast on

Router: - A router is a networking device whose software and hardware are usually tailored to the tasks of
routing and forwarding information. For example, on the Internet, information is directed to various paths by
routers

Cells: - A cell is a basic geographic unit of a cellular system.

Cluster: - A cluster is a group of cells. No channels are reused with in a cluster. 7 cells in one cluster.

Frequency Reuse: - Because only a small number of radio channel frequencies were available for mobile
systems, engineers had to find a way to reuse radio channels in order to carry more than one conversation at a
time. The solution the industry adopted was called frequency planning or frequency reuse. Frequency reuse was
implemented by restructuring the mobile telephone system architecture into the cellular concept. The concept of
frequency reuse is based on assigning to each cell a group of radio channels used within a small geographic
area. Cells are assigned a group of channels that is completely different from neighboring cells. The coverage
area of cells are called the footprint.

PCM: - Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a digital representation of an analog signal where the magnitude of
the signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, then quantized to a series of symbols in a numeric (usually
binary) code

Multiplexing: - In telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing (known as muxing) is a process

where multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared
medium. The aim is to share an expensive resource. For example, in telecommunications, several phone calls
may be transferred using one wire.

Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a type of digital or (rarely) analog multiplexing in which two or more
signals or bit streams are transferred apparently simultaneously as sub-channels in one communication channel,
but are physically taking turns on the channel. The time domain is divided into several recurrent timeslots of
fixed length, one for each sub-channel. A sample byte or data block of sub-channel 1 is transmitted during
timeslot 1, sub-channel 2 during timeslot 2, etc. One TDM frame consists of one timeslot per sub-channel. After
the last sub-channel the cycle starts all over again with a new frame, starting with the second sample, byte or
data block from sub-channel 1, etc

Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for shared medium networks. It allows
several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. The users
transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using his own time slot. This allows multiple stations to
share the same transmission medium (e.g. radio frequency channel) while using only a part of its channel
capacity. TDMA is used in the digital 2G cellular systems such as Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM), IS-136, Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) and iDEN, and in the Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications (DECT) standard for portable phones. It is also used extensively in satellite systems, and
combat-net radio systems. For usage of Dynamic TDMA packet mode communication, see below.

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method utilized by various radio communication
technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne and CDMA2000
(which are often referred to as simply "CDMA"), which use CDMA as an underlying channel access method.

One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information
simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a bandwidth of
frequencies. This concept is called multiplexing. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special
coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the
same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while
frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of "spread-spectrum"
signaling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being
communicated.

Gaussian minimum-shift keying

In digital communication, Gaussian minimum shift keying or GMSK is a continuous-phase frequency-shift

keying modulation scheme. It is similar to standard minimum-shift keying (MSK); however the digital data
stream is first shaped with a Gaussian filter before being applied to a frequency modulator. This has the
advantage of reducing sideband power, which in turn reduces out-of-band interference between signal carriers
in adjacent frequency channels. However, the Gaussian filter increases the modulation memory in the system
and causes intersymbol interference, making it more difficult to discriminate between different transmitted data
values and requiring more complex channel equalization algorithms such as an adaptive equalizer at the
receiver.

VSWR: - In a transmission line, the ratio of maximum to minimum voltage in a standing wave pattern. The VSWR is a measure of
impedance mismatch between the transmission line and its load. The higher the VSWR, the greater the mismatch. The
minimum VSWR, i.e., that which corresponds to a perfect impedance match, is unity

BER: - In telecommunication, an error ratio is the ratio of the number of bits, elements, characters, or blocks
incorrectly received to the total number of bits, elements, characters, or blocks sent during a specified time
interval.

The most commonly encountered ratio is the bit error ratio (BER) - also sometimes referred to as bit error rate.

Examples of bit error ratio are (a) transmission BER, i.e., the number of erroneous bits received divided by the
total number of bits transmitted; and (b) information BER, i.e., the number of erroneous decoded (corrected)
bits divided by the total number of decoded (corrected) bits.

The test time for a 95% confidence interval at several speed links is shown here:

 40 Gbit/s (STM-256 or OC-768): 1 s

 10 Gbit/s (STM-64 or OC-192): 3 s
 2.5 Gbit/s (STM-16 or OC-48): 12 s
 622 Mbit/s (STM-4c or OC-12): 48 s
 155 Mbit/s (STM-1 or OC-3): 3.2 min
 64 Mbit/s (STM-1 or stnd)  : 6.4 min

Please note that the above sample time is based on BER=10-10.

The test time t can be calculated using Gaussian error distribution to:

where c is the degree of confidence level, b = upper bound of BER and r = bit rate