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    Propagation of Seismic Disturbances

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    EM Simon
    Earthquake waves originate from the point of rupture and propagate as elastic waves. There are two main types of seismic waves: body waves that travel within the Earth, and surface waves that travel along the surface. Body waves include P-waves and S-waves. P-waves are compressional and faster, while S-waves are transverse and slower. Surface waves include Rayleigh waves, which are tension-compression waves, and Love waves, which are shear waves. Seismic waves are important for mapping the Earth's interior, detecting contaminated aquifers, and finding oil and gas deposits.

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    Propagation of Seismic Disturbances

    Uploaded by

    EM Simon
    147 views6 pages
    Earthquake waves originate from the point of rupture and propagate as elastic waves. There are two main types of seismic waves: body waves that travel within the Earth, and surface waves that travel along the surface. Body waves include P-waves and S-waves. P-waves are compressional and faster, while S-waves are transverse and slower. Surface waves include Rayleigh waves, which are tension-compression waves, and Love waves, which are shear waves. Seismic waves are important for mapping the Earth's interior, detecting contaminated aquifers, and finding oil and gas deposits.

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    Chapter IV - Propagation of Seismic Disturbances: Earthquake Waves

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    Earthquake waves originate from the point of rupture and propagate as elastic waves. There are two main types of seismic waves: body waves that travel within the Earth, and surface waves that travel along the surface. Body waves include P-waves and S-waves. P-waves are compressional and faster, while S-waves are transverse and slower. Surface waves include Rayleigh waves, which are tension-compression waves, and Love waves, which are shear waves. Seismic waves are important for mapping the Earth's interior, detecting contaminated aquifers, and finding oil and gas deposits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    147 views6 pages

    Propagation of Seismic Disturbances

    Uploaded by

    EM Simon
    Earthquake waves originate from the point of rupture and propagate as elastic waves. There are two main types of seismic waves: body waves that travel within the Earth, and surface waves that travel along the surface. Body waves include P-waves and S-waves. P-waves are compressional and faster, while S-waves are transverse and slower. Surface waves include Rayleigh waves, which are tension-compression waves, and Love waves, which are shear waves. Seismic waves are important for mapping the Earth's interior, detecting contaminated aquifers, and finding oil and gas deposits.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    CHAPTER 4:

    Propagation of Seismic
    Disturbances:
    Earthquake Waves
    What is earthquake wave?
    Earthquake Waves
     Seismic waves that are created when energy builds up in rocks and they fracture.
     Earthquake vibrations originate from the point of initiation of rupture and propagate in all
    directions. These vibrations travel through the rocks in the form of elastic waves.

    Types of Seismic Waves:


    1. Body Waves – waves that move within the Earth’s interior or within a body of rock
    2. Surface Waves – waves that move close to or on the outside surface of the Earth.

    1. Elastic waves – Body waves


    Two types based on mode of travel:

    a) Primary Waves:
    • Longitudinal Waves , Push-pull Waves
    • They are faster than transversal waves and thus arrive first.
    • The particles oscillate in the direction of spreading of the wave.
    • Compressional waves
    • P-waves
    b) Secondary Waves:
    • Transversal Waves
    • The particles oscillate in the direction perpendicular to the spreading direction.
    • Shear waves – they do not propagate through solids (e.g. through the outer core).
    • S-waves
    Body Waves P and S waves Particle Motion

    2. Surface Wave
    Two types:
    a) Rayleigh Waves:
    • Tension-compression waves
    • Their amplitude diminishes with distance below the surface of the ground
    b) Love Waves:
    • Shear Waves
    • They diminishes rapidly with distance below surface.
    Why are seismic waves important?
    Some things seismic waves are good for include:
     mapping the interior of the earth
     detection of contaminated aquifers
     finding prospective oil and natural gas locations

    Types of Interaction between Waves


    1. Refraction:
    • The deflection, or bending, of
    the ray path of a seismic wave
    caused by its passage from one
    material to another having
    different elastic properties.
    • Bending of a tsunami wave
    front owing to variations in the
    water depth along a coastline.

    2. Reflection :
    • The energy or wave from an earthquake that has been
    returned (reflected) from an boundary between two
    different materials within the earth, just as a mirror
    reflects light.
    Seismic Wave Speed
    Seismic Wave Speed Equation
    where:
     = shear modulus
     = density
    K = modulus of compressibility (bulk modulus)
    The bulk modulus (K) of a substance essentially measures the
    substance's resistance to uniform compression.
    It is defined as the pressure increase needed to effect a given
    relative decrease in volume.
    Shear modulus, μ, sometimes referred to as the modulus of
    rigidity, is the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain
    Seismic Phases
    Earthquake Waves
     Seismic phases are described with one or more letters, each of which describes a part of
    the wave path.
     Upper case letters denote travel through a part of the earth (e.g. P or S), and lower case
    letters denote reflections from boundaries

    P - A primary (compressional) wave that follows a


    simple path from event source to the station.
    PcP - A P-wave that goes downward through the
    mantle (the first “P”), is reflected from the top of the
    outer core (“c”) and goes upward through the mantle
    to the station (second “P”).
    Pdiff - A P-wave that has been bent (diffracted) around
    the outer core boundary and arrives at a station in the
    ray “shadow” of the outer core.

    S - A secondary (shear) wave that follows a path


    similar to the P wave (not shown).
    SS - A shear wave that has traveled through the mantle
    (“S”), undergone one reflection from the underside of
    Earth’s surface and traveled again through the mantle
    (second “S”). Unlike with most other reflected waves,
    there is no separate letter to denote the reflection at the
    surface; it is implicit.
    PP - A compressional wave that follows paths similar
    to those of SS (not shown).

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