Fluid Mechanics-I Lab (MEEN 2217)

Lab Report 01

Title: Verification of Bernoulli Theorem

Talha Ali

ME172056

26/11/2018

1
 Abstract
In this experiment I investigate the validity of Bernoulli theorem by assuming the fluid to
be inviscid and incompressible. I measure the steady flow rates by changing the valve
position. This experiment is based on the change in pressure, velocity and height of
different moving fluid and we assume that there is no friction in moving fluid. Combination
of venturi meter with manometer tube, water tank and set the Bernoulli apparatus on the
hydraulic bench. Then set the balance of hydraulic bench horizontally for accurate reading
and make connection to bleed all the air from the manometer. Take reading and record
time through stopwatch and measure the reading. The pressure level will be record and
observe that the sum of pressure kinetic energy and potential energy will remain constant
in venturi meter. So after the experiment it is proved that the Bernoulli theorem will be
hold for inviscid and incompressible fluid or sum of pressure head, velocity and depth
remain constant along streamline.

Table of Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
Figures ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Background and theory ..................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Bernoulli theorem ....................................................................................................................... 5
2.2. Application of Bernoulli theorem .............................................................................................. 5
2.3. Venturi meter............................................................................................................................... 5
2.4. Application of venturi meter ...................................................................................................... 5
3. Apparatus ............................................................................................................................................ 6
4. Procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 7
5. Results ................................................................................................................................................. 7
6. Discussion ........................................................................................................................................... 8
7. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 8
8. Reference ............................................................................................................................................ 8
9. Appendix .............................................................................................................................................. 8

2
List of Tables
Table 1: Useful readings of experiment ........................................................................... 7

Figures
Figure 1: Apparatus for Venturi meter experiment .......................................................... 6

3
1. Introduction
Bernoulli principle is a principle that state, As the speed of fluid increases the pressure in
the fluid will be decreases. Bernoulli principle is named as after the Swiss scientist Daniel
Bernoulli.

Bernoulli equation is mostly based on the pressure, velocity and elevation.

Bernoulli principle is applied only some certain condition. Condition is that fluid is inviscid
, steady and incompressible and hold the law of conservation of energy.

𝜌 𝑣2
+ 2𝑔 + 𝑧 = Constant
𝑦

Where,
𝜌
=Pressure head
𝑦

𝑣2
=Velocity head
2𝑔

Z=potential head

Our experiment is based on the verification of Bernoulli theorem so I discussed about the
Bernoulli theorem there are two assumptions that are applied on the Bernoulli equation
derivation.

1st assumption is that there is no work allowed on the fluid or by the fluid. This is the
important limitation because most hydraulic system include pump. This restriction is
because the pump is existing between two point.

2nd assumption is that there is no fluid friction is assumed during simplify of Bernoulli
equation.

4
2. Background and theory
2.1. Bernoulli theorem
According to Bernoulli theorem principle for a perfect incompressible liquid flows in
continuous stream the total energy of the particle remains constant but the particle will
move from one point to other.

This is when possible when we assume that there are no losses due to friction in the pipe.

Bernoulli principle follows law of conservation of energy which tells that for where effect
of viscosity is zero, with no work being performed on fluid, total energy remains constant.

2.2. Application of Bernoulli theorem

Air flight is one of the best application of Bernoulli theorem in daily life. It works in the air
flight has to do architecture of the wings of the plane.

Action of atomizer is the action of carburetor; paint-gun is based on Bernoulli principle, in

all these, by means of motion of piston in a cylinder high speed air is passed.

The principle of Bernoulli theorem is combined with the equation of continuity can be also
used to find the lift force on an airfoil.

Another effect of Bernoulli principle is spinning of ball in airfoil. Suppose a ball is spinning
in the air as it travels. As the ball spins, the surface friction of the ball with the surrounding
air drags a thin layer of air it with.

2.3. Venturi meter

Venture meter is a tool used to measure the flow through a pipe. In this apparatus consist
of venture tube and different pressure gauges. Venture tube has a converging, a throat
and a diverging portion.

2.4. Application of venturi meter

Application of venturi meter is very important in many fields. It is widely used in pipes of
large diameter such as found in waste treatment process. It allows solid particle pass

5
 through it because of their gradually sloping smooth design, so they are suitable
measurement of dirty fluid. It can also use to measure the fluid velocity.

The application of venturi is also used in carburetor of petrol engine.

3. Apparatus

Figure 1: Apparatus for Venturi meter experiment

6
4. Procedure
1. We set the Bernoulli apparatus on hydraulic bench and we check the balance of
hydraulic bench for accurate correct reading it is important to maintain the
balance of hydraulic bench.
2. And the second thing is that connection of rig outflow tube is positioned above
volumetric tank and the connection is tightened.
3. And then we connect the rig inlet to the bench flow supply, before start the pump
close the bench valve and flow control valve. Open the bench valve gradually to
fill it with water.
4. And then bleed all the air from manometer.
5. And then we record reading from different flow rates. First reading taken at
maximum flow rate then gradually reduce the volume flow rate and at end repeat
again for third reading to find flow rate.
6. And then write the reading shown by manometer.
7. All reading volumetric flow rate find by using stopwatch.
8. Measure the total pressure head probe along the length of test section.

5. Results
Table 1: Useful readings of experiment

Tube no. Area of Discharge Velocity Velocity Pressure Total

flow 𝑽 𝑸 head head head
𝝅
Q= 𝒕 V= 𝑨 m/s
𝑽𝟐
A= 𝟒 𝑫𝟐 Q(m) (m) P(m) (m)
𝟐𝒈
A(m)
01 6.157*10-4 1.63*10-4 0.265 3.568*10-3 0.240 0.2435
02 3.460*10-4 1.63*10-4 0.471 1.130*10-2 0.237 0.2483
03 1.539*10-4 1.63*10-4 1.059 5.710*10-2 0.185 0.2421
04 2.216*10-4 1.63*10-4 0.737 2.700*10-2 0.208 0.2356
05 3.017*10-4 1.63*10-4 0.540 1.400*10-2 0.219 0.2331
06 3.940*10-4 1.63*10-4 0.413 8.600*10-3 0.229 0.2326
08 6.157*10-4 1.63*10-4 0.264 3.570*10-3 0.230 0.2335

7
6. Discussion
We demonstrated the Bernoulli theorem and collected the result when the diameter of
cross sectional area is larger, then the velocity through crosses sectional area is small.
The result shown through experiment that greater the pressure difference larger is the
velocity of fluid. More from the experiment I observed that fluid flow through venture
meter, head is higher at the narrow tube and vice versa. Narrow tube had high velocity
and low pressure.

The water speed is controlled by valve and time taken to fill the tank of 10L was measured
by stopwatch. Calculate the flow rate, velocity, velocity head and pressure head. From
the calculation I observed that the lower cross sectional area has higher velocity.
Discharge rate will be constant and total head will be approximately constant.

7. Conclusion
As Bernoulli theorem state that where the pressure is high the velocity will low and where
the pressure is low the velocity will be low. So in my experiment I prove the Bernoulli
theorem and my calculation also prove the validity of Bernoulli theorem.

8. Reference
1. https://www.codecogs.com/library/engineering/fluid_mechanics/fundamentals/ber
noullis-theorem.php
2. https://studylib.net/doc/8381664/experiment-no.-1--bernoulli-s-theorem-object--
to-verify-bernoulli-s-theorem.
3. https://bernoullisprinciple.weebly.com/applications.html
4. https://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/bernoullis-
equation-bernoullis-principle/intro

9. Appendix