PGT201E

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY
PRACTICES

Chapter 9(a):
Multimedia in Education
(Edited by Chau Kien Tsong based on the foundation built by
Dr. Siti Nazleen Abdul Rabu and Dr. Mariam Mohamad)
Pusat Teknologi Pengajaran dan Multimedia
 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lecture YOU will be able to:
• The definition of Multimedia.
• Identify and discuss the characteristics of
Multimedia.
• Discuss how graphic is formed.
• Explain the difference between vector and bitmap
graphics.
• Describe advantages and disadvantages of using
vector and bitmap graphics.
• Understand types of Multimedia Product in
Business.
 Key Terms you must be able to use
If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use the following terms
correctly in your assignments and examinations:

• Multimedia • Colour Depth

• Multimedia Elements • Image Resolution
• Vector Graphic • Authoring Tool
• Bitmap Graphic • Linear Multimedia
• Digitisation • Non-linear Multimedia
• Sampling • File Format
• Quantisation
What is Multimedia?
 Definition of Media
General:
1. Communication channels through which
news, entertainment, education,
promotional messages are disseminated.
Example: newspapers, magazines, TV,
radio, billboards,
2. Data storage material. Example: diskettes,
disks, tapes, CDs, DVDs.
3. Media: Tools used to represent or do
certain things. Example: printed or hand-
produced material.
 Definition of Media
Definition in multimedia context:
1. Text also called
2. Graphic Multimedia
3. Animation Objects or
4. Video Multimedia
5. Audio Elements
 Definition of Multimedia
Multimedia is a combination of text,
graphic, audio, animation, and video that
is delivered interactively to the user by
electronic or digitally manipulated means.
GRAPHIC
TEXT

VIDEO
AUDIO
ANIMATION
 Characteristics of Multimedia
1. Multimedia objects are well
integrated: use single
computer screen to display
all media.
2. Offer interactivity: User has
some form of control of
what is going on.
 Elements of Multimedia (Text)
• The most basic element.
• Convey the intended message to the users.
• Used in contents, menus, navigational
buttons.
• Written words: For visual channel.
• Narration: For audio channel.
Elements of Multimedia (Graphic)
• Still image.
• Contains no movement or animation.
• Underlies the display of text and
animation.
 Elements of Multimedia (Audio)
• Air vibration that can be perceived by our ears (the
sense of hearing qualitative attribute.
• Perceived by the sense of hearing. Produced by a
source that creates vibration in the surrounding air.
The vibrating air causes the human eardrum to
vibrate, which the brain interprets as sound.
• In multimedia, it comes in the form of speech, sound
effects and music score.
Elements of Multimedia (Animation)
• The illusion of motion created by
the consecutive display of static
(still) images.
• A sequence of frames, when played
in order at sufficient speed,
presents a smoothly moving image
like a film or video.
Elements of Multimedia (Animation)
• Movies run at 24 frames per second.
• Computer animations can be
effective at 12 to 15 frames per
second.
• Anything less than 12 frames per
second creates a jerky motion as our
eye detects the changes form one
frame to the next.
 Elements of Multimedia (Video)

• Moving pictures.
• More as photo realistic
image
sequence, live recording as in
comparison to animation.
Types of Graphics

• Bitmap graphic
• Vector graphic
 Bitmap Graphic
Made up of many dots that are arranged in a
matrix and in a specific order to form an
graphic. These dots are also called pixels
(Picture Elements).
 Bitmap Graphic
• Each of these pixels record
Red, Green and Blue, or RGB.
• All these pixels merge optically
to produce the impression of
continuous tones (give the
impression of graphics).
 Vector Graphic
• Stored as a mathematical formula
• Displaying vector graphic requires
some computation to be performed in
order to generate graphic.
 Bitmap vs Vector Graphic
Disadvantage of Vector Graphic:
• Absence of standard format for vector
graphics on the Web.
• Displaying vector graphic requires specific
software to translate it into a displayable
form. For instance, to display Adobe
Animate movie, Adobe Animate player is
required to install onto the computer.
• Limited level of detail can be represented.
Bitmap vs Vector Graphic

vector
bmp pixels

Slide 20 of 23 The jaggies (checkerboard effect)

How the graphic is formed
How is the digital image formed?
1 Light emitted
from a source

2
Interaction of light
and a surface

5 External
3
Image Image
Formation 4 Internal Output
Image
Output
How the graphic is formed
(Digitisation Process)
Digitisation requires 2 successive
steps:
 Sampling
 Quantisation
 Digitisation (Process)
Sampling and Quantisation:
Range  Quantization

Domain  Sampling
 Digitisation (Process)
Sampling:
 The process of dividing the
graphic into small
increments.
 Map the graphic into
Coordinate System (f(x,y))
 Digitisation (Process)
Quantisation:
 The process of rounding off a continuous
value horizontally.
 Unit: bits (8-bit, 16-bit etc.).
 If choose 8-bit of quantisation level to
quantise the analog graphic, mean the
graphic colour will be divided into 256
parts. Similarly, graphic quantised at 16-bit
divides the colour waves into 65,536 parts
(intensity or gray scale)
Image Digitisation Overview
Digitisation parameters
1
• Spatial resolution (Sampling)
• Intensity Resolution (Quantisation)

3
Continuous Image

Analog Signal from A to B

 Bitmap Graphic Quality Setting
(Image Resolution (Sampling))
• The quality of bitmap graphic is highly affected by
Resolution.
• Resolution: A measure of how finely a device
approximates continuous graphics using finite
pixels.
• 2 Common ways of specifying resolution:
 Dot per inch (dpi / ppi (pixel per inch))
 Pixel dimension (e.g. 640 x 480 pixel)
• A graphic’s resolution may be 600 dpi, means the
graphic has 600 dots per inch.
 Bitmap Graphic Quality Setting
(Image Resolution (Sampling))
• The higher the resolution, the finer
the image.
• However, the disadvantages of
high resolution graphics:
 Contain more pixels and thus
occupy more disk space.
 Take longer time to transfer over
network.
Bitmap Graphic Quality Setting
(Colour Depth (Quantisation))
Number of grey levels

1 bit = 2 colours

8 bit = 256 colours

Multimedia Authoring Tools
• Used to merge multimedia elements
(text, audio, graphic, animation,
video) into an integrated final
product (e.g. animated movie).
• Can be used to manage individual
multimedia elements and provide
user interaction as well.
Multimedia Authoring Tools
Example:
• Adobe Animate CC
• Microsoft PowerPoint
• Adobe Dreamweaver
 Multimedia Categorisation
Multimedia: 2 categories:
Linear Multimedia Non-Linear Multimedia
1 Content progresses without Content offers user interactivity to
any navigational control for control progress
the viewer
2 not interactive interactive

3 User have no control over theA Users

Multimedia
are Project
given is identified as Non-
navigational
Linear when:
content that is being shown It control
is interactive
4 Example: Movie, non- Example: Hypermedia, computer
interactive lecture, demo games, Courseware, computer,
show computer based training
 Interactive Multimedia (Hypermedia)
• A combination of hypertext, graphics,
audio, video, which are linked and
interactivity culminating in a complete, non-
linear computer-based experience.

Hypermedia
Multimedia File Formats
Video Format: Graphic Format:
• MOV • PNG
• MP4 • JPG
• FLV • GIF
• 3GP • BMP
• MPEG • psd (Adobe Photoshop)
• WMV • ai (Adobe Illustrator)
Beneficiary of Multimedia
There are a number of fields where
multimedia could be of use. Examples
are:
• Entertainment
• Business
• Education
• Health
• Military
• Scientific Research
Beneficiary of Multimedia
Entertainment:
• Games (Leisure / Educational)
• Movies
• Video on Demand
Beneficiary of Multimedia
Education:
• Courseware
• Simulations
• E-Learning
• Training
• Pre school program
• Learn music, Maths
 Beneficiary of Multimedia (Tutorials)
• Provide learning content in learning certain
subject matter individually and interactively.
• Usually exposes the learners to materials that
have been previously taught.
• Usually include pretest, post-test, drill and
practice activities.

GCFlearnfree.org ( http://www.gcflearnfree.org/ )
Beneficiary of Multimedia (Simulations)
• Simulations: A computerised model of real or
imagined system designed to teach how a system
works.

Pilot, Medical Doctor – when it is difficult/expensive to practice in real situation

Beneficiary of Multimedia
Business:
• Sales / Marketing Presentation
• Trade show production
 Beneficiary of Multimedia
(Types of Multimedia Product in Business)
Referenced Products: Briefing Products
• Focus on specific area and provide • Small, straightforward, linear
extensive information. products
• Often used for answering specific • Present information quickly and
questions or browsing of more detailed concisely.
information. • Example:
• Include explanation on how to access  Corporate Presentation
the products.  Sales Presentation
• Example:
 Generalised Content
(dictionary/encyclopedia)
 Detailed Content (Cookbooks,
Historical, Physics.)
 Beneficiary of Multimedia
(Types of Multimedia Product in Business)
• Information Kiosk: A product usually stationed at public
places and allow the user to find information
interactively and perform transaction.
• Categories of Kiosk:
 Point of Information (Provide certain information
such as map, timetable etc).
 Point of Sales System (Allow users to purchase or
make orders).
• Example of Kiosk Products:
 Instant Photo Booth.
 Banking Kiosk (money deposit, cheque).
 University Information Kiosk.
 Beneficiary of Multimedia (Database Products)
• Large amount of information available.
• Focus on storing and accessing actual multimedia
data.
• Characteristics of Database Products:
 Content based search.
 Real-time access.
• Examples:
 Google Search.
 Google Earth.
THANK YOU