Electrical Engineering

1. Kirhhoff’s current Low (KCL)

The algebraic sum of current in a network of conductors meting at a point is zero. Assuming that
current entering the junction is taken as positive and leaving the junction is taken as negative. Simply
n

I
k 1
k  0 z is the total no of branches with current flowing towards or a way

I1+I4-I2-I3=0 I1
or I1+I4=I2+I3
R1
I2
I4 - +
Node

I3
2. Kirhhoff’s Voltage Low (KVL):
It is known as kirchoff’s loop or mesh rule
The directed sum of electrical voltage around any closed circuit / loop must be zero
or
the Algebric sum of the product of resistances and current of the conductors in a closed loop is equal to the
total voltage in that loop.
n
Simply KVL V
k 1
k  0 n is the total number of voltage around the loop is equal to zero

e.g. V1+V2+V3+V4=0 a R1 b
V1
R2 V2
+
- V4
R3 d
V3 c
Q.3 Nodal analysis ( Find Voltage across R2)
V1 R2 V1

R1 8
I1
1A I2 R3 4A
15 I3
64

V V  V2  120  8V  15V  15V

Node-1: 1 1  1 0  1 1 2  0  23V1-15V2=120
15 8 120

120  15V2
V1=   (i )
23
V2 256  V 2  8V 2  8V 1
V 2  V1 8(120  15V 2)
Node-2: 4  0   0 9V2-8V1=256  9V2-  256
64 8 64 23
960  120V 2 207V 2  960  120V 2
 9V 2   256   256  87V2-960=5888
23 23
6840
 V2=  V2=78.71
87
Now substitute the value of V2 in equation (i)
120  15  78.71
V1=  56.55
23

So Voltage across R2 = V2-V1= 78.71-56.55=22.16 (Ans.)

4. Mesh Analysis: (find voltage Across R2)

R2

R1 8
I1
1A I2 R3 4A
15 I3
64

Loop1: I1=1 A
Loop2: 15(I2-I1)+8I2+64(I2+I3)=0
Loop3: I3= 4A

Now setting the value of I1 and I3

15I2-15I1+18I2+64I2+64I3=0
 15I2-15+8I264I2+64x4=0
87I2=-256+15
 I2=2.77
Voltage Across R2=I2.R2
= 2.77 x 8
= 22.16 V (ans.)
Definition:
Node: A point at which terminal of more than two components are joined. A conductor with a substantially
zero resistance is considered to be a node for the purpose of analysis.

1. Component: A device with tow or more terminals into which or out of which charge/electron
2. Branch: The components joining two nodes.
3. Mesh: A group of branches with a network joined so as to from a complete mesh.

5. Find the power output of the voltage source in the circuit below :
8 B
A C

+ 3
10000 I1
I2
-j6
-
j4

F E D

Solution: Applying KVL to the mesh ABEFA get (starting from point A clockwise)
-8I1-(-j6) (I1-I2) +10000=0
 (8- j6) I1+I2(j6)= 10000----------- (i)
Applying KVL to the mesh BCDEB
-(-j6) (I2-I1) – I2(3+j4) = 0
 I2j6 - j6I1- I2(3+j4) = 0
 j6I1- I2j6+ I2(3+j4)=0
 I1 (j6) + I2 (3-j2)=0 ------(ii)
From the equation 1 and 2 we get
8  j 6 j 6   I  1000 0 
 j6  1     AI  B 
3  j 2

 I 2  0 
 

8  j 6 j 6 
A=   = (8-j6)(j-j2)-(j6)2
 j6 3  j 2
  34
= 24-j18-j16+j212-j236 = 24-34j-12+36 =48-j34 = 48 2  34 2  tan 1 = 62.539.80
48
1000 0 j 6 
A1=  = (3-j2)(10000) = 300-j200 =360-26.60

0 3  j 2

8  j6 1000 0
A2= j6
=j6 (10000)= 600900
0

A1 360  26.6 0
I1=   5.76  26.6 0  ( 39.8 0 )  5.7613.2 0
A 62.5  39.80

A2 60090 0
I2=  0
 9.690 0  (39.8 0 )  9.6129.8 0
A 62.5  39.8

6. Thevnin’s Theorem: The current through a load impedance across any two terminals A and B of a linear
network is given by Vth / (Zth+ZL) where Vth is the open circuit voltage across A and B and Zth is the
internal impedance of the network is viewed from the open circuit terminals A and B with all voltage source
replaced by their internal impedances ( if any) and Current sources by infinite impedance.

Problem: In a network having Z1= (8+j8), Z2=(8-j8) , Z3= (2+j20), V=1000 and ZL= j10. Find the
current through the load ZL using thevenin,s theorem.

IL
Z1 Z3
Z1 Z3 10+j20 -10j

Z2 Vth
 Z2 ZL  7.07-45
1000

Fig-2 Fig-3
Fig-1

From Figure-2: I=V/(Z1 +Z2)=1000 / [ (8+j8)+ (8-j8) ] = 1000 /10 =0.62500

Vth = IZ2=0.625(8-j8)=(5-j5)=7.07-450
Now Zth is equal to the impedance as viewed from open terminals A nad B with voltage source shorted
Zth = (Z3+Z1)|| Z2
= (2+j20) + (8+j8) || (8-j8)
= (10+j28) || (8-j8)
(10  j28)  (8 - j8)
=
(10  j28) | (8 - j8)
= 10+j20

So thevenin equivalent circuit as per fig-3 the load current ILis given
Vth
IL =
Z th  Z L
(5  j 5) 5  j5 (5  j 5)(10  j10) 50  j 50  j 50  j 2 50 50  j100  50
= = 10  j10 = = = 100  (100)
(10  j 20)  (  j10) (10  j10)(10  j10) 2
10  ( j10) 2

 j100  j
=  (Ans)
200 2