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WRITING THE ESSAY

What Is an Essay?
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AN ESSAY AND A PARAGRAPH

An essay is simply a paper of several paragraphs, rather than one paragraph, that
supports a single point. In an essay, subjects can and should be treated more fully than
they would be in a single-paragraph paper.
The main idea or point developed in an essay is called the thesis statement (rather
than, as in a paragraph, the topic sentence). The thesis statement appears in the
introductory paragraph, and it is then developed in the supporting paragraphs that
follow. A short concluding paragraph closes the essay.

THE FORM OF AN ESSAY

The diagram on the next page shows the form of an essay.

Introductory Paragraph
Introduction The introduction attracts the reader's interest. The
Thesis sentence thesis sentence states the main idea advanced in the
Plan of development: paper.
Points 1, 2, 3 (and more) The plan of development is a list of the points that
support the thesis. The points are presented in the
order in which they will be developed in the paper.
First Supporting Paragraph
Topic sentence (point 1) The topic sentence advances the first supporting point
Specific evidence for the thesis, and the specific evidence in the rest of
the paragraph develops that first point.
Second Supporting Paragraph
Topic sentence (point 2) The topic sentence advances the second supporting
Specific evidence point for the thesis, and the specific evidence in the
rest of the paragraph develops that second point.
Third Supporting Paragraph
Topic sentence (point 3) The topic sentence advances the third supporting
Specific evidence point for the thesis, and the specific evidence in the
rest of the paragraph develops that third point.
Concluding Paragraph
Summary, conclusion, A summary is a brief restatement of the thesis and its
or both main points. A conclusion is a final thought or two
stemming from the subject of the paper.

Important Points about the Essay

INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH

An introductory paragraph has certain purposes or functions and can be constructed

using various methods.
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Purposes of the Introduction

An introductory paragraph should do three things:

1 Attract the reader's interest. Using one of the suggested methods of introduction
described below can help draw the reader into your paper.
2 Present a thesis sentence — a clear, direct statement of the central idea that you
will develop in your paper. The thesis statement, like a topic sentence, should have a
key word or words reflecting your attitude about the subject. For example, in the essay
on the apple plant job, the key word is dreadful.
3 Indicate a plan of development—a preview of the major points that will support your
thesis statement, listed in the order in which they will be presented. In some cases, the
thesis statement and plan of development may appear in the same sentence. In some
cases, also, the plan of development may be omitted.

Common Methods of Introduction

Here are some common methods of introduction. Use any one method, or a
combination of methods, to introduce your subject in an interesting way.

1. Broad statement. Begin with a broad, general statement of your topic and
narrow it down to your thesis statement. Broad, general statements ease the
reader into your thesis statement by providing a background for it. In "My Job in an
Apple Plant," Gene writes generally on the topic of his worst jobs and then narrows
down to a specific worst job.

2. Contrast. Start with an idea or situation that is the opposite of the one you will
develop. This approach' works because your readers will be surprised, and then
intrigued, by the contrast between the opening idea and the thesis that follows it.
Here is an example of a "contrast" introduction:

When I was a girl, I never argued with my parents about differences between their attitudes and
mine. My father would deliver his judgment on an issue, and that was usually the end of the matter.
Discussion seldom changed his mind, and disagreement was not tolerated. But the situation is
different with today's parents and children. My husband and I have to contend with radical
differences between what our children think about a given situation and what we think about it. We
have had disagreements with all three of our daughters, Stephanie, Diana, and Gisel.

3. "Relevance." Explain the importance of your topic. If you can convince your
readers that the subject applies to them in some way, or is something they should
know more about, they will want to continue reading. The introductory paragraph of
"Sports-Crazy America" (page 243) provides an example of a "relevance"
introduction.

4. Anecdote. Use an incident or brief story. Stories are naturally interesting. They
appeal to a reader's curiosity. In your introduction, an anecdote will grab the
reader's attention right away. The story should be brief and should be related to
your central idea. The incident in the story can be something that happened to you,
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something that you have heard about, or something that you have read about in a
newspaper or magazine. Here is an example of a paragraph that begins with a
story:

The husky man pushes open the door of the bedroom and grins as he pulls out
a .38 revolver. An elderly man wearing thin pajamas looks at him and whimpers. In
a feeble effort at escape, the old man slides out of his bed and moves to the door
of the room. The husky man, still grinning, blocks his way. With the face of a small,
frightened animal, the old man looks up and whispers, "Oh God, please don't hurt
me." The grinning man then fires four times. The television movie cuts now to a
soap commercial, but the little boy who has been watching the set has begun to
cry. Such scenes of direct violence on television must surely be harmful to children
for a number of psychological reasons.

5. Questions. Ask your readers one or more questions. These questions catch
the readers' interest and make them want to read on. Here is an example of a
paragraph that begins with questions:

What would happen if we were totally honest with ourselves? Would we be able to stand the
pain of giving up self-deception? Would the complete truth be too much for us to bear? Such
questions will probably never be answered, for in everyday life we protect ourselves from the
onslaught of too much reality. All of us cultivate defense mechanisms that prevent us from seeing,
hearing, or feeling too much. Included among such defense mechanisms are rationalization,
reaction formation, and substitution.

Note, however, that the thesis itself must not be a question.

6. Quotation. A quotation can be something you have read in a book or an article.

It can also be something that you have heard: a popular saying or proverb ("Never
give advice to a friend"); a current or recent advertising slogan ("Reach out and
touch someone"); a favorite expression used by your friends or family ("My father
always says ..."). Using a quotation in your introductory paragraph lets you add
someone else's voice to your own. Here is an example of a paragraph that begins
with a quotation:

"Evil," wrote Martin Buber, "is lack of direction." In my school days as a fatherless boy, with a
mother too confused by her own life to really care for me, I strayed down a number of dangerous
paths. Before my eighteenth birthday, I had been a car thief, a burglar, and a drug seller.

SUPPORTING PARAGRAPHS

Most essays have three supporting points, developed in three separate paragraphs.
(Some essays will have two supporting points; others, four or more.) Each of the
supporting paragraphs should begin with a topic sentence that states the point to be
detailed in that paragraph. Just as the thesis provides a focus for the entire essay, the
topic sentence provides a focus for each supporting paragraph.

TRANSITIONAL SENTENCES

In paragraphs, transitions and other connective devices (pages 90-96) are used to help
link sentences. Similarly, in an essay transitional sentences are used to help tie the
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supporting paragraphs together. Such transitional sentences usually occur near the
end of one paragraph or the beginning of the next. In "My Job in an Apple Plant," the
first transitional sentence is:
I would not have minded the difficulty of the work so much if the pay had not been so
poor.
In this sentence, the key word difficulty reminds us of the point of the first supporting
paragraph, while pay tells us the point to be developed in the second supporting
paragraph.

CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH

The concluding paragraph often summarizes the essay by briefly restating the thesis
and, at times, the main supporting points of the essay. Also, the conclusion brings the
paper to a natural and graceful end, sometimes leaving the reader with a final thought
on the subject.

Planning the Essay

OUTLINING THE ESSAY

When you write an essay, planning is crucial for success. You should plan you essay
by outlining in two ways:

1 Prepare a scratch outline. This should consist of a short statement of the thesis
followed by the main supporting points for the thesis. Here is Gene's scratch
outline for his essay on the apple plant:

Working at an apple plant was my worst job.

1. Hard work
2. Poor pay
3. Bad working conditions

Do not underestimate the value of this initial outline—or the work involved in
achieving it. Be prepared to do a good deal of plain hard thinking at this first
and most important stage of your paper.

2 Prepare a more detailed outline. The outline form that follows will serve as a
guide. Your instructor may ask you to submit a copy of this form either before
you actually write an essay or along with your finished essay.

Essay Writing Assignments

Hints: Keep the following points in mind when writing an essay on any of the topics
below.

1 Your first step must be to plan your essay. Prepare both a scratch outline and a
more detailed outline, as explained on the preceding pages.
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2 While writing your essay, use the checklist below to make sure your essay
touches all four bases of effective writing.

Base 1: Unity

— Clearly stated thesis in the introductory paragraph of your paper

— All the supporting paragraphs on target in backing up your thesis

Base 2: Support

— Three separate supporting points for your thesis

— Specific evidence for each of the three supporting points
— Plenty of specific evidence for each supporting point

Base 3: Coherence

— Clear method of organization

— Transitions and other connecting words
— Effective introduction and conclusion

Base 4: Sentence Skills

— Clear, error-free sentences (use the checklist on the inside front cover
of this book)

Taken and adapted from John Langan English Skills. Mc Graw-Hill 1997