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Types of Structures and Loads: Introduction

1) Structures are systems of connected parts that support loads. Common structural elements include beams, columns, frames, and trusses. 2) Beams carry vertical loads and resist bending. Columns support axial loads. Frames combine beams, columns, and slabs. Trusses are assemblies of members forming rigid configurations to support loads. 3) Structures must be designed to withstand various loads, including dead loads from structural elements/attachments, live loads from usage, and environmental loads like wind and snow. Their stability and determinacy are also considered in analysis and design.

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Mohammed Shalaan
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62 views14 pages

Types of Structures and Loads: Introduction

1) Structures are systems of connected parts that support loads. Common structural elements include beams, columns, frames, and trusses. 2) Beams carry vertical loads and resist bending. Columns support axial loads. Frames combine beams, columns, and slabs. Trusses are assemblies of members forming rigid configurations to support loads. 3) Structures must be designed to withstand various loads, including dead loads from structural elements/attachments, live loads from usage, and environmental loads like wind and snow. Their stability and determinacy are also considered in analysis and design.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Shalaan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Theory Of Structure Mohammed Alhashimi

Types of Structures and Loads

Introduction:-
A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to support
a load.
Concrete beams generally have a rectangular cross section, since
it’s easy to construct this form directly in the field.

Because concrete is rather weak in resisting tension, steel


''reinforcing rods'' are cast into the beam within regions of the
cross section subjected to tension.

Columns:-
Members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive
loads are referred to as columns,
Theory Of Structure Mohammed Alhashimi

Tubes and wide-flange cross sections


are often used for metal columns,
where circular and square cross
sections with reinforcing rods are used
for those made of concrete.

Occasionally, columns are subjected


to both an axial load and a bending
moment as shown in the figure. These
members are referred to be as beam
columns.

Beams:-

Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily to


carry vertical loads.
Theory Of Structure Mohammed Alhashimi
Beams are primarily designed to resist bending moment;
however, if they are short and carry large loads, the internal
shear force may become quite large and this force may govern
their design.

Frame:-

Frame structures are the structures having the combination of


beam, column and slab to resist the lateral and gravity loads.
These structures are usually used to overcome the large
moments developing due to the applied loading

Types of frame structures

Frames structures can be differentiated


into:

1. Rigid frame structure

Which are further subdivided into:

 Pin ended
 Fixed ended

2. Braced frame structure

Which is further subdivided into:

 Gabled frames
 Portal frames

Rigid Structural Frame

The word rigid means ability to resist the deformation. Rigid frame
structures can be defined as the structures in which beams & columns are
made monolithically and act collectively to resist the moments which are
generating due to applied load.
Theory Of Structure Mohammed Alhashimi

Rigid frame structures provide more stability. This type of frame


structures resists the shear, moment and torsion more effectively than any
other type of frame structures. That's why this frame system is used in
world's most astonishing building Burj Al-Arab.

Braced Structural Frames

In this frame system, bracing are usually provided between beams and
columns to increase their resistance against the lateral forces and side
ways forces due to applied load. Bracing is usually done by placing the
diagonal members between the beams and columns.

This frame system provides more efficient resistance against the


earthquake and wind forces. This frame system is more effective than
rigid frame system
Theory Of Structure Mohammed Alhashimi

Pin Ended Rigid Structural Frames

A pinned ended rigid frame system usually has pins as their support
conditions. This frame system is considered to be non rigid if its support
conditions are removed.

Fix Ended Rigid Frame Structure:

In this type of rigid frame systems end conditions are usually fixed.
Theory Of Structure Mohammed Alhashimi

Trusses
A truss is an assemblage of straight members connected at their ends by
flexible connections to form a rigid configuration. Because of their light
weight and high strength, trusses are widely used, and their applications
range from supporting bridges and roofs of buildings to being support
structures in space stations .Modern trusses are constructed by connecting
members, which usually consist of structural steel or aluminum shapes or
wood struts, to gusset plates by bolted or welded connections.
Theory Of Structure Mohammed Alhashimi

Loads
The design loading for a structure is often specified in codes. In
general, the structural engineer works with two types of codes:
general building codes and design codes.

General building codes specify the requirements of


governmental bodies for minimum design loads on structures
and minimum standards for construction.

Design codes provide detailed technical standards and are used


to establish the requirements for the actual structural design.

Dead Loads:-
Dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural
members and the weights of any objects that are permanently
attached to the structure.

In some cases, a structural dead load can be estimated


satisfactorily from simple formulas based on the weights and
sizes of similar structures.

Through experience one can also derive a "feeling" for the


magnitude of these loadings. For example, the average weight
for timber buildings is 1.9-2.4 kN/m2, for steel framed building
it’s 2.9-3.6 kN/m2, and for reinforced concrete it’s 5.3-6.2
kN/m2.

Live Loads:-
Live loads are loads of varying magnitudes and/or positions
caused by the use of the structure. Sometimes, the term live
loads is used to refer to all loads on the structure that are not
dead loads, including environmental loads, such as snow loads
Theory Of Structure Mohammed Alhashimi
or wind loads. However, since the probabilities of occurrence
for environmental loads are different from those due to the use
of structures, the current codes use the term live loads to refer
only to those variable loads caused by the use of the structure.

The minimum live loads specified in codes are determined from


studying the history of their effects on existing structures.

Wind loads

Wind loads are produced by the flow of wind around the


structure. The magnitudes of wind loads that may act on a
structure depend on the geographical location of the structure,
obstructions in its surrounding terrain, such as nearby buildings,
and the geometry and the vibrational characteristics of the
structure itself.
Theory Of Structure Mohammed Alhashimi

Stability and determinacy of structures

Every structure can be classified into one of three categories:


1. Unstable,
2. Stable and Determinate, or
3. Indeterminate

 Determinacy

1-Beams

r = 3n, statically determinate


r > 3n, statically indeterminate

n = the total parts of structure members.


r = the total number of unknown reactive force and moment components

Examples:-
Theory Of Structure Mohammed Alhashimi

 Stability:-

r < 3n, unstable


r ≥ 3n, unstable if member reactions are
concurrent or parallel or some of the components
form a collapsible mechanism
Theory Of Structure Mohammed Alhashimi

Examples of Instability

Partial Constrains

Concurrent reactions

Parallel reactions
Theory Of Structure Mohammed Alhashimi

Example1:- Classify the structure in the figure below as stable or


unstable. The structure is subjected to arbitrary external loads that are
assumed to be known.

SOLUTION

The member is stable since the


reactions are non-concurrent and
nonparallel.
It is also statically determinate.
Example2:- Classify the structure in the figure below as stable or
unstable. The structure is subjected to arbitrary external loads that are
assumed to be known.
Theory Of Structure Mohammed Alhashimi
SOLUTION

The member is unstable since the


three reactions are concurrent at B.

Example3:- Classify the structure in the figure below as stable or


unstable. The structure is subjected to arbitrary external loads that are
assumed to be known.

SOLUTION

The compound beam is


stable. It is also
indeterminate to the
second degree.
Example4:- Classify the structure in the figure below as stable or
unstable. The structure is subjected to arbitrary external loads that are
assumed to be known.
Theory Of Structure Mohammed Alhashimi
SOLUTION

The compound beam is


unstable since the three
reactions are all parallel.

Example5:- Classify the structure in the figure below as stable or


unstable. The structure is subjected to arbitrary external loads that are
assumed to be known.

SOLUTION

The structure is unstable


since r = 7, n = 3, so that, r
< 3n, 7 < 9. Also, this can
be seen by inspection,
since AB can move
horizontally without
restraint.

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