FIRE RESISTANCE OF

POST-TENSIONED STRUCTURES
Armand H. Gustaferro
Consulting Engineer
The Consulting Engineers Group, Inc.
Glenview, Illinois

Reports on an analysis of 18 full scale fire tests of

concrete slabs and beams prestressed by post-
tensioning. In addition, results of tendon-anchor
assembly tests performed at high temperatures
were analyzed. Recommendations on minimum
cover thicknesses and member sizes are included for
fire endurances of 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr.

More than 140 full scale fire tests of tendon temperature data were com-
prestressed concrete structural compo- pared with data on temperatures within
nents have been conducted in the unreinforced slabs and beams, and then
United States. In addition, researchers the resulting fire endurances were ana-
have studied the properties of steel and lyzed. Because the temperatures of the
concrete subjected to high tempera- tendons were in all cases cooler than
tures. They have also measured and temperatures at comparable locations
calculated analytically the temperatures in unreinforced slabs, it was possible to
that occur in structural components make conservative recommendations on
during fires. Currently, methods are be- minimum dimensions for various fire
ing developed to calculate the capacity, endurances. In addition, results of re-
deflection, expansion, rotation, and cent high temperature tests of tendon-
other characteristics of structures sub- anchor assemblies makes it possible to
jected to fire. determine realistic cover thicknesses for
anchors.
Scope
The purpose of this report is to pre- Standard fire tests of building con-
sent an overview of pertinent informa- struction and materials (ASTM
tion concerning the fire resistance of E119)1
structures with post-tensioned rein- The fire resistive properties of build-
forcement. Information has been gath- ing components are measured and spec-
ered from a number of sources. Results ified according to this common stan-
of fire tests of 18 slabs and beams with dard. Performance is defined as the pe-
post-tensioned reinforcement constitute riod of exposure to a standard fire
a major source. These results were before the first critical "end point" is
compared with other information, i.e., reached.

38
 The standard fire exposure is defined posed surface must not rise an
in terms of a time versus temperature average of 250 F or a maximum
relation. At 5 min the furnace atmo- 325 F at any one point.
sphere temperature is 1000 F, at 30 In 1970, new end point criteria were
min 1550 F, at 1 hr 1700 F, at 2 hr tentatively added to ASTM E119 for
1850 F, and at 4 hr 2000 F. The fire floors, roofs, and beams fire tested in a
represents combustion of about 10 lb of "restrained" condition. "Restrained" in
wood (with a heat potential of 8000 this case means that thermal expansion
BTU per lb) per sq ft of exposure area of the specimen is restricted during the
per hour of test. Actually, the fuel con- fire test. Two classifications can be de-
sumed during a fire test is dependent rived from fire tests of restrained speci-
on the furnace design and on the heat mens, "unrestrained" and "restrained."
capacity of the test assembly. For ex- Only "unrestrained" assembly classifi-
ample, the amount of fuel consumed cations can be obtained from tests of
during a fire test of an exposed concrete unrestrained specimens. The tentative
floor specimen is likely to be 10 to 20 revision of ASTM E119 includes a
percent greater than that used for a test guide for classifying constructions as
of a floor with an insulated ceiling, and restrained or unrestrained. In the guide,
considerably greater than that for a cast-in-place and most precast concrete
combustible assembly. constructions are considered to be re-
The standard, ASTM E119, specifies strained.
minimum sizes of specimens to be ex- The new end point criteria are based
posed in fire tests. For floors and roofs, on critical steel temperatures. For struc-
at least 180 sq ft must be exposed to tural steel and reinforcing bars the criti-
fire from beneath, and neither dimen- cal average temperature is 1100 F
sion can be less than 12 ft. For tests of while for cold-drawn prestressing steel
walls, either load-bearing or non-load- it is 800 F.
bearing, the minimum specified area is For unrestrained members, the fire
100 sq ft with neither dimension less endurance is the time at which the
than 9 ft. The minimum length for col- critical temperature is reached. For re-
umns is specified to be 9 ft, while for strained primary beams, which are de-
beams it is 12 ft. fined as beams spaced more than 4 ft
During fire tests of floors, roofs, on centers, the fire endurance is twice
beams, load-bearing walls, and col- the time at which the critical tempera-
umns, the maximum permissible super- ture is reached. For restrained slabs
imposed load is applied. Floor and roof and for restrained beams spaced 4 ft or
specimens are exposed to fire from be- less on centers, the steel temperatures
neath, beams from the bottom and are disregarded.
sides, walls from one side, and columns
from all sides. Rational design procedures
End point criteria for floors and roofs It was noted above that methods are
are: currently being developed for calculat-
(a) Specimens must sustain the ap- ing various parameters concerning the
plied loading—collapse is an obvi- behavior of structures during fires.
ous end point. Even though it is not the intent of this
(b) Holes, cracks, or fissures through report to present a comprehensive
which flames or gases hot enough treatment of rational design procedures
to ignite cotton waste must not for fire endurance, a review of some of
form. the principles involved may help in
(c) The temperature of the unex- understanding the behavior of struc-

PCI Journal/March-April 1973 39

tures subjected to fire. For illustration fire.3 It should be noted that this is dif-
the behavior during fire of three types ferent than simply supported members
of flexural members will be discussed where the applied moments at a sec-
briefly. tion remain constant during fire expo-
(a) Simply supported slabs or beams. sure.
Consider a simply supported reinforced Consider a two-span continuous slab
concrete slab subjected to fire from be- with rocker-rollers at the outer sup-
low. Assume that the ends of the slab ports. During fire exposure from be-
are free to rotate and expansion can oc- neath, the underside of the slab ex-
cur without restriction. Assume also pands more than the top. This differ-
that the reinforcement consists of ential heating causes the ends of the
straight bars located near the bottom of slab to tend to lift from the outer sup-
the slab. With the underside of the ports thus increasing the reaction at the
slab exposed to fire, the bottom will ex- interior support. This action results in a
pand more than the top, and the slab redistribution of moments, i.e., the neg-
will deflect. Also, the strength of the ative moment at the interior support
concrete and steel near the bottom of increases while the positive moments
the slab will decrease as the tempera- decrease.
ture increases. When the strength of During the course of a fire, the neg-
the steel is reduced to that of the stress ative moment reinforcement remains
in the steel, flexural collapse will occur. cooler than the positive moment rein-
Such behavior has been clearly dem- forcement because it is further from the
onstrated in prestressed as well as rein- fire. Thus, the increase in negative mo-
forced concrete members.2 ment can be accommodated. The re-
It is apparent from the above de- sulting decrease in positive moment
scription that the steel temperature at means that the positive moment steel
which collapse occurs depends on (1) can withstand a higher temperature
the stress in the steel, and (2) the type before failure will occur. Thus the fire
of steel. endurance of a continuous member is
The stress in the steel depends on the generally significantly longer than that
load intensity on the member. For ex- of a simply supported member having
ample, if the steel stress is 50 percent the same cover and load intensity.
of the initial yield strength, the critical (c) Members in which restraint to
temperature will be about 1120 F. thermal expansion occurs. If a fire oc-
However, if the steel stress is one- curs beneath a small interior portion of
third of the yield strength, the crit- a large reinforced concrete slab, the
ical temperature will be about 1220 F. heated portion will tend to expand and
The temperatures would be different push against the surrounding part of
for cold-drawn steel or high strength the slab. In turn, the unheated part of
alloy steel bars. Thus, it can be seen the slab exerts compressive forces on
that if the load intensity is decreased the heated portion. The compressive
the fire endurance will increase. force, or thrust, acts near the bottom
Through rational design procedures, it of the slab when the fire first occurs,
is possible to estimate the increase in but as the fire progresses the line of
fire endurance due to a decrease in action of the thrust rises as the heated
load intensity. concrete deteriorates. 4 If the surround-
(b) Continuous slabs and beams. ing slab is thick and heavily reinforced,
Structures that are continuous or other- the thrust forces that occur can be
wise statically indeterminate, undergo quite large, but considerably less than
changes in stresses when subjected to that calculated by use of elastic prop-

40
 100
(3) High Strength Alloy
Steel Bars
(Tensile Strength)
80

U-
0 ` (1) Hot-rolled Steel
\ .` (Yield Strength)
60
-c
C, (2) Cold-drawn
Prestressing Steel ♦♦♦
in
(Tensile Strength) \ s
0 40
♦

20

070 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400

Temperature, ° F

Fig. 1. Temperature-strength relation for hot-rolled, cold-drawn, and high strength

alloy steels. (Curves 1, 2, and 3 from References 5, 6, and 7, respectively.)

erties of concrete and steel together of elasticity, expansion, thermal con-

with appropriate coefficients of expan- ductivity, creep, and stress relaxation
sion. At high temperatures, creep and are all affected to some degree. Insofar
stress relaxation play an important role. as ultimate capacity during fires is con-
Nevertheless, the thrust is generally cerned, strength is of primary impor-
great enough to increase the fire en- tance.
durance significantly. In most fire tests
of restrained assemblies, the fire en- Steel strength at high temperatures
durance is determined by temperature Fig. 1 shows typical relations be-
rise of the unexposed surface rather tween temperature and strength for
than by structural considerations, even hot-rolled steel, i.e., reinforcing bars,
though the steel temperatures often ex- cold-drawn prestressing steel, i.e., wire
ceed 1500 F. or strand, and high strength alloy steel
bars. 5 , 6, T Note that one-half of the
strengths are retained at about 800 F
PROPERTIES OF STEEL AND CON- for cold-drawn steel, 1050 F for alloy
CRETE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES steel bars, and 1120 F for hot-rolled
steel.
Physical properties of steel and con- Concrete strength at high tempera-
crete are affected by the temperatures tures
encountered in fires. Strength, modulus Fig. 2 shows the temperature-

PCI Journal/March-April 1973 41

 Carbonate
----nom'

Co
C
C,
Sanded Lightweight
O
o- 5 Siliceous --+`
0
r
C,

d
C

N
> L
Stressed to 0.4 fL during heating
a Original strength = fL
E
0
U

0 1
00
1 I A

70ҟ400ҟ 800ҟ wuҟ 1

Temperature, °F

Fig. 2. Compressive strength of concrete at high temperatures (Reference 8)

strength relationships for three kinds of 1200 F carbonate and lightweight con-
concrete. 8 Carbonate aggregates in- cretes have nearly all of their original
clude limestone and dolomite which strengths. Siliceous aggregate concrete
undergo a chemical change at temper- retains more than one-half its initial
atures above about 1300 F, i.e., carbon strength at 1200 F.
dioxide is given off from the calcium
and magnesium carbonates. Heat is
RESULTS OF 18 STANDARD FIRE TESTS
used up during the reaction so the
CONDUCTED IN THE UNITED STATES
temperatures within the concrete re-
main somewhat lower than for noncar-
bonate aggregates. Also, the resulting Data have been published from a to-
products are better insulators than the tal of 18 fire tests conducted in the
original aggregates. Siliceous aggre- United States on post-tensioned pre-
gates include quartzite, granite, and stressed concrete slabs and beams. Two
sandstone. The data for sanded light- fire tests of slabs were conducted by
weight concrete shown in Fig. 2 repre- the Fire Prevention Research Institute
sent concretes with a unit weight in the in Gardena, California. 0.10 Underwrit-
range of 105 to 115 lb per cu ft. Note ers' Laboratories, Inc., Northbrook, Illi-
that at 800 F, most concretes retain nois, conducted three tests of post-ten-
most of their original strength and at sioned structures, one was a slab" and

42
 two were inverted tee beams. 12 The end point for the first test occurred at
Portland Cement Association fire tested 3 hr 51 min when the unexposed sur-
seven post-tensioned beams, all of face temperature rose an average of
which were modified tee beams span- 250 F. Although the second test was
ning 40 ft. Six tests conducted by the stopped before an end point was
National Bureau of Standards in 1953 reached, the heat transmission end
are of historical interest, 13 and were point would have been reached at
part of a series sponsored by the British about 3 hr 15 min.
Joint Fire Research Organization and
the Building Research Station. UL tests
Reference 11 gives pertinent details
FPRI tests of the fire test of a lightweight concrete
References 9 and 10 give pertinent post-tensioned flat plate floor conducted
data about the Fire Prevention Re- by the Underwriters' Laboratories. Dur-
search Institute tests. Both tests in- ation of the test was 3 hr 45 min with
volved normal weight concrete slabs, 6 no end point occurring. The specimen
in. thick, made with siliceous aggre- had been dried for 7 months at high
gates and post-tensioned unbonded ten- temperatures prior to the test and the
dons. One of the specimens was an in- moisture content of the concrete was
tegral beam-and-slab assembly; the oth- low. Based on the correction procedure
er was a flat plate floor. The beams for nonstandard moisture content (Ap-
were prestressed longitudinally and the pendix A5 of ASTM E119-71), the heat
slab was prestressed transversely with transmission end point would have oc-
moderate longitudinal prestress. The curred at about 4 hr 40 min. No spal-
minimum clear cover was 1 1/a in. for ling of the specimen occurred.
the slab tendons and 2 in. for the beam Reference 12 refers to fire tests of
tendons. In the other specimen, the b- inverted tee beams prestressed with
in, slab was prestressed with post-ten- post-tensioned tendons. In one speci-
sioned tendons in two directions. The men the tendon was bonded while in
minimum cover at midspan was 1 1/2 in. the other the tendon was unbonded.
Both assemblies were mounted in The superimposed load on the un-
fixed restraining frames during the fire bonded specimen was substantially low-
tests. Structural end points were not er than the load on the bonded speci-
reached during the tests which lasted men. Both tests were terminated at 4
more than 4 and 3 hr, respectively. The hr 15 min even though no end point

Table 1. Data from PCA Tests (Reference 7)

Superimposed Fire
Beam Type of Bonded or Type of Load, Endurance
No. Reinforcement Unbon`ded Concrete lb. per ft. hr.:min.
80 Bars Unbonded Normal weight 1040 5:02
82 Bars Bonded Normal weight 1535 4:29
83 Bars Bonded Lightweight 1680 5:01
76 Wires Unbonded Normal weight 1135 3:04
78 Wires Bonded Normal weight 1750 3:20
79 Wires Bonded Lightweight 1740 4:33
89 Wires Bonded Normal weight 1760 3:18

PCI Journal/March-April 1973 43

 LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

140C

LL 1 10( 1
./ 5
0

-.

a
E

HI
H
pJҟ
Ji
.^^•ҟ •mac• Oҟ t
80 . mac•ҟ^p

co,^ro

50C
120ҟ
90ҟ 240
180ҟ
30ҟ 60ҟ
Fire Test Time, Minutes

Fig. 3. Temperatures within concrete slabs during fire tests (expanded shale ag-
gregates) showing strand temperatures in hollow-core slabs

was reached. At the ends of the tests PCA tests

the midspan deflections were about 1 As part of a broad series of fire tests,
in. for the 17 ft 5 in. spans. A compan- the Portland Cement Association fire
ion pretensioned specimen was also fire tested seven 40-ft beams in which the
tested in the same series. The behavior reinforcement was post-tensioned.?
of the pretensioned specimen was sim- Two types of reinforcement were used,
ilar to that of the post-tensioned com- high strength alloy steel bars and cold-
panions. drawn wires with button heads. Beams

44
were essentially rectangular, 14 in. from the Portland Cement Association
wide, 25 in. deep, with 6 x 4-in. flanges. series of tests were:
Tendon cover at midspan was 2 1/2 in. 1. Prestressed beams of lightweight
Table 1 gives some pertinent data concrete had longer fire endurances
about the specimens and tests. than their normal weight companions,
Beams were simply supported on and
rocker-roller supports to minimize re- 2. Beams with unbonded post-ten-
straint to thermal expansion. Included sioned reinforcement had about the
in the series of tests were companion same fire endurances as their counter-
specimens reinforced with Grade 40 parts with bonded reinforcement.
and Grade 60 bars, and three speci-
mens with pretensioned seven-wire NBS tests
strand. Among the conclusions reached As noted above, the six tests con-

____U-...
"lu-I
1400

LL

1 i00

E
F-

SFT-1
^ 1-1/2 in.
Cover
800

SFT-1
>3 in.
i Cover

500'
30ҟ60ҟ
90ҟ
120ҟ
180ҟ
240
Fire Test Time, Minutes

Fig. 4. Temperatures within concrete slabs during fire tests (siliceous aggregates)
showing slab tendon temperatures in FPRI-SFT-1

PCI Journal/March-April 1973ҟ 45

 SILICEOUS AGGREGATE CONCRETE

1400

U-
Iҟ
.•ҟCiS 2 -
a
1100

E
H
7
.i`ҟGore

800
Q tiro• 5,ti^o ei
Go

Jei
oo^

500
ҟ ҟ
30 60ҟ90ҟ
120 180ҟ
240
Fire Test Time, Minutes

Fig. 5. Temperatures within concrete slabs during fire tests (siliceous aggregate)
showing tendon temperatures in FPRI-SFT-2. (Adjusted for furnace temperature
lag.)

ducted at the National Bureau of Stan- load of one and one-half times the de-
dards in 1953 involved beams manu- sign live load rather than one times the
factured in England and fire tested in live load. Recent editions of BS476
accordance with the 1932 edition of have revised that requirement to one
British Standard 476. The test proce- times the live load. This stipulation is
dure of BS476-32 is similar to that of the same as ASTM E119. Thus, the fire
ASTM E119 except for one major dif- endurances of the six National Bureau
ference. The loading requirement of of Standards tests were probably sig-
BS476-32 called for a superimposed nificantly shorter than might be ex-

46
 petted if the normal loading had been program described in PCA Research
applied. The beams were rectangular Department Bulletin 223.15 Charts sim-
with or without a composite slab. The ilar to Fig. 3 for carbonate and siliceous
steel consisted of wires, 0.1 or 0.2-in. aggregate concretes were also prepared
diameter, post-tensioned and grouted. and analyzed. Note that the measured
The span was either 10 ft or 16 ft and steel temperature curves are roughly
beams were simply supported. Two parallel to the slab temperature curves.
beams were coated with 1 in. thick ver- In each case the steel temperatures are
miculite concrete. Fire endurances (not somewhat lower than those estimated
adjusted for loading) ranged between from the slab data for the same dis-
about 1 112 and 6 hr. tance from the exposed surface. Thus,
the cover requirements based on the
ANALYSIS OF TEST DATA slab concrete temperatures are slightly
conservative. Based on Fig. 3, the cover
In 1971, Undewriters' Laboratories requirements for unrestrained light-
developed criteria for fire resistance weight prestressed concrete slabs are
classifications for precast prestressed approximately 1 in. for 1 hr, 1 5/s in. for
concrete units. The classifications were 2 hr, and 2 in. for 3 hr.
based on results of standard fire tests of A similar, though more complex, pro-
hollow-core slabs, various stemmed cedure was used in analyzing the data
units, and inverted tee beams. The new for stemmed units and inverted tee
criteria are based on the tentative re- beams.
visions of ASTM E119-71, i.e., for sim- The procedures used by the Under-
ply supported unrestrained members writers' Laboratories in developing
with cold-drawn prestressing steel the their classification criteria are essential-
fire endurance is the time required for ly those used below for analyzing slabs
the steel to reach 800 F during a stan- and beams.
dard fire test. For restrained beams
spaced more than 4 ft on centers, the Analysis of slab data
fire endurance is twice the time re- Pertinent steel temperature data
quired for the steel to reach that tem- from the three tests of slabs are shown
perature. For other restrained units, the in Figs. 4, 5, and 6. Fig. 4 shows the
steel temperature is disregarded and temperatures of the tendons in the
the structural end point governs. beam-and-slab assembly (FPRI SFT-1).
In the Underwriters' Laboratories Note that the temperature of the slab
studies that led to the classification cri- tendons with 1 1/z-in. cover reached an
teria included in the January 1972 average of 800 F after 3 hr of fire expo-
"Fire Resistance Index," 14 measured sure. This temperature is far lower than
steel temperatures were compared with would be expected for 1 1/z-in, cover
each other and with published data on based on the concrete slab temperature
temperatures within concrete members data. In fact, the beam steel tempera-
during fire tests. For example, steel tures were lower than the 2-in, line on
temperatures during full scale fire tests the plot. The low recorded tempera-
of 14 hollow-core slabs were compared tures might be due to either or both of
with temperatures measured within the following items. First, the recorded
plain concrete slabs. Data from four of temperatures reflect the average tem-
the tests of lightweight concrete slabs perature of the tendon rather than the
are shown in Fig. 3. The basic slab maximum temperature that would oc-
temperature data on which the charts cur at the bottom of the tendon. Sec-
are based were developed in the test ond, the tendons were greased and

PCI Journal/March-April 1973

47
 P'A
1400

A •A1
U-
0

j 1100
f0

a
A'L4
E
G)
H

800
V ivAr1ru
III
500 II I1I
30
ҟ
60ҟ90ҟ
120
ҟ
180ҟ
240
Fire Test Time, Minutes

Fig. 6. Temperatures within concrete slabs during fire tests (expanded shale ag-
gregates) showing tendon temperatures in UL 5084-3

wrapped and the lubricant and wrap- tures which were somewhat low during
ping materials might have kept the the first 21/z hr and high thereafter.
tendons cooler during fire exposure. Again, the recorded steel temperatures
Fig. 5 shows the tendon tempera- were lower than would be expected
tures recorded during the test of the from the data on which the curves are
normal weight concrete flat plate floor superimposed.
(FPRI SFT-2). The curvilinear shape Fig. 6 shows the tendon tempera-
of the temperature curves may be due tures recorded during the test of the
to the furnace atmosphere tempera- lightweight concrete flat plate floor

48
 Table 2. Summary of Data on Slab Tendons

"B"
Corresponding
"A" Test Time Distance from
Cover, to Reach Exposed "B"—"A"
Test in. 800F,hr:min Surface, in. in.
FPRI-1 1-1/2 3:12 2-5/8 1-1/8
FPRI-1 3 5:07* 3-5/8 5/8
FPRI-2 1 1:44 1-3/4 3/4
FPRI-2 2 3:30* 2-5/8 5/8
UL-R5084-5 1 1:31 1-3/8 3/8
UL-R5084-5 1-3/4 2:47 2-1/4 1/2
* Extrapolated

(UL R5084-3) superimposed on a plot cated in the third column. The values
of temperatures within lightweight con- of `B"-"A" in the last column indicate
crete slabs during fire tests. Again the the magnitude of reduction of cover
temperatures are lower, but to a lesser possible. Note that those values range
extent than those in Figs. 4 and 5, pos- from 3/s to 11/s in. Thus a reduction of
sibly because the specimen was kiln- at least 3/s in. is warranted. Resulting
dried prior to the test. cover thicknesses for simply supported
In an attempt to determine required unrestrained slabs with post-tensioned
cover thickness for unrestrained slabs reinforcement, based on temperatures
with post-tensioned tendons, an analy- within slabs with a 3/s-in, reduction,
sis can be made of test times at which are given in Table 3.
the tendons reached 800 F. These val- Cover requirements shown in Table
ues can be compared with correspond- 3 apply to tendons 1/z-in, or larger in
ing test times at which concrete at vari- size. The values for 1 hr for carbonate
ous levels reaches 800 F during fire and lightweight aggregate concretes are
tests. Table 2 provides a basis for com- governed by minimum cover require-
parison. ments for slabs (see the provisions in
The values of `B" in Table 2 are the ACI 318-71).
distances from the exposed surface in
plain concrete slabs at which the tem- Analysis of beam data
perature is 800 F at the test time indi- Fig. 7 shows tendon temperatures at

Table 3. Cover Requirements for Unrestrained Slabs with Post-

Tensioned Reinforcement

Cover Thickness, in., for

Fire Endurance of
Aggregate Type 1 hr 1-1/2 hr 2 hr 3 hr
Carbonate 3/4 1-1/16 1-3/8 1-7/8
Siliceous 3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2 2-1/8
Lightweight 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-5/8

PCI Journal/March-April 1973ҟ 49

midspan of the three inverted tee the cover was only 1 3/4 in. and the
beams fire-tested at Underwriters' Lab- strands were in a beam rather than in a
oratories. It is interesting to note that slab. Temperatures of the post-ten-
the temperatures of the pretensioned sioned tendons (UL R4123-12A) were
strand (UL R4123-12) correspond to lower yet, possibly because the bonded
the temperatures that might be antici- and unbonded tendons were centered
pated for strand centered about 2 1/4 in. 23/4 and 2% in., respectively, above the
above the bottom of a slab even though bottoms of the beams. Nevertheless, the

CARBONATE AGGREGATE CONCRETE

1400
77
_ -p77_
LL 1 100
ci
4-
QO
1.
a)
a-
E
H

800

500 / I,. ___

3U bU y^ 120 180 240
Fire Test Time, Minutes 1. Pretensioned 1-3/4 in. cover.
2. Post-tensioned unbonded 1-7/8 in. cover.
3. Post-tensioned bonded 1-15/16 in. cover.

Fig. 7. Temperatures within concrete slabs during fire tests (carbonate aggregate)
showing tendon temperatures in inverted T beams (UL 4123-12-12A)

50
 CARBONATE AGGREGATE CONCRETE

140C
7

77
^^ e
we __
aSJ
LL
0

m
I-
C,

E ,4

4
a)
H

80C
ti

30ҟ 60ҟ 90 120ҟ180ҟ

240
Fire Test Time, Minutes
1. Pretensioned strand. 4. Post-tensioned bars, bonded.
2. Post-tensioned wires, bonded. 5. Post-tensioned bars, unbonded.
3. Reinforcing bars. 6. Post-tensioned wires, unbonded.

Fig. 8. Temperatures within concrete slabs during fire tests (carbonate aggregates)
showing temperatures of corner bars, wires, or strand during PCA tests of 40-ftt
beams

temperatures correspond to those of the corner bars or strands of the 40-ft

about 3Y4 and 3 in. above the bottom beams tested at the Portland Cement
of a slab. The low temperatures for Association. The temperatures shown
the bonded tendon might result from represent the maximum bar or strand
the insulation afforded by the high wa- temperatures because the corner bars
ter content of the grout within the duct. or strands, i.e., those with 2% in. side
Figs. 8 and 9 show temperatures of and bottom cover, were the hottest in

PCI Journal/March-April 1973ҟ 51

 LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

1400

/7
LL 1100

I
5,

CD 1
a
E
9
77H
2
800
3

500
30 60 90 120 180 240
Fire Test Time, Minutes 3. Reinforcing bars.
1. Pretensioned strand.ҟ
2. Post-tensioned barsҟ4. Post-tensioned wires.

Fig. 9. Temperatures within concrete slabs during fire tests (expanded shale ag-
gregates) showing temperatures of corner bars, or strand during PCA tests of 40-
ft beams

each of the tests. Note that in Fig. 8 bonded wires were lower. The same ap-
(normal weight concrete) the time-tem- proximate relationships are also true for
perature relations for the post-tensioned the lightweight concrete specimens
bars, bonded or unbonded, the reinforc- (see Fig. 9).
ing bars, and the unbonded post-ten- From Figs. 8 and 9 it can be seen
sioned wires are grouped closely to- that the corner bar temperatures of the
gether. Temperatures of the corner pre- post-tensioned units are essentially the
tensioned strands were higher and same as (or lower than) slab tempera-
those of the bonded post-tensioned tures at a distance of about 2i/z in. from

52
 p Anchor Assembly

Movable Head

^ҟ
n i
III II
Strand
___;___l Wire or
II Bar
Bottom Anchor Assembly
Showing Locations
of Thermocouples

FixedҟHead
o is iii.ҟ
-'
ql
4 ^2"x 12 ҟ
Concrete D D i^'000.
Cylinderҟ with
Longitudinal o;I'
' i n Electric
Center Hole
Furnace
o
o a -_. Steel Bearing
r i
Plate
Bottom Anchor xo ҟ
ox
Assembly
Furnace
Thermocouple

11 Base of Testing Machine

Fig. 10. Arrangement for high temperature tests of tendon-anchor assemblies

the exposed surface. Since that was the the cover requirements for unrestrained
cover of the corner bars, the cover re- classifications would be those shown in
quirements for slabs, as determined Table 4.
from the Portland Cement Association The above tabulation assumes that
concrete slab data, should be adequate the minimum cover would be 1% in.
for beams with dimensions roughly for all beams, and that tendons are %-
comparable to those tested. On this in. or larger in size. For narrower
basis, for beams with post-tensioned re- beams the cover would have to be
inforcement wider than about 12 in. somewhat greater in some cases. For

PCI Journal/March-April 1973ҟ 53

 Table 4. Cover Requirements for Unrestrained Beams at Least
12-in. Wide and Prestressed with Post-Tensioned Reinforcement

For Beams at Least 12-in. Wide,

Cover Thickness, in., for
Fire Endurance

Steel Concrete
Type Type* 1 hr 2 hr 3hr 4 hr

Cold-Drawn NW 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3

Cold-Drawn LW 1-1/2 1-3/4 2 2-1/2
H.S.A. Bars NW 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 2
H.S.A. Bars LW 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 2

*NW = normal weight; LW = lightweight

beams 8 in. wide, comparable cover been published. For cold-drawn steel, a
requirements could be those shown in temperature limit of 800 F was used.
Table 5. For beams with widths be- For high strength alloy steel bars, a
tween 8 and 12 in., cover requirements temperature limit of 1000 F was used,
can be obtained by direct interpolation. making the results somewhat conserva-
For example, for a 10-in, wide beam tive.
of lightweight concrete with cold-
Protective coatings
drawn steel, the cover for 3 hr would
A 1972 report' s gives analyses of fire
have to be 2% in.
tests of slabs, beams, and joists and
The values for 8-in, wide beams were
concludes with recommended thick-
derived from the relationships of cover, nesses of sprayed insulation for pre-
beam width, and temperature based on stressed units. The thicknesses of
results of tests at the Portland Cement sprayed mineral fiber, vermiculite Type
Association and the Underwriters' Lab- MK, or intumescent mastic are given
oratories, some of which have not yet for slabs and beams of various widths

Table 5. Cover Requirements for Unrestrained 8-in. Wide

Beams Prestressed with Post-Tensioned Reinforcement

For Beams 8-in. Wide,

Cover Thickness, in., for
Fire Endurance

Steel Concrete
Type Type 1 hr 1-1/2 hr 2 hr 3hr

Cold-Drawn NW 1-3/4 2 2-1/2 4-1/2*

Cold-Drawn LW 1-1/2 1-3/4 2 3-1/4
H.S.A. Bars NW 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 2-1/2
H.S.A. Bars LW 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 2-1/4
*Not practical but shown for interpolation purposes.

54
 Relationship for old-drawn
o 8C
strand (P CAҟ R search
c Depart ient Bulletin 134)

°6C
a
0
v
C)

4C

rn • Series No. I
as o Series No. 12
2C
U)

• 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Temperature , F

Fig. 11. Relation between temperature and tensile strength of cold-drawn strand
(from Abrams and Cruz) together with test results of tendon-anchor assemblies

and concrete cover thicknesses.

Even though none of the tests ana- ANALYSES OF RESULTS OF TESTS OF
TENDON-ANCHOR ASSEMBLIES AT
lyzed in that report were of members
HIGH TEMPERATURES
with post-tensioned reinforcement, the
data should be directly applicable to
any member with cold-drawn prestress- Several tests have been performed to
ing steel. It should be noted that two determine if anchors commonly used in
of the National Bureau of Standards North America for post-tensioning con-
tests were of specimens coated with tinue to function at temperatures that
vermiculite concrete. In each case the occur during fires. Reports of these tests
fire endurance of the coated specimen are not readily available, so much of the
was more than double that of its un- pertinent data is included here.
coated counterpart. The data are not
directly applicable for beams or slabs Tensile tests of tendon-anchor as-
with high strength alloy steel bars, but semblies
would be conservative if applied direct- Three series of tests were conducted
ly. at the Portland Cement Association

PCI Journal/March-April 1973 55

 e

a
80
.rn Hot -rolled
0 215K Stee
0 800 F Value
for Strand
o 60

v
o)
C

° 40
4)
X
L
C,
C
a> 20
,7M

2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 II 12

Series Number

Fig. 12. Results of tests made at 800 F compared with value obtained for cold-
drawn strand at same temperature

Laboratory. In two of the series, tests pipes. In such cases, the bearing plates
were performed at various tempera- were machined to a maximum diameter
tures between 600 F and 1000 F, and of 3'7/s in. to ensure that the plates did
at 70 F. In the other series, 12 types of not bear on the steel jacket. A load of
tendon-anchor assemblies were tested about 1000 lb was applied to the speci-
at 800 F and at 70 F. Results of these men at the start of the test and main-
tests were compared with results of ten- tained during the heating period. A
sile tests of tendons in which the an- period of 2 to 31/2 hr was required to
chors were not heated. heat the specimen to the desired test
Fig. 10 shows the test setup. Note temperature. When thermocouples 1, 2,
that the bottom anchor assembly was and 3 (Fig. 10), located on the anchor
centered within the electric furnace. housing and on the tendon, reached
The concrete cylinder was used to pro- the test temperature with a variation of
vide uniform bearing for the anchor. 15 F or less, the tensile load was in-
In fact, several of the types of bearing creased at a rate of about 8000 lb per
plates must be cast into the concrete. min until failure occurred.
The cylinder also served to locate the Results of the two series of tests con-
anchor within the furnace. Some of the ducted at 70 F, 700 F, 800 F, 900 F,
cylinders were jacketed with steel and 1000 F, are shown in Fig. 11.

56
 36°

Anchor

1f
Bearing Plate

8 uҟ8u
CD

r -^ O
^ҟ 6

0)
X=24ga. Chromel-alumel thermocouple

PLA N

r--- r

L--'U Q
V.. L_J m 0

ELEVATION
Dimensions . in inches
Dimension A B C D E F Strand Size
Specimen A 3 1 I/2 2 1/4 17/8 '8 1 1/8 0.6 in.
Specimen B 1 1/2 2 /2 3 3/4 I I I/2 in.

Fig. 13. Details of strand-anchor assemblies embedded in slab

PCI Journal/March-April 1973 57

Series No. 1 consisted of 0.6-in, diam- Fig. 12 shows the results of the 12
eter strand and a rather massive anchor- tests (at 800 F) compared with the
bearing plate assembly. Both the strand comparable value reported for Abrams
size and the anchor are among the larg- and Cruzb for strand at 800 F. The
est in use in North America. They were value shows for Series No. 9 is not di-
selected for this series of tests because rectly comparable to the others be-
the investigators felt that large tendon cause the tendon was a 5/s-in. diame-
anchor assemblies might be more vul- ter hot-rolled bar having a tensile
nerable to heat than smaller ones. Series strength of 215 ksi. The other tendons
12 consisted of '/z-in. strand and small were 270 ksi cold-drawn strand or 240
anchor-bearing plate assemblies. Dupli- ksi wire. Note that the average varia-
cate tests were conducted at 70 F, tion from that for strand was less than
700 F, and 900 F and triplicate tests at two percentage points and the maxi-
800 F. Relatively small differences in mum variation was about four percent-
the breaking loads occurred for dupli- age points.
cate and triplicate tests at a specific As noted above, the results of Series
temperature. Fig. 11 shows the results No. 9 are not directly comparable to
of these tests compared with the ten- the others since the temperature-
sile strength-temperature relation of strength relation for 215 ksi hot-rolled
cold-drawn steel strand determined by steel is probably different than that of
Abrams and Cruzs from tests in which cold-drawn strand. From Fig. 1
the anchors were not heated. It can be it can be seen that high strength
noted that the test results compare fav- alloy steel bars (145 ksi) have
orably with those for strand, differing about 80 percent of their 70 F strength
by three percentage points or less in at 800 F. Even though the value of 68
all cases. Thus it appears reasonable to percent for Series No. 9 is lower than
assume that the temperature-strength that for 145 ksi bars, it is considerably
relationships of tendon-anchor assem- higher than the value for 270 ksi cold-
blies are about the same as those for the drawn steel, and thus seems to be rea-
tendon alone. sonable.
In the third series of tests, 12 types From these tests it appears that the
of tendon-anchor assemblies were anchor does not influence the tempera-
tested at temperatures of 800 F and ture-strength relation significantly. It
70 F. Eight assemblies made use of '/z- should be noted that the tendon-anchor
in. diameter seven-wire strand, two assemblies represented a wide spec-
used 0.6 in. strand, one used 1/4 -in, di- trum of those in use in North America.
ameter button-headed wire, and one a It does not appear that the mass of the
s%s-in. diameter deformed bar. Partici- anchor has a significant influence on the
pants who supplied tendons and an- behavior at high temperatures.
chors were:
Atlas Prestressing Corp. Fire tests to study the effects of cov-
Dyckerhoff and Widmann, Inc. er on tendons and anchors
Freyssinet Company, Inc. In most post-tensioned structures, ex-
Inland-Ryerson Construction Prod- posure to fire is likely to be less severe
ucts Co. at the anchor than at other locations in
Prescon Corp. the beam or slab. However, in some
Stressteel Corp. cases, the anchors are situated in vul-
Stresstek Corp. nerable locations. Because the anchors
VSL Corp. represent concentrations of metal, it is
Western Concrete Structures, Inc. likely that the strand temperature at the

58
 IIOC

U-
0

90C
a)
4-
v i

a)
n
E 70C
I-

500
30 60ҟ 90ҟ 120ҟ 180 240
Fire Test Time, minutes
(a) Specimen A

1100

u_
0
90C .1f
a)
___ ___
4-
v
a,
a
E 70C
a,
I-

500
30 60ҟ 90ҟ 120ҟ 180 240
Fire Test Time, minutes
(b) Specimen B
Fig. 14. Temperatures within concrete during fire tests compared with strand
temperatures at and away from anchors

PCI Journal/March-April 1973ҟ 59

 Table 6. Suggested Concrete Slab Thickness Requirements for
Various Fire Endurances

Slab Thickness, in., for

Fire Endurance Indicated
Aggregate
Type 1 hr 1-1/2hr 2hr 3hr 4hr

Carbonate 3-1/4 4-1/8 4-5/8 5-3/4 6-5/8

Siliceous 3-1/2 4-1/4 5 6-1/4 7
Lightweight 2-5/8 3-1/4 3-3/4 4-5/8 5-1/4

anchor can be different from that away of a continuous tube. A fire test was
from the anchor. conducted at the Portland Cement As-
To study the magnitude of the tem- sociation Laboratory to determine if
perature difference, fire tests were per- the sheathing material affects the ten-
formed on two slabs in which three ten- don temperature during exposure to
don-anchor assemblies were embedded. fire.
Slab specimens were 3 x 3 ft in plan The fire test specimen consisted of a
and 6 in. thick. Strands in the tendon- concrete slab in which some strands
anchor assemblies were horizontal were sheathed with paper and some
throughout as shown in Fig. 13. with plastic. The 4-in. thick slab speci-
Fig. 14 shows the results of the tests. men, which was 3 x 3 ft in plan, con-
Temperatures of the tendons at the an- tained two layers of sheathed strand.
chors were higher than away from the Four strands in the east-west direction
anchor for three of the tendons. The had 1-in, cover and four in the north-
difference was insignificant for two ten- south direction had 2-in. cover. At each
dons, and for one tendon, the tempera- level, the first and third strands were
ture of the tendon at the anchor was sheathed with paper and the other two
cooler than away from the anchor. Dis- with plastic. The 4-in. thick slab speci-
regarding the tendon that was cooler at positioned on each strand, one at mid-
the anchor, the tendons were up to span and the other 12 in. away. The
about 70 F warmer at the anchor than thermocouples were located on the
away from the anchor. To compensate strand within the sheaths.
for the higher temperature at the an- The slab specimen was exposed to a
chor, the cover to the tendon can be standard (ASTM E119) fire exposure
increased by about 1/4 in. for 21/ hr. During the test, thermocou-
ple readings were monitored and com-
Fire tests to study the effects of dif- pared. With 1-in, cover, strands with
ferent sheathing materials for un- paper sheathing were about 15 F to
bonding 30 F cooler than those with plastic
In North American practice, un- sheaths. With 2-in, cover, strands with
bonded post-tensioned tendons are gen- paper sheaths were 10 F cooler to 15 F
erally greased and sheathed with either warmer than those with plastic sheaths.
kraft paper or plastic. Paper sheathing These differences are not considered
is generally spirally wrapped while to be significant because of the usual
plastic sheathing is usually in the form variations in temperature readings of

60
embedded metal in concrete. Thus it about the same as reinforced concrete
appears that the type of sheathing ma- slabs of the same dimensions. Accord-
terial (paper or plastic) has only a mi- ingly, the cover for post-tensioned ten-
nor influence on the strand temperature dons in slabs should be the same as the
and does not affect the concrete cover cover for reinforcing steel in slabs. Ap-
requirements significantly. plying these criteria to slabs with post-
tensioned tendons made of cold-drawn
steel, cover thicknesses are suggested
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MINIMUM in Table 7.
DIMENSIONS FOR VARIOUS FIRE RE-
SISTIVE CLASSIFICATIONS Beams
Minimum dimensions for beams with
post-tensioned reinforcement for vari-
Slabs ous fire endurances are functions of the
For heat transmission, i.e., tempera- types of steel and concrete, beam
ture rise of 250 F of the unexposed sur- width, and cover. For very wide beams,
face, the thickness requirements for the cover requirements should be about
concrete slabs should be the same the same as those for slabs.
whether the concrete is plain, rein- For restrained beams spaced more
forced, or prestressed. Table 6 gives than 4 ft on centers, the fire endurance
slab thicknesses suggested in PCA Re- is twice the elapsed time during a fire
search Department Bulletin 223.15 test at which the steel reaches the criti-
Cover thicknesses for post-tensioned cal temperature. The suggested cover
tendons in unrestrained slabs are de- thicknesses in Table 8 are based on
termined by the elapsed time during a these criteria.
fire test until the tendons reach a criti- For beams or joists less than 8 in.
cal temperature. For cold-drawn pre- wide, the Underwriters' Laboratories
stressing steel that temperature is 800 requirements for pretensioned stemmed
F. For restrained slabs there are no members can be used for members with
temperature limitations. Fire tests of post-tensioned cold-drawn steel. Beams
restrained slabs indicate that slabs with or joists with post-tensioned high
post-tensioned reinforcement behave strength alloy steel bars and narrower

Table 7. Suggested Concrete Cover Thicknesses for Slabs Prestressed

with Post-Tensioned Reinforcement

Cover Thickness, in., for

Fire Endurance of

Restrained or Aggregate
Unrestrained Type 1 hr 1-1/2 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr
Unrestrained Carbonate 3/4 1-1/16 1-3/8 1-7/8 ——-
Unrestrained Siliceous 3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2 2-1/8 - - -
Unrestrained Lightweight 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-5/8 ——-
Restrained Carbonate 3/4 3/4 3/4 1 1-1/4
Restrained Siliceous 3/4 3/4 3/4 1 1-1/4
Restrained Lightweight 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 1

PCI Journal/March-April 1973 61

 Table 8. Suggested Cover Thickness for Beams Prestressed with
Post-Tensioned Reinforcement
Cover Thickness, in., for
Restrained or Steel Concrete Beam Fire Endurance of
Unrestrained Type Type* Width,'* in.
1hr 1-1/2 2hr 3hr 4hr
Unrestrained Cold-drawn NW 8 1-3/4 2 2-1/2 4-1/2*** ———
Unrestrained Cold-drawn LW 8 1-1/2 1-3/4 2 3-1/4 - - -
Unrestrained H.S.A. Bars NW 8 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 2-1/2 - - -
Unrestrained H.S.A. Bars LW 8 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 2-1/4 - - -
Restrained Cold-drawn NW 8 1-1/2, 1-1/2 1-3/4 2 2-1/2
Restrained Cold-drawn LW 8 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-3/4 2
Restrained H.S.A. Bars NW 8 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2
Restrained H.S.A. Bars LW 8 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2

Unrestrained Cold-drawn NW >12 1-1/2 1-/34 2 2-1/2 3

Unrestrained Cold-drawn LW >12 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-3/4 2 2-1/2
Unrestrained H.S.A. Bars NW >12 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 2
Unrestrained H.S.A. Bars LW >12 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 2
Restrained Cold-drawn NW >12 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-3/4 2
Restrained Cold-drawn LW >12 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-3/4
Restrained H.S.A. Bars NW >12 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2
Restrained H.S.A. Bars LW >12 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2

NW = normal weight; LW = lightweight

" For beams with widths between 8 and 12 in-, cover thickness can be determined by interpolation
"`Not practical for 8-in- wide beam but shown for purposes of interpolation

than 8 in. should have the same cover 3. Gustaferro, A. H., "Temperature
as joists of the same size and fire en- Criteria at Failure," Fire Test Per-
durance. formance, ASTM STP 464, Ameri-
can Society for Testing and Ma-
Anchor protection terials, 1970, pp. 68-84.
The cover to the prestressing steel at 4. Selvaggio, S. L., and Carlson,
the anchor should be at least 1/4 in. C. C., "Effect of Restraint on Fire
greater than that required away from Resistance of Prestressed Concrete,"
the anchor. Minimum cover to the steel Fire Test Methods, ASTM STP No.
bearing plate should be at least 1 in. in 344, American Society for Testing
beams and 3/4 in, in slabs. and Materials, 1962. PCA Research
Department Bulletin 164.
REFERENCES 5. Brockenbrough, R. L., and Johns-
ton, B. G., Steel Design Manual,
1. ASTM Designation: E119-71, U.S. Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Penn-
"Standard Methods of Fire Tests of sylvania, 1968, 246 pp.
Building Construction and Materi- 6. Abrams, M. S., and Cruz, C. R.,
als," Part 14, ASTM Book of Stan- "The Behavior at High Tempera-
dards, American Society for Test- ture of Steel Strand for Prestressed
ing and Materials. Concrete," Journal of the PCA Re-
2. Gustaferro, A. H., and Selvaggio, search and Development Labora-
S. L., "Fire Endurance of Simply tories, Vol. 3, No. 3, September,
Supported Prestressed Concrete 1961, pp. 8-19; PCA Research De-
Slabs," PCI JOURNAL, Vol, 12, partment Bulletin 134.
No. 1, February, 1967, pp. 37-52. 7. Gustaferro, A. H., et al., "Fire Re-
PCA Research Department Bulle- sistance of Prestressed Concrete
tin 212. Beams. Study C: Structural Behav-

62
 for During Fire Tests," PCA Re- sioned Concrete Inverted Tee
search and Development Bulletin Beams and Report on Prestressed
(RD 009B), Portland Cement As- Concrete Inverted Tee Beams Post-
sociation, 1971. Tensioned," Underwriters' Labora-
Abrams, M. S., "Compressive tories, Inc., R4123-12-12A. PCI
Strength of Concrete at Tempera- Publication R-119-66.
tures to 1600 F," Symposium on 13. Ashton, L. A., and Bate, S. C. C.,
Effect of Temperature on Con- "The Fire Resistance of Prestressed
crete, American Concrete Institute Concrete Beams," ACI Journal,
Publication SP-25, Detroit, Michi- Vol. 32, May 1961, pp. 1417-1440.
gan, 1971. 14. "Fire Resistance Index," Un-
9. Troxell, G. E., "Fire Test of Pre- derwriters' Laboratories, Inc.,
stressed Concrete Floor Panel No. Northbrook, Illinois, January, 1972.
1, "Fire Prevention Research In- 15. Abrams, M. S., and Gustaferro,
stitute, SFT-1, Gardena, California. A. H., "Fire Endurance of Con-
1.0 Troxell, G. E., "Fire Test of 6-in. crete Slabs as Influenced by Thick-
Hardrock Concrete, Post-Tension- ness, Aggregate Type, and Mois-
ed, Prestressed Flat Slab", Fire Pre- ture," Journal of the PCA Research
vention Research Institute, SFT-2, and Development Laboratories, V.
Gardena, California. 10, No. 2, May 1968, pp. 9-24,
11. "Report on Unbonded Post-Ten- PCA Research Department Bulle-
sioned Prestressed, Reinforced tin 223,
Concrete Flat Plate Floor with Ex- 16. Abrams, M. S., and Gustaferro,
panded Shale Aggregate," Under- A. H., "Fire Endurance of Pre-
writers' Laboratories, Inc., R5084- stressed Concrete Units Coated
3. Reprinted in PCI JOURNAL, with Spray-Applied Insulation,"
Vol. 13, No. 2, April 1968, pp. 45- PCI JOURNAL, Vol. 17, No. 1,
56. January-February, 1972, pp.82-
12. "Report on Prestressed Preten- 103.

Discussion of this paper is invited. Please forward your discussion to

PCI Headquarters by August 1, 1973, to permit publication in the
September-October 1973 issue of the PCI JOURNAL.

PCI Journal/March-April 1973 63