Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Manila

EN BANC

G.R. No. 187485 October 8, 2013

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Petitioner,

x-----------------------x

G.R. No. 196113

TAGANITO MINING CORPORATION, Petitioner,

x-----------------------x

G.R. No. 197156

PHILEX MINING CORPORATION, Petitioner,

RESOLUTION

CARPIO, J.:

This Resolution resolves the Motion for Reconsideration and the Supplemental Motion for Reconsideration
filed by San Roque Power Corporation (San Roque) in G.R. No. 187485, the Comment to the Motion for
Reconsideration filed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (CIR) in G.R. No. 187485, the Motion for
Reconsideration filed by the CIR in G.R.No. 196113, and the Comment to the Motion for Reconsideration filed
by Taganito Mining Corporation (Taganito) in G.R. No. 196113.

San Roque prays that the rule established in our 12 February 2013 Decision be given only a prospective effect,
arguing that "the manner by which the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) and the Court of Tax Appeals(CTA)
actually treated the 120 + 30 day periods constitutes an operative fact the effects and consequences of which
cannot be erased or undone."1

The CIR, on the other hand, asserts that Taganito Mining Corporation's (Taganito) judicial claim for tax credit
or refund was prematurely filed before the CTA and should be disallowed because BIR Ruling No. DA-489-03
was issued by a Deputy Commissioner, not by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.

We deny both motions.

The Doctrine of Operative Fact

The general rule is that a void law or administrative act cannot be the source of legal rights or duties. Article 7
of the Civil Code enunciates this general rule, as well as its exception: "Laws are repealed only by subsequent
ones, and their violation or non-observance shall not be excused by disuse, or custom or practice to the
contrary. When the courts declared a law to be inconsistent with the Constitution, the former shall be void and
the latter shall govern. Administrative or executive acts, orders and regulations shall be valid only when they
are not contrary to the laws or the Constitution."

The doctrine of operative fact is an exception to the general rule, such that a judicial declaration of invalidity
may not necessarily obliterate all the effects and consequences of a void act prior to such declaration.2 In
Serrano de Agbayani v. Philippine National Bank,3 the application of the doctrine of operative fact was
discussed as follows:

The decision now on appeal reflects the orthodox view that an unconstitutional act, for that matter an executive
order or a municipal ordinance likewise suffering from that infirmity, cannot be the source of any legal rights or
duties. Nor can it justify any official act taken under it. Its repugnancy to the fundamental law once judicially
declared results in its being to all intents and purposes a mere scrap of paper. As the new Civil Code puts it:
"When the courts declare a law to be inconsistent with the Constitution, the former shall be void and the latter
shall govern. Administrative or executive acts, orders and regulations shall be valid only when they are not
contrary to the laws of the Constitution." It is understandable why it should be so, the Constitution being
supreme and paramount. Any legislative or executive act contrary to its terms cannot survive.

Such a view has support in logic and possesses the merit of simplicity. It may not however be sufficiently
realistic. It does not admit of doubt that prior to the declaration of nullity such challenged legislative or
executive act must have been in force and had to be complied with. This is so as until after the judiciary, in an
appropriate case, declares its invalidity, it is entitled to obedience and respect. Parties may have acted under it
and may have changed their positions. What could be more fitting than that in a subsequent litigation regard be
had to what has been done while such legislative or executive act was in operation and presumed to be valid in
all respects. It is now accepted as a doctrine that prior to its being nullified, its existence as a fact must be
reckoned with. This is merely to reflect awareness that precisely because the judiciary is the governmental
organ which has the final say on whether or not a legislative or executive measure is valid, a period of time
may have elapsed before it can exercise the power of judicial review that may lead to a declaration of nullity. It
would be to deprive the law of its quality of fairness and justice then, if there be no recognition of what had
transpired prior to such adjudication.

In the language of an American Supreme Court decision: "The actual existence of a statute, prior to such a
determination of unconstitutionality, is an operative fact and may have consequences which cannot justly be
ignored. The past cannot always be erased by a new judicial declaration. The effect of the subsequent ruling
as to invalidity may have to be considered in various aspects, with respect to particular relations, individual and
corporate, and particular conduct, private and official." This language has been quoted with approval in a
resolution in Araneta v. Hill and the decision in Manila Motor Co., Inc. v. Flores. An even more recent instance
is the opinion of Justice Zaldivar speaking for the Court in Fernandez v. Cuerva and Co. (Boldfacing and
italicization supplied)

Clearly, for the operative fact doctrine to apply, there must be a "legislative or executive measure," meaning a
law or executive issuance, that is invalidated by the court. From the passage of such law or promulgation of
such executive issuance until its invalidation by the court, the effects of the law or executive issuance, when
relied upon by the public in good faith, may have to be recognized as valid. In the present case, however, there
is no such law or executive issuance that has been invalidated by the Court except BIR Ruling No. DA-489-03.

To justify the application of the doctrine of operative fact as an exemption, San Roque asserts that "the BIR
and the CTA in actual practice did not observe and did not require refund seekers to comply with the120+30
day periods."4This is glaring error because an administrative practice is neither a law nor an executive
issuance. Moreover, in the present case, there is even no such administrative practice by the BIR as claimed
by San Roque.

In BIR Ruling No. DA-489-03 dated 10 December 2003, the Department of Finance’s One-Stop Shop Inter-
Agency Tax Credit and Duty Drawback Center (DOF-OSS) asked the BIR to rule on the propriety of the actions
taken by Lazi Bay Resources Development, Inc. (LBRDI). LBRDI filed an administrative claim for refund for
alleged input VAT for the four quarters of 1998. Before the lapse of 120 days from the filing of its administrative
claim, LBRDI also filed a judicial claim with the CTA on 28March 2000 as well as a supplemental judicial claim
on 29 September 2000.In its Memorandum dated 13 August 2002 before the BIR, the DOF-OSS pointed out
that LBRDI is "not yet on the right forum in violation of the provision of Section 112(D) of the NIRC" when it
sought judicial relief before the CTA. Section 112(D) provides for the 120+30 day periods for claiming tax
refunds.

The DOF-OSS itself alerted the BIR that LBRDI did not follow the120+30 day periods. In BIR Ruling No. DA-
489-03, Deputy Commissioner Jose Mario C. Buñag ruled that "a taxpayer-claimant need not wait for the lapse
of the 120-day period before it could seek judicial relief with the CTA by way of Petition for Review." Deputy
Commissioner Buñag, citing the 7February 2002 decision of the Court of Appeals (CA) in Commissioner of
Internal Revenue v. Hitachi Computer Products (Asia) Corporation5 (Hitachi), stated that the claim for refund
with the Commissioner could be pending simultaneously with a suit for refund filed before the CTA.

Before the issuance of BIR Ruling No. DA-489-03 on 10 December 2003, there was no administrative practice
by the BIR that supported simultaneous filing of claims. Prior to BIR Ruling No. DA-489-03, the BIR considered
the 120+30 day periods mandatory and jurisdictional.

Thus, prior to BIR Ruling No. DA-489-03, the BIR’s actual administrative practice was to contest simultaneous
filing of claims at the administrative and judicial levels, until the CA declared in Hitachi that the BIR’s position
was wrong. The CA’s Hitachi decision is the basis of BIR Ruling No. DA-489-03 dated 10 December 2003
allowing simultaneous filing. From then on taxpayers could rely in good faith on BIR Ruling No. DA-489-03
even though it was erroneous as this Court subsequently decided in Aichi that the 120+30 day periods were
mandatory and jurisdictional.

We reiterate our pronouncements in our Decision as follows:

At the time San Roque filed its petition for review with the CTA, the 120+30 day mandatory periods were
already in the law. Section112(C) expressly grants the Commissioner 120 days within which to decide the
taxpayer’s claim. The law is clear, plain, and unequivocal: "x x x the Commissioner shall grant a refund or
issue the tax credit certificate for creditable input taxes within one hundred twenty (120) days from the date of
submission of complete documents." Following the verbalegis doctrine, this law must be applied exactly as
worded since it is clear, plain, and unequivocal. The taxpayer cannot simply file a petition with the CTA without
waiting for the Commissioner’s decision within the 120-daymandatory and jurisdictional period. The CTA will
have no jurisdiction because there will be no "decision" or "deemed a denial" decision of the Commissioner for
the CTA to review. In San Roque’s case, it filed its petition with the CTA a mere 13 days after it filed its
administrative claim with the Commissioner. Indisputably, San Roque knowingly violated the mandatory 120-
day period, and it cannot blame anyone but itself.

Section 112(C) also expressly grants the taxpayer a 30-day period to appeal to the CTA the decision or
inaction of the Commissioner x x x.

xxxx

To repeat, a claim for tax refund or credit, like a claim for tax exemption, is construed strictly against the
taxpayer. One of the conditions for a judicial claim of refund or credit under the VAT System is compliance
1âwphi1

with the 120+30 day mandatory and jurisdictional periods. Thus, strict compliance with the 120+30 day periods
is necessary for such a claim to prosper, whether before, during, or after the effectivity of the Atlas doctrine,
except for the period from the issuance of BIR Ruling No. DA-489-03 on 10 December 2003 to 6 October 2010
when the Aichi doctrine was adopted, which again reinstated the 120+30 day periods as mandatory and
jurisdictional.6

San Roque’s argument must, therefore, fail. The doctrine of operative fact is an argument for the application of
equity and fair play. In the present case, we applied the doctrine of operative fact when we recognized
simultaneous filing during the period between 10 December 2003, when BIR Ruling No. DA-489-03 was
issued, and 6 October 2010, when this Court promulgated Aichi declaring the 120+30 day periods mandatory
and jurisdictional, thus reversing BIR Ruling No. DA-489-03.
The doctrine of operative fact is in fact incorporated in Section 246 of the Tax Code, which provides:

SEC. 246. Non-Retroactivity of Rulings. - Any revocation, modification or reversal of any of the rules and
regulations promulgated in accordance with the preceding Sections or any of the rulings or circulars
promulgated by the Commissioner shall not be given retroactive application if the revocation, modification or
reversal will be prejudicial to the taxpayers, except in the following cases:

(a) Where the taxpayer deliberately misstates or omits material facts from his return or any document
required of him by the Bureau of Internal Revenue;

(b) Where the facts subsequently gathered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue are materially different
from the facts on which the ruling is based; or

(c) Where the taxpayer acted in bad faith. (Emphasis supplied)

Under Section 246, taxpayers may rely upon a rule or ruling issued by the Commissioner from the time the rule
or ruling is issued up to its reversal by the Commissioner or this Court. The reversal is not given retroactive
effect. This, in essence, is the doctrine of operative fact. There must, however, be a rule or ruling issued by the
Commissioner that is relied upon by the taxpayer in good faith. A mere administrative practice, not formalized
into a rule or ruling, will not suffice because such a mere administrative practice may not be uniformly and
consistently applied. An administrative practice, if not formalized as a rule or ruling, will not be known to the
general public and can be availed of only by those within formal contacts with the government agency.

Since the law has already prescribed in Section 246 of the Tax Code how the doctrine of operative fact should
be applied, there can be no invocation of the doctrine of operative fact other than what the law has specifically
provided in Section 246. In the present case, the rule or ruling subject of the operative fact doctrine is BIR
Ruling No. DA-489-03 dated 10 December 2003. Prior to this date, there is no such rule or ruling calling for the
application of the operative fact doctrine in Section 246. Section246, being an exemption to statutory taxation,
must be applied strictly against the taxpayer claiming such exemption.

San Roque insists that this Court should not decide the present case in violation of the rulings of the CTA;
otherwise, there will be adverse effects on the national economy. In effect, San Roque’s doomsday scenario is
a protest against this Court’s power of appellate review. San Roque cites cases decided by the CTA to
underscore that the CTA did not treat the 120+30 day periods as mandatory and jurisdictional. However, CTA
or CA rulings are not the executive issuances covered by Section 246 of the Tax Code, which adopts the
operative fact doctrine. CTA or CA decisions are specific rulings applicable only to the parties to the case and
not to the general public. CTA or CA decisions, unlike those of this Court, do not form part of the law of the
land. Decisions of lower courts do not have any value as precedents. Obviously, decisions of lower courts are
not binding on this Court. To hold that CTA or CA decisions, even if reversed by this Court, should still prevail
is to turn upside down our legal system and hierarchy of courts, with adverse effects far worse than the
dubious doomsday scenario San Roque has conjured.

San Roque cited cases7 in its Supplemental Motion for Reconsideration to support its position that retroactive
application of the doctrine in the present case will violate San Roque’s right to equal protection of the law.
However, San Roque itself admits that the cited cases never mentioned the issue of premature or
simultaneous filing, nor of compliance with the 120+30 day period requirement. We reiterate that "any issue,
whether raised or not by the parties, but not passed upon by the Court, does not have any value as
precedent."8 Therefore, the cases cited by San Roque to bolster its claim against the application of the 120+30
day period requirement do not have any value as precedents in the present case.

Authority of the Commissioner

Although Section 4 of the 1997 Tax Code provides that the "power to interpret the provisions of this Code and
other tax laws shall be under the exclusive and original jurisdiction of the Commissioner, subject to review by
the Secretary of Finance," Section 7 of the same Code does not prohibit the delegation of such power. Thus,
"the Commissioner may delegate the powers vested in him under the pertinent provisions of this Code to any
or such subordinate officials with the rank equivalent to a division chief or higher, subject to such limitations
and restrictions as may be imposed under rules and regulations to be promulgated by the Secretary of
Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner."

WHEREFORE, we DENY with FINALITY the Motions for Reconsideration filed by San Roque Power
Corporation in G.R. No. 187485,and the Commissioner of Internal Revenue in G.R. No. 196113.

SO ORDERED.

ANTONIO T. CARPIO
Associate Justice