Often called the language of the universe, mathematics is fundamental to our

understanding of the world and, as such, is vitally important in a modern society

such as ours. Everywhere you look it is likely mathematics has made an impact,
from the faucet in your kitchen to the satellite that beams your television programs
to your home. As such, great mathematicians are undoubtedly going to rise above
the rest and have their name embedded within history. This list documents some
such people. I have rated them based on contributions and how they effected
mathematics at the time, as well as their lasting effect. I also suggest one looks
deeper into the lives of these men, as they are truly fascinating people and their
discoveries are astonishing – too much to include here. As always, such lists are
highly subjective, and as such please include your own additions in the
comments!

10
Pythagoras of Samos

Greek Mathematician Pythagoras is considered by some to be one of the first

great mathematicians. Living around 570 to 495 BC, in modern day Greece, he is
known to have founded the Pythagorean cult, who were noted by Aristotle to be
one of the first groups to actively study and advance mathematics. He is also
commonly credited with the Pythagorean Theorem within trigonometry. However,
some sources doubt that is was him who constructed the proof (Some attribute it
to his students, or Baudhayana, who lived some 300 years earlier in India).
Nonetheless, the effect of such, as with large portions of fundamental
mathematics, is commonly felt today, with the theorem playing a large part in
modern measurements and technological equipment, as well as being the base of
a large portion of other areas and theorems in mathematics. But, unlike most
ancient theories, it played a bearing on the development of geometry, as well as
opening the door to the study of mathematics as a worthwhile endeavor. Thus, he
could be called the founding father of modern mathematics.
Couldn’t pick it up in school? Don’t worry! Now you can reawaken your
mathematical genius with All the Math You’ll Ever Need: A Self-Teaching
Guide at Amazon.com!

9
Andrew Wiles

The only currently living mathematician on this list, Andrew Wiles is most well
known for his proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem: That no positive integers, a, b and
c can satisfy the equation a^n+b^n=c^n For n greater then 2. (If n=2 it is the
Pythagoras Formula). Although the contributions to math are not, perhaps, as
grand as other on this list, he did ‘invent’ large portions of new mathematics for his
proof of the theorem. Besides, his dedication is often admired by most, as he quite
literally shut himself away for 7 years to formulate a solution. When it was found
that the solution contained an error, he returned to solitude for a further year
before the solution was accepted. To put in perspective how ground breaking and
new the math was, it had been said that you could count the number of
mathematicians in the world on one hand who, at the time, could understand and
validate his proof. Nonetheless, the effects of such are likely to only increase as
time passes (and more and more people can understand it).
8
Isaac Newton and Wilhelm Leibniz

I have placed these two together as they are both often given the honor of being
the ‘inventor’ of modern infinitesimal calculus, and as such have both made
monolithic contributions to the field. To start, Leibniz is often given the credit for
introducing modern standard notation, notably the integral sign. He made large
contributions to the field of Topology. Whereas all round genius Isaac Newton
has, because of the grand scientific epic Principia, generally become the primary
man hailed by most to be the actual inventor of calculus. Nonetheless, what can
be said is that both men made considerable vast contributions in their own
manner.

Read more about the fascinating world of Isaac Newton in The Clockwork Universe:
Isaac Newton, the Royal Society, and the Birth of the Modern
World at Amazon.com!

7
Leonardo Pisano Blgollo
Blgollo, also known as Leonardo Fibonacci, is perhaps one of the middle ages
greatest mathematicians. Living from 1170 to 1250, he is best known for
introducing the infamous Fibonacci Series to the western world. Although known
to Indian mathematicians since approximately 200 BC, it was, nonetheless, a truly
insightful sequence, appearing in biological systems frequently. In addition, from
this Fibonacci also contributed greatly to the introduction of the Arabic numbering
system. Something he is often forgotten for.

Haven spent a large portion of his childhood within North Africa he learned the
Arabic numbering system, and upon realizing it was far simpler and more efficient
then the bulky Roman numerals, decided to travel the Arab world learning from
the leading mathematicians of the day. Upon returning to Italy in 1202, he
published his Liber Abaci, whereupon the Arabic numbers were introduced and
applied to many world situations to further advocate their use. As a result of his
work the system was gradually adopted and today he is considered a major player
in the development of modern mathematics.

6
Alan Turing

Computer Scientist and Cryptanalyst Alan Turing is regarded my many, if not

most, to be one of the greatest minds of the 20th Century. Having worked in the
Government Code and Cypher School in Britain during the second world war, he
made significant discoveries and created ground breaking methods of code
breaking that would eventually aid in cracking the German Enigma Encryptions.
Undoubtedly affecting the outcome of the war, or at least the time-scale.

After the end of the war he invested his time in computing. Having come up with
idea of a computing style machine before the war, he is considered one of the first
true computer scientists. Furthermore, he wrote a range of brilliant papers on the
subject of computing that are still relevant today, notably on Artificial Intelligence,
on which he developed the Turing test which is still used to evaluate a computers
‘intelligence’. Remarkably, he began in 1948 working with D. G. Champernowne,
an undergraduate acquaintance on a computer chess program for a machine not
yet in existence. He would play the ‘part’ of the machine in testing such programs.

5
René Descartes

French Philosopher, Physicist and Mathematician Rene Descartes is best known

for his ‘Cogito Ergo Sum’ philosophy. Despite this, the Frenchman, who lived 1596
to 1650, made ground breaking contributions to mathematics. Alongside Newton
and Leibniz, Descartes helped provide the foundations of modern calculus (which
Newton and Leibniz later built upon), which in itself had great bearing on the
modern day field. Alongside this, and perhaps more familiar to the reader, is his
development of Cartesian Geometry, known to most as the standard graph
(Square grid lines, x and y axis, etc.) and its use of algebra to describe the various
locations on such. Before this most geometers used plain paper (or another
material or surface) to preform their art. Previously, such distances had to be
measured literally, or scaled. With the introduction of Cartesian Geometry this
changed dramatically, points could now be expressed as points on a graph, and
as such, graphs could be drawn to any scale, also these points did not necessarily
have to be numbers. The final contribution to the field was his introduction of
superscripts within algebra to express powers. And thus, like many others in this
list, contributed to the development of modern mathematical notation.

4
Euclid

Living around 300BC, he is considered the Father of Geometry and his magnum
opus: Elements, is one the greatest mathematical works in history, with its being
in use in education up until the 20th century. Unfortunately, very little is known
about his life, and what exists was written long after his presumed death.
Nonetheless, Euclid is credited with the instruction of the rigorous, logical proof for
theorems and conjectures. Such a framework is still used to this day, and thus,
arguably, he has had the greatest influence of all mathematicians on this list.
Alongside his Elements were five other surviving works, thought to have been
written by him, all generally on the topic of Geometry or Number theory. There are
also another five works that have, sadly, been lost throughout history.

3
G. F. Bernhard Riemann

Bernhard Riemann, born to a poor family in 1826, would rise to become one of the
worlds prominent mathematicians in the 19th Century. The list of contributions to
geometry are large, and he has a wide range of theorems bearing his name. To
name just a few: Riemannian Geometry, Riemannian Surfaces and the Riemann
Integral. However, he is perhaps most famous (or infamous) for his legendarily
difficult Riemann Hypothesis; an extremely complex problem on the matter of the
distributions of prime numbers. Largely ignored for the first 50 years following its
appearance, due to few other mathematicians actually understanding his work at
the time, it has quickly risen to become one of the greatest open questions in
modern science, baffling and confounding even the greatest mathematicians.
Although progress has been made, its has been incredibly slow. However, a prize
of $1 million has been offered from the Clay Maths Institute for a proof, and one
would almost undoubtedly receive a Fields medal if under 40 (The Nobel prize of
mathematics). The fallout from such a proof is hypothesized to be large: Major
encryption systems are thought to be breakable with such a proof, and all that rely
on them would collapse. As well as this, a proof of the hypothesis is expected to
use ‘new mathematics’. It would seem that, even in death, Riemann’s work may
still pave the way for new contributions to the field, just as he did in life.

2
Carl Friedrich Gauss

Child prodigy Gauss, the ‘Prince of Mathematics’, made his first major discovery
whilst still a teenager, and wrote the incredible Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, his
magnum opus, by the time he was 21. Many know Gauss for his outstanding
mental ability – quoted to have added the numbers 1 to 100 within seconds whilst
attending primary school (with the aid of a clever trick). The local Duke,
recognizing his talent, sent him to Collegium Carolinum before he left for
Gottingen (at the time it was the most prestigious mathematical university in the
world, with many of the best attending). After graduating in 1798 (at the age of
22), he began to make several important contributions in major areas of
mathematics, most notably number theory (especially on Prime numbers). He
went on to prove the fundamental theorem of algebra, and introduced the
Gaussian gravitational constant in physics, as well as much more – all this before
he was 24! Needless to say, he continued his work up until his death at the age of
77, and had made major advances in the field which have echoed down through
time.

1
Leonhard Euler

If Gauss is the Prince, Euler is the King. Living from 1707 to 1783, he is regarded
as the greatest mathematician to have ever walked this planet. It is said that all
mathematical formulas are named after the next person after Euler to discover
them. In his day he was ground breaking and on par with Einstein in genius. His
primary (if that’s possible) contribution to the field is with the introduction of
mathematical notation including the concept of a function (and how it is written as
f(x)), shorthand trigonometric functions, the ‘e’ for the base of the natural logarithm
(The Euler Constant), the Greek letter Sigma for summation and the letter ‘/i’ for
imaginary units, as well as the symbol pi for the ratio of a circles circumference to
its diameter. All of which play a huge bearing on modern mathematics, from the
every day to the incredibly complex.

As well as this, he also solved the Seven Bridges of Koenigsberg problem in

graph theory, found the Euler Characteristic for connecting the number of vertices,
edges and faces of an object, and (dis)proved many well known theories, too
many to list. Furthermore, he continued to develop calculus, topology, number
theory, analysis and graph theory as well as much, much more – and ultimately he
paved the way for modern mathematics and all its revelations. It is probably no
coincidence that industry and technological developments rapidly increased
around this time.