3s3

CHAPTER 21
TENSES
I. WHAT IS TENSE?
froT<FrqrEi "lg
I eat rice. (etfr sp lttQ r)
I ate rice. (etfr vlv airxR-"rl{ r)
I shall eat rice. (Slfr q\o ?ll< r)
Sqrffi ffi
<lr$j qst verb-,eat' furskq <rqqg qcr-a r ft-E r<r+r oT<"i,
verbfr ffi
eX s{rl crsBg emce <t q3-{ | 6qli{ s EqT <rcrfr{ Ttq (?tlsRl)
<\tkiiil cssFs qg; &ffil
Ftq qqrc c(sFE clrRq; qr( €{8" nq
.{"-|{\3 qqsFs qgR, vfrsl"cg {(!fts q3 1

{s-{t( 6$t{ verb €3t slq T:aF C(SFs qg,, EIIRE, <l Cg< \ol ffit <tsm qli
d verb S'{ fi K1qIEI <IAau qq qlk-<r{ tense (fuflR 6tai) <?Fr i
Definition : Tense is the form in,"tiitr u uniu'ii-used io express
when an action is, was, or will be performed.

II. CI.ASSIFICATION OF TENSES

. (Tense c-{ GSft R"Out r;
Tense .{ql+e= ftq effi<
A. Present Tense (:r6il1+l-c)
B. Past Tense (e.ffsstq)
C. Future Tense (vfrt'ls +te)
.{iq-{ q&F q:{'R FR €rSR-<-{ t st.{ fi€rqt qrqTbat{ q,rcrl \Tf{fl
sl-{."SF
orE"rTqgq cqFi e
A. I eat rice. .1ou can do it" She is dancing.
B. I went there. He was writing a letter. Mu*rn said so.
C. They will do ir. She will be writing a letier then. The dag will
not barh.
Tense 4.{ gfuS ctfrfr**'f frm. fu{ qs6
qTqi5-fi s3t{ qlrrt qp{-41
tense-tffi s<erq ciftft--gtrl {*srq qqql{ cs?rE r qcs ql{kr< cql#{ s"K qsbt
qlii.ft qE'r< 4:r( iense-€K €"r<
trat Eqlq e.lcr{ r

r r TEt _9"
 354 A Passage to the Engliih Language
Table 1 : Classification of Tenses
rresent lense Past l-ense ruture lense
1. hcletinite I ense l. lndeiinite Tense 1.. tndetinite I ense
2. Continuous Tense 2. Continuous Tense 2. Continuous Tense
3. Perfect Tense 3. Perfect Tense 3. Perfect Tense
4. Perfect 4. Perfecl 4. Per{ecl
Continuous Tense Continuous Tense Continuous Tense
Examples Examples Examples
nce. 1. I ate rice. (qff{ els r. I snall eat fice.
- iii! c{t{RflT I) (qtR srs fi)
2. l am eating rice. 2. I was eating rice. 2. I shall be eating
(9tfi qE rice. (ffi e1-g c"lce
"fi&ap 11

ello-< r)
3. I have eaten rice. 3.I had eaten rice 3. I shall have eaten
(q1RE1E c{(TR) 'before he came. rice by 8 p.m.
(ERqlcKqtl'tq]fi
<Fo qFD< (qii
els trkrurSRqtql qft'f sls etra Bh< r)
4. I have been 4. I had been eating 4. I shall have been
eating rice for five rice. (qft qE eating that time.
minutes (qfr ftD 1; (sfi qTfr qE c{cu
fiffiu'<E*,-te ffi r
"fiRslE
srs-< t)

EXERCISEI q1|{ CElT<l tense-€it I v{r3 Table-1 q<

€q'f5q Ch-crl I read a book <T-siF< )\fr tense-qr sol ffi{ qR( s.l-cftt <tC'fl. qd
q{ I <+b- re? fr+I< <"G ,.c-+lsrF +<rq q--eE8frs tense gt6s qsq{ <:? {r< dt r

1. PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE

({t{t<"lffiaaPt
4Q tense-€F verb trfrpq $IcE qlRT-< ''qt" q -Tef csi{ s.fq, wsl.lq ls TIq
u1 bfifr-s nq, Fsg;{:r,roJ, ,ffis
qsr, fr<S efr.sF,_ q{.{ sf<q{ oil( I

elf,{ s subject + verb

{s,/es) + object
9dl9 subject q< 1[{ verb rfi( q3f {6{ objeci {C*f r Third person,
singular number-€ verb-s{ C'lC{ s,/es cqtri q-T | fiCF< €qTqi"lec4|
"lV I

n <6{ll stcars qtq a

Subject Verb (sles) ()bject (,ther words
1. I go to market.
2. She dances.
3. You see u U,ra.
.1. Mother calls me a fool. ({t object)
He reads a book.
<l-siT$ I a,l c{ 4-o r \e I ql{ €slB "ffq cqq I 8 I ET
qlsfC$
"EsF r<f+t T6FFI I c I cc'€FF <t "i'ap r
 Grammar : Tenses 355

I qs]-rcds dflT s

S(Subject) V(s/es) (v€rb) () (Object) & Other words

r. I reao tne noly Quran regularly.
2. He takes exercise regularly.
3. Mother cooks rice thrice a day.
4. The Padma flows through Bangladesh.
Wcrr T-{l{ ofrrrrffifr{'frsrrlgf{<ti:<
e I rl frtr &q-{< ElE aTt Frtr{ I 8 I etqt 4ft <t(ErCq-(-R r$ frC{ <CR EFT I

,d,l
IFssqwl c

:fi -
s V(s/es u (Jther words
I ne sun
I nses in the east.
2 The earth rnOVES round the sun.
3 The moon gives * ttntr.
(RF object)
s ) tW"J{fi-cs rll tFfft 6qIGI I \9 I DIh qFIIIE.?T{-S
Efrql cq-{ I

l&ffi+wi c
()
5 V(s/es (rther words.
L Sanjanan burlcls tne I aJ.
2. Akbar ascends the throne when he is only
twelve years old.
${ql{F vfqq{E ?slK sr{{
$(<;l I e. I qls-€
qrs-{{ EIE <l-{ <W <-{rq :lfirq
r:rhq r

Frt'qsR\IE alFFt c+-l{ T'lere Present lndefinite Tense frc{ S-$f,i F{l
qFr
rffi vftriv s
()
S Vts/es) (Jtner words
1. I sell the book tomorrow.
2. He comes on the 10th of this month.
3. The school oDens on the 20th.
aldl s-r{ fi?f I Q I cn {E rkql! Erl
ql',r-f,< r s I vtRc* Ea'6
EE Rl"i I

Present indefinite tense 4? ffi sentence .si

Cmt qq c ttt{ frfu
Affirrnative r lS*Y(e/"r)TOl :€.9. , I eat rice.
Negative : S+do,/does + not VrO : e.9., I do not eat rice.
He does not eat r!ce'
€rrii-{ verb s'{ ercn s,/es !p qrq 4,f I
Exclamatory r lHo,"+AdJ.:,jNilbeil e.g., How fine the pen is!
(qqMqk tRfrXq-d< utb+<u "ttr* r;
Interrogative t iEo/does +S+V+O?] e.g. ,
Does he eat nce? ffiqs q14
Do they work hard?
 356 A Passage to the English l-anguage

EXERCISE
1. (a)l do not (qlfr+Rlt r)
(b) I do not do (\flR sR qf)
q{lc{ a <fsIF vq 6s-{? (b)<11-si Etqf< ao<rEqs Fl 6F"t, nR"t qfs r

Ans. <l=Flfr present indefinite tense c{31 negative sentence. utffi S6{ I

F*a;Z."' '"t+V+q
<fsl< b-dl' = do. qF qE b)qi<frfiI< q{ do. )r do Qf, auxilia.ry verb {'f
E IGK structure-e lllEE 1 T"rc<tt[ttr do Ti{dio {r{ r aqlitfr auxiliary verb,
- ;J:"
ftfr{F principalverb, qF .s sKcct (a)<ffi1fi-o+< r

2. He reads a novel (fr q$E E"F]fc {W) <1-olFr$ negative e

-fiT
interrogative-q {nlgRs I <f$ gF< uttr*"t c'+s r

2. PRESENT COI{TINUOUS TENSE

' (ff{rdcl{TF{)
{6qTcq csT{'Tt"q 'Fscq'<f qBrq' qsq T<|16{ verb €? present continuous
tense QS I

<tqqt sel. s sRr'cR, q*R; +Rzsq, o-{q; sfrre-(q, n<-cq; ofirscqq,

T-{€{; S',RFQ5, F{Rq I

ut*-q e S + am / is / ar e+ (V+ ing) + O

q{q, s-6K qm <'-ffi <l are {rK{ I sfdflT $ verb T{-rq €<(
am, is,
sKcft3l ing f,{itt 6-{Cs' q(< I 4? verb q'{ et<{cr< object El +{ r

,{-<T{ frCF3 EqT€cltsqEt q-g s

I am reading a book. qWft ceF <t "tV& r)

They are going to school. (--51--<1T-Cs qkq 1)
She is cooking rice. (C{ sls {Ifrl o-ACe r)
<-6qln'o'Kq 661{ o.lq Eqi:q q'sfl qf-gle Frxffino- ffiG preseni continuous
tense TFt-dE{T 3
a (il ffi sft$cqr-d sM {nttcq r
He is coming tomorrow (= He will come tomorrow).
I am coming back soon (* I shall come back soon.)
He is sitting for the examination this year [=He will sit for the
examination this year Cq *s-<K {Aslfrcq (fin) i
NOTE. Present continuous tense frR future tense f$ $flrs {(.E qqCK'<
E"m*l $-trCs E{ (Cq:H, 6'p5gg Sqffi{ soon, this year, tomorrou'i I q<{I
come e ge*verb qt-* ce"ro qqcffi Btilq q1 ssffis ors i)
r iii) QffiqFMfr qR,qm't Trftq s
I am working in the nearby factory. (qR {ffi"tr H{{FIF ere qR& r

fr-s qA qqnf $KRs] {'{; fi.t qt't \etr nr<&, .l{q rR, sftErrpe s<rq I caFfl,
ff'fl, qsjTc iFifr< csr6 qfi1 vscT{ c-{ i)
i am reading in this school (\$fr q? TIE qV& = 1& r)
 Grammar : Tenses 357

a (iii) w$n'ts Trq $lrcq s

I am playing football even in this old age. (qtfr €e {cA <llcc€ Ttr{q
c"n& r fr+ R s?F c{qQ q q's, qr;rs qlctt{ qsn-q; q"l4s ffi 1;

t (iv) c<FF1 frc-rs sM cl[g cdrfl cc{[E fiF-q qrr{\3 Dqrq, 6'rq q{R, qfr"l
$tE{ 3
gl.gRqT{, e+
Now I am reading a novel by Rabindranath. (6-s e$t
oc<R, q"iqs 6.8 q*fr, qlr<l Es-sfr-{ cqcrt slc< l)
!F;l NOTE. Verb-(3 q{tlC{ verbs of perception 4i( non-conclusive verb
eE q$w Efb ry t & verb eG6s cl<I{qs present continuous tense-Q RFI-{I{
s-{l qS {1, present indefinite tense EK} continuous q< Flq <F-{l ET I verb aI4F
qsF vffr"O ?oft +r< frcq frrq incorrect 9 correct sentence ut5-q q{ r

present continuous tense €i <tsi qfEl(s incorrect €(( present indefinite

iense 43 sentence erqlrs coirect q'g ,(rsFft<t?qF-sl ?e-ft s-< I qT({ql s-{
qFqef iqn+ €nflrqriqrrq r q+FBqE{qfro mqRqq c
Inc. I am seeing a bird.
Cor. Iseeabird.
E I dance-"qE <ffi< person € number FfR present continuous
tense-4 affirmative, negative, interrogative $ negative-interrogative-€i
{el fi\eTl qq I

Table 2 : Various forms of the sentence "l am dancing".

Attirmative Negative lnterrogative Neg-
Interrogative
I am dancing. I am not am i dancing/ am I not
dancing. dancing?
you are you are not are you are you not
dancing. dancing. dancing? dancing?
we are dancing. we are not are we dancing? are we not
dancing. dancing?
he is dancing. he is not is he dancing? is he not
dancing. dancing?
They are they are not are they are they not
dancinq. dancing. dancing? dancinq?
fr't 3

I am = I'm you are = you're

we are = we're they are = they're
she is = she's Rahim is : Rahim's
he is = he's it is = it's
that is = that's what is = what's
are not = aren't
is not = isn't

EXERCtstS,El Table 2 crcrt so-aQ verbfrro {l+{f{ F'c< Table-

q-flr< Re6-str< mq I gffi <E+r< "tr{ €"tr-T< qsfts ffiG qGI't o-<; c{:H
I am going : I'm going. q<rfc{ cotqk Fl5F-srs cn{t€ I
 358 A Passage to the English Language
NOTE. Inc. The moon is giving us light every night.
Cor. The moon gives ui tightlvery nightl
Sl-{q, fifg4 qgi <lsirs continuous tense-€ 4 cq?llt sI{. r

The earth is moving round the sun

Ans. btr<-< NOTE cR?t I

frfu eror< sentence-€ present continuous tense-Gt Etf{

B

Affirmative : S+am/is/are+V(ing)+O e.g.,

I am reading a book.
Negative : S+am/is/are+not + V(ing) + O e.g.,
I am not reading a book.
Interrogative : Am/ls/ Are+S+V(ting) + O? e.g.,
Amlreadingabook?
Neg-Interrogative : Am/ls/Are+S+not+ V(ing) + O? e.9.,
Am I not reading a book?
(qR fr qstr <E lVRmr)

EXERCISE
Table- 2q{ qftfr <l$jrs Eolrtr{ structure a(q|itr >flrql fure r

3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

("IilrqFs16{trTtE)
c$l{ +lq qqTE els qc-scq, fuq Et-{ +-Efs-E q?t-{\e <ff{qTrq_q{fl
'{tllC;l
verb 43t present perfect tense e{i I

!C{fC{ q{F sall qE-

D ql Tlq slq c.N Ec$a
tr q<( EK F-EfS-{ qfi€ <6t{ qtq I

nqqjB<n(q It has rained.

sME< $-qtTFT q?t{s <6rF srEq r E]-{ eNtq qE
P 3*utu
s+l-{fr rffo.qqr<
1E< "nfr c"r*s

She has broken the glass. (cc dfcB ce(srq t)

<lr$I< q-slEl qIER +<zo Fn_T <-{t {lg c< dfcn-< sls.t tr*sr{terEl q"F\3 flW
srlcq r

qtcs'l m"l s sRrR, +c<R;+futq, T(Tq, sr{R{, sr{Rq, sR.{rrq, s-c<rq,

TRrkq{, Ttr6q{ r

"ft{ e S+have,/has+V(past pariiciple)+ O 9dl9 subject 4F el<

haveAas TrK{, Ef{eR verb€B past participle (p.p). n"t <q5q r
 Grammar : Tenses 359

Table-3
Attirmatrve Negative lnterrogative Negative
Interrogative
5+have,/nas+v S+havelhas+not Havelhas+5+v( Have,/has+5 +
(p.p) + o +V (p.p) + O p.p)+ o? not+V(p.p.)+O?
I nave I have not eaten Have I eaten Have I not
eaten rice rice (v.lfr uts rice? (ffi ft eaten rice? (91fi
(srft qs qtfr r) sF5 C{r{Q?) ftsro qttfi?)
cqrsEl
e nave We have not Have we eaten Have we not
eaten rice. eaten rice (qlq-<l rice? (qFil f+ ealen rice?
(qq<lslE vts €fr r) glv crknRr)
(vtTfi ft sts
C"rI{R) {qR?)
J. 5he,/ne.nas She/he has not Has sne/ne Fias shelhe not
eaten rice. eaten rice. (m eaten rice? (C{ eaten rice? (C{
(6{sls sls"Ilrfi) ft W c.n-qrq?) ftwwftr)
c{Iscq t)
4. lhey nave The v ha ve not Have they eaten Have th ey not
eaten rice. eaten rice. (813fl rice? (\51{l ft sts eaten rice? (slTl
(\51?tsltr sls qtrfi) c?m-a?) ft*-ts qWRr)
c"tc{[Q)
5. have not Have you eaten Have you nol
eaten rice. '^
eaten rice. (gld rice? (qR/csl{-fi eaten rice? (-qfr
1gfretv gio tiifr; ftets c-nxa4 <t cslT.f,f ft w
crxFq) rnefi4
(€.111-{ gfr
<t FFKI)

fr&T ttf+n"t (structure) 64[:i

I

cafcs

Frcm <fqerqrc+ Rcrf,ftF translate Gl q<(t{l{.-r{ 6?l I

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

r. . . . . . 1......
(srfr qm cq-cqR) (vrfr qrs mffi r) 1vtR ft un-+ mctfRr)
2...... , 2......
gfi iotr+ cql?lq t) &fi ws o-*fi r) €fr ft vrs cqc{q?)
a J. .1.

(cc'srs cq-cq(q t) (cq EIm cncrlfr r) (ccftElr+ cmrlcqr)

4...... 4...... 4......
(\rl-{l 611-s c'"c"lca r) (EIil \5rS Cqrrlfr r) (\fl<t ft \olr+ Cqc{cg-<?)
2. Table-2 C4(4 :FTq-{ErEl eKcI € (have,/has lh-c{)
era fizF{:l-drzfdEtrll 3
t(GI
(a) I
-9
done it. (d) Karim broken it.
-
(b) They said so. (e) She
-
cooked rice.
(c) You
- seen it. (f) He -brought (€C{cq) it.
- -
 360 A Passage to the English Language
3. frrF-{ $iQn verb .mr qfr's 6'i{qls s
(a) Mother has rice. (cook)
h) You have - it. (think)
(e) They have -football. (play)
(d) He has -
the dog. (kill)
-
Ans. 3. verb Q(4kt past participle <Kqf{ F{ I

Table-4 : C(fr€ S'i (contraction) B

I have = I've he has = he's (:he is)

' j5, You have = you've she has = she's (=she is)
They have = they've
i*:'
we have = we've ;iii* =[|'?i,(ixl,i."i'l,r
it has = it's (=;1 1t;

N.B srB s?t she's €i( EsTi

EEtl she has she is T<I|CE fltc<, ffi r

EXERCISE| b"t'c<-< tabte-4 q< c(fts s"i cqrrf fr-6u-< Ti-S]er{frs

c(fr€slF @{ s
(1) I have not read the book. (vlfr <tE "t&fr r)
(2) She has not cooked rice. (6T sls <fil nc<fi r)
(3)We have seen him. (9'1Tm Efc-$ cnr{& r)
(4) I have seen him.
(5) You have broken the plate.

Present Perfect Tense q? {}-{{Rt s

* I (i) ff+ fiust) qRqla sffi 6.R qE q{{ T4rl{s just q(qIcst s
He has just come in.
(m eEme qr{I = He came a few minutes ago.)
Has he just come in?
Interrogaiive sentence-(K cfi, Fux V+ ilJust;Tlpp)l
qK(1<K"qs qs I

+ I (ii) qtrc<T E-cgq qR qt {rts frFfu qs q:ts' cs'Fr qqE xb-{-rs

sf{t€{cs g

I have read the book but I have forgotten the most of it. (9fft <tfr
rcR ftq q{ qft-s}cri Wq cafQ r)
lcrnn gn {1€{r{ sctt c{c-$ c{fqll {T c{ TIqF \[6n-{ qt('i qdlq r ft-q orn
sc?TQ C{ qTTbt fiffi
{'s {ffi
past inde{inite tense <f<qE E't 'aIT present
perlect tense <J<q\9 a.6f ll
ft-q qqu q'{rT-{ BrF{ qn+rq q'+tit preseni perfecttense {f{eE qC{ql,
past indefinite tense iJiQE qf< I CT5F{ B

I read the book long ago and I have forgotten the most of it.
(C{fft long ago {,Fl{ TKCGI past tense TI{ds *T)
 Grammar : Tenses 361

Inc. Father has come home yesterday.

6l<t {sFlE<l& 'qrquqT
r)
Cor. Father came home yesterday.
(yesierday-BlE{ e${t-s past indefinite tense Tf{ds € l)
r t (iii) qcq"s qI{ c$tq sTq c(sFs ft-q cc $.lq q{q'€ {€?{ q<(
EcTcc
qfc.Tfr-s q$q qC{ c{:ll6{ past tense €K {h-6{ present perfect tense TI{{R
arFT<wri <Ftvd14<r e
He has written a number of novels. (fuR rwsF B"rfi{ frcttrqa 1

*t?Q5,{l(rqffi q?F\e c<rT qEq{ q-<(q|<rg€"rqnq g{F< affist<lrrJ{ r)

I saw a crocodile in this river. (qffr qt {fus €sfr TR< cq-rqRcl{ | <sf
R]-{ slm cTs 6q-c"lR{ q<(qt<K€ {fi s{T cq"[ c66 "il[-< .ct frtrc \5IT f{? r)
fuq. s t have seen a crocodile in this river.
(qtft eRq.fu.s q-sft Tfr-< cm.tR I <wl slc{s qfctt ch{rFf\3 sq<F 6q'(1Tq
sF &E{ O? r 9< qrffi {cs s-{ q?F{€ <6flT qTrq s{( qR|<s cq:tl Cqr "ilcK
<'6sr<frwq r)
o I (iv)qc-"t{ {'{-{slE (incomplete period)-€K rl-c{t csf{ olq qisFs
qrE s{{ present perfect tense TI{ds {* r w-t{
wrOq ffiT s6={ qR"tl I-s I

Rc5-{G-d cq"tr4Rndr<
c (25)

jan. i jan. 31
ERcs v.r1*tR ) cclm e) "ds crrl3 A s B .i< qc<l<q qI-{ fiLT 3Flll
qLT(q I qt \dft"F {c'{f mT{ Frq EF.E, qdls, AB €< {c{i elcg q:r{ csl-{ slq
eF[E, \fl <"{q] +3K q-"{t present per{ect tense TJT{kt s-<l s[-< I {6{ F<-EIR{F
sE car.l qIT. I se ftcq'c+n nm qrsFs qr{ g| cs.t{ ffi{
"rcvr
ql-stft qlr{ r

ftE a frcq qt-$tR rFT qs-1"f, €fisc.l{ qsR; ql< qc*t'f a6q! present
perfect tense <Fl{-{ +-<l slr< r fuq A €< <F {rt
}c\5 6+I{ stq \BrE month
lrta) -f<rF <f<Rf< T1T slcs qf{ present perfect tense € qon T$ <l[-{ {1,
sx"r, Arlq q""l.f qc{ f;rre r aq[E $qp<q cE"l 3

C <t B \51frH q'&m c s:fuc{ qqqfrs slqfi qqrq c

I have bought it this month ) ,si rlrq qlfr etr lffi r)
Fisj a-{-A-q< <ls "firfi r$'F qkc.{ 6Sl{ s'rq Er{ slc$ this month €3
ql\esf{ 6sql {T {f {6{ simple past rt{Efil r-?IF q-{ I

I bought it last month qlft rcl.lcq.{4ftffi41 I

fr-q Aq< <]-c{ 6a.I;l T.lsl Xli'(q q<( vlfs qTI;t[ present perfect tense-q
ers.H T-{cs E]E qrsr qfi efi this year T'<'qR s-{rqs 5-"1-r< 41, Sl{q, qR <E<
csr qffi celrs eF qr{rq I s"}{ this decade (riris) <l<Rfi a-{t c{cs flIr{ I

I have made it this decade.

ESFKI q:rfl S"i{ B6s qiR-q qQsfie qE F-'rs els c-{R r
 A Passage to the English Language

(3,a.m) (5,a.m) (10,a.m)

E"n*< fieF - qfi
fi'?t I T6{ s< s_fr S {..fiR S"tfls r uR EIcq ;G
)oh r:rrlar abm (v-r) rst+'sM lirq qlT{T ft "T].
sr< q-dl RcE{ <r+iF frqro
ffir ffeslNo)
*Fo E *n has come this morning.
i't'; sft ilE oDr* 1n-c; GFr Ftq s6 qqffi ft qt:r<r firx <tsjB fr{rs +Rr
B n" has died this night.
qnr fuu<fiqF cq-.r-

J J J
R V D
(r,a.m)
(3,a.m) (S,a.m)
(5,a.m) (10,a.m)
qfr mqt e?}n
sr+ T-{ qqm T?fi <eR (o) r <Rn aalq 6}F M cracq,,gfi
q
ft FKoR <ffi Eqr {<,
nn has come this morning.
E
Ans. f yes. sBr"t, :rsr{ )obH Gfi qtfr <t-+ifr aqel .h frc{< c-$.F eF
q<fr r

E *" +'Rr6t, <Is fuA qt <Irsr (this night) EsS ll r qA ile Eq. l.ll"r+
cs<lvqMcQ I

E *". sf<"t, <Rc{-d qlcTT Flq lttrcq rstcq, ft-q qfi s"F <ER (2,p.m)
s?t{ qK {slEI 6R, wg wr c'lcq I 1 p.m-( W<rlT OcflbT <-4l GE r

Correct <lSiqfEI qC{ S

A ttn died last night.
E nn came this morning.

r I {IC{ present perfect tense illilee

(v) lately, recently-4< RT r fiq-<
E"fRGe incomplete period of time fe ffiia6 1

lately : recently = {t$8, ata-q fr'6g qC<T

Has he been here lately? (ca ft *tfu e?ficl ,ltcrQl)
My father has been transferred to Khulna recently. (ryqG qTF{
TRl
"IdFI-T
<qfr Ccr(qT r qaio- <qR-{ qfrqrt qcr-cq ft-E qfi€ c4{tG (firs
{c-<TR r<nryF passive.)
 Grammar : Tenses 363

Have you seen her lately? (qfr ft mE& str+ 6t-cclqr= E qs firl-{ <1

wffi Tc{t ffi"lq?)

+ I (vi) ever, never, always, occasionally.often, several times t$Tlfr{
I|EI present perlecl tense {FlQe ECs 11(i I

ever= srl{€ 3 Have you evet seen it? Gfr ft sfi€ '{F fitrlS?)
never=iFfig q'l g No, I have never seen it. ({1, qffr efi o"i{\9 cqFI
frr)
or, Yes, I have seen it occasionally,/quite often. (occasionally = quite
,;. often = el*t r)
3
I have always advised him not to do it. tqfr qro q-sM {t s<K q{t
-ucsTE"te-{fir*R r (qrqft q"F\eftl t)l
+ I (vii) Since + a point in time (frffi W), Since+ clause, since +
adverb-€etr{tit llCel present perfeci tense TlifQtr {{l
I haven't seen her since January. (qffi
qlcc"{ "K c{rs qfr qf<
src mffi I January-Point in time.)
haven't seen him since I was four. (qNF 51T <q( <llcffi 'l3l Cqr<5
I
Elrs qIfr qR Cqfqfr l-l was four = clause.)
He left home in 797A. I haven't seen him since then' (ffi >uto
q.Rq <I& RCS--[{{ r sT<q3l c{rs qTfr \d(T cqRR I then = adverb.)

EXERCISE
€F-€ structureF <ir{l{ st3 fr66-4 a;aiq1:a;5q Qcr{frts translate Fit 3

S+has,/have +not + V(p.p) + O+Since + clause,/adverb,/point in

time)
5 I cq )bbo s]rq.{QEF< s-ssr{qffi Rq r 9<"r< cclrs qfi vfro cqRfr r

(Since + adverb).
Q. Iqlfr qcbn< rlc{< 'i< sr< otTRqr{ G6 frFIfr |

ever € never {j<Rt{ sr{ frcFd <IQl qfqirs translate F{ 3

,e r,5ilfiaq-asqfu mRfi r

8 tqftftoqqrefimfirsqr
turs. Seir*{GqT€qerfl cqq rm {Kr< r

+I qsl]cqs Tlq, ef€F"l $3lce present perfect tense {f{ds qrg 'llc< 3
(viii)
Why- did you do it? I have always advised you noi to do such a work'
She's (=she has) never been late to return home from the office' (6{
Trlq\e Eft'{ c?RT {& fiFr(g cnR +m q.I r;
r I (ix) this,/NP1+be+the+Adj(sup.)+NP2 + NP3 + havelhas +ever +
V(p"p))
 364 A Passage to the English Language
et\9-l(T 't$s <ls]erEt {q E{qsF I q{Icq' eqlm first, second, .. il
superlative adjective €<i (ltrS ever Tj?t-{E S{ I frCE-{ <lSl'effl q{R T-< s
She b the best girl I have ever seen
NP1 5Z Tailsup) Ntrz NE
--V(PF)--
(qffr w mcr m-c"{RER sr<r cfi "rfiH$r)
This is the tallest tree I have ever seen.

".,fr (qtfr :no

'ilq mc{REt{
qc{i qF

*#x,.:m::rilKiffiH$::::-ffii;*T',
This is the first time I have come
r{ 6ucr sfi

here
t)

in my life. (WR fi-{C{

qcrT<Rq q?tl6{ qEl{ r)
Forgive him. This is only the third time he has rnade the mistake.
(vlr+ xro r'6 ql€ I c{ qrq yqk-{rc-{ q- wF +raca r)

EXERCISEI Eqr<< structure q'fr <re<t-< T'c-< frrDT <1-sjsrqlrs

QsC{&Ls translate $Tl B

r rffi6-Ecq<s cs..(T cft{REI-{E.c{IfrTRrKrD.rr c{Rtqft r

a. I qlfr <s <Q qRF? rr<ocr r<Ft nqsoK (interesting).

"rcV-Rs|< w<i
s r €Q frAr<n-<< !E qR ,!TE ce11?ffl:Tlot (cobra) 6h?fqp I

+r (x)qfrco cor.t s.lq qc{Tq, qfi€ qr, sRvIE€ cc< (q{1fr$c

EI6q)- €Sel
$flmrs present perfect tense RFtds qF eilt-{ S

I have lived here {or ten years.

(qlR E I <q3 rRE q?ffc{ <}r<|q sr<R t-q<( ,lrllr: nR r)
fuq a t lived here for ten years.
(qTR q{ <q{ q{rr+ cctrs&, qK cfifr qt r)
<n1ffij RcuR fiG< E<l-cr
-qfi
{ir
E?rflnt a

KA
{sl <-rr<lco<l str sr{6qd 6q-6q ()o <W qk't) €<( c{ A-{T\t (<fr[T)
oqfi<Te r A-nq-vs fr 6c"fc{<'c<lc+c< rvisi ( . . . .)frmsRejsE3firll
qcR-[q I eE sR$Ig\e CC clfsr{ I qq< 6sfe present perfect tense <jT{s q{ I

ft-qfrru<Gre-

XKA
<et d cqr+ ('crr 1ds 6arx5a ()o <q<) calc$(q I ,!"l{ (A-dXTd) cc qln
Cqqr{ qfCS ql r vRqfCse alfs'r{ qI I qR1 6T.Cct past indefinite tense {<te\5 RT I
 Grammar : Tenses 365

ExERcISEI EE:t EF <rr$l;l vlc{ <il6sd< !'({t R {s?u' 6{?il qcrcq El

cqr{r "r<-{ff'{rciernr< 6{iF w$"15(frs
{-s-{I ffi?l I
1. I have smoked since my boyhood' (q<R.qtfr
q?Fs flal+ sR l)
2. I smoked for five years. (s{i q{{ ql{ ffi n r;
3. She has lived with him the last five years. (-)
4. F{e worked with me for two vears (--)
5. We have worked alldaY. (--i
6. We worked all day. t-)
* Ans" (5) q?t{€ T-<& iaftern E"n-*s EqT{r{ fir{ fiIq o?t e< I fiIqE
;rfu
t*:, qKc{ csT{Efust{+,'<.{ o8 r

+I (xi) sfis 4{{s Orqfr <siT <E]a x*gE wl€ q6s etl6{ | c{'{-{-
I

--
AI
A-qE T{f{ Xq6 r e.FQ s.MF fiR EE I ctffi< fr'c< i'-t
qlT s{lRs Ec< {
fu (Wltr$ cq'cq) s I haven't seen you for a month' (qtfr ret\.lr$
q-s'q|qqFs cqFtfi r)

fio-q m qtflG cq':lE I E-l TIqrq Fqt <E'q ft s'Gt

r I (xii) for € since q< ql-r$ present perfect tense :

6e|q ftffi {iBI (point in time) T<$Cs since (q-(ftq "tfu"t IIr (period of

time) {<iTP for<ffiEq{l I

Cor. I have iived here for ten years.

years'

A 10 yrs
-----
trnc. I have lived here since ten years'
Inc. I have lived here for November, 1990.
Cor. I have lived here since November, 1990.
B

Nov., 1990 A
<wl A*aq:decffF <arq r ftq firft €rq B {ffirs, AB- rfl'{tr**rs
;{s i

tr NOTE f! be, li',.'e, wait-{? ot-{ forB-q ctf€\5 efc t

We've waited'(for) an hour'

We"re been here {for) six months.
NTOE Q ail-€K w,T'l for8q q5a;
We've played all day ifor all day qr+qt)
 366 A Passage to he English Language

EXERCISE
Correct the following and illustrate your correction with diagrams
(Ferq) e

(1) They've played for morning.

(2) Hg's running since an hour. (He's = He has)

NoTE. Fau<<raiqFow+< e

I have stayed here since last week.

-' I have stayed here for the last week.
qqtI q1-si since Eliil frffi
:i;,'
.}: {S (point in time) {{tm <-rq last €(( frft{
ll6sl for Effi frE {fr'fiq q:R (duiation of time) {rn.rq ffi the last <j=I"ds
q[T.(q I

I I (xiii) it is +Period+ since+Past or Present Perfect Tense

It is two years sinpe I have seen him.
(= It is two years since I last saw him.
<E{ wq qlfr sno cqrlGqtn slitr"K, qr< cqFIfr r)
qQ
I last saw Karim five years ago.
(qffr sRrr+ eFnlrtr{ {s {TF <q{ qft't orrtRqT{l
= I haven't seen Karim for five years?
= It is five years since I have seen Karim.
41116{ for € since <!-€f-{ S-{1€ <R-+15 fd6q-{
"iffi Etl Sri I since {f{{fitr
s?rFI El{ qtcti it is iFl-{n q({Iq I

EXERCISE frq<qF cqcrt qrg <fsjaffif{ etBrctrrs fo, s since

<I{q-{sr{ cq{ I

1. I last bought a watch five years ago.

(qffr "ftF <q< qlc't q-rfi seftG{R{F, Elitr"t{ qf< ftffi r)
= I haven't bought a watch for five vears.
("nu<c{ q6urrfr\frftfrfi r)
= It is five years since I have bouqht a watch.
(qfi etT<trr& coqn q< tF<q<qgqrs{crq r)
2. She last wrote to me two months aqo.
(cc vffi< nrqEi$c qrt elE ffi finrRq i)
=_for_
=ltis-.
3. I last was in Boqra three vears aoo.
(ftr <c{ wq qTfr ffi-# arvrr-Rcrq
=-{^.- 'i
=ltis-.
4. I last talked with her five days ago.
for _
=ltis-.
Ans. Sl-c<< EqF{q .f<( qQ exercise-€it qc'R q"qreRB ol.s r Tqq frfrq r

frcqffi v|q efl;ltrr I F|<\g cRlc{r{ qrnlq;r qr< qt I

 Grammar : Tenses 367
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
(€l Tense <li4IT 6rt)
qfrcs coF +,fw' EF qrg qfis E"nq qsq
T{flrq q< present perfect
continuous tense Q{ I

q{tF' ESr S-ff{ rs qe @ m sIqF-

tr qqIg eF qrsR I

tr q{{s EEIQ I

AB
Sa.m Now
6rc n---Emtq-on ffit
B-w{t qi q$cs T{[6{t wrcq I

A-{qr\iIE aF qr{6{ I ErErE <]Tj',F qr{ s

c-stFr aa cen lF<e r

ql {<r;r{ F.rCqS E-{Rrs {i

tense-q< Ei{],rT erol.l S-<I E{ I

ut!* s S+have,/has +been+ V (ing)+O+sinie +poi* in tirne

S+ have,/has + been + V (ing) * 6 ,.leylleriod
6{T{ 3 It has been raining since 5 a. m.
(q-€rq ffiI
ceno 1D <cn r)
4rl[6{ since <I{qs qcs6qER sf{cl <qlcmcq cctc$ €fi 1g <*, sgrFcl
{r{ qrs st T{t q{R I cqcq fr6D-{ c(r$\5 Et {r{ il{r{ 3

_+ since
l$"ld Cq'fsl
r+s$q !F\ - io,
C$FI 3 It has been raining for five hours.
1"rtu att v<s@ <cn r)

EXERCISEI Crl{ ffir@ for, f$l{ 6S6d[ since<jTSR$-<r<q cE.ll ef.lCF

s'c frql{EE S

period/ point in time since,/ for

1. ten years ."._- for
2. ten minutes
3. ten Cays
4. ten o'clock
5. 10 p.m.
6. 1990 _
7. 51 hours
8. July 10, 1991
9. the 20th of June. 1gg3
Ans : (9) S (8) S (7) F(6) S (5) S (4) S (3) F (2) F
- --
 368 A Passage to the English Language
ql{$ q{{ e$FEftKqsl{sfr<ftR e
qfr 3t sA <r< (= {<s) <iE ryR r

qQ <l<FiB 6s translate s-{l{ q-{i CrT{ structure fr <]<qf< s-{cs qr{ qr{
qfcW? structure F cq{ r

(1) E{TI T{lro q5a subject; sllfC{ s I,

(2) sRflT<rTrFqr{ 3 have been
(3) E1-< flR verb q-{ IIC{ ing : reading
(4) sn"f< object : the book
' -1i:t (5i sFeR 3 for
:j. .
(6) EReK period : two hours
sRrn {1), (2), (3i, (4), (5) € {6)"Ffl<Kfursht\e s
I have been reading ihe book for two hours.
qlcrE qe tense-€K EqTq$AT eF
has,/have +been +V (ing)
frcufrC{ person-€, ffi ef+m sentence-€ qtqs.|ET;-{s"l cq-$qq s
Tabie-5
Atlirmative Negative lnterrogaiive Negative-
Interrogative
i nave been I nave not been riave i been Have I nct been
reading. readinq. readinq? readinq?
we have b€en \Jg navg not Have we been llave we not
reading. been reading. readinq? been read.inq?
You nave been nave nol Have we be€n Hava we not
reading. been reading. readinq? been readinq?
bhe,.he has 5ne/ne nas not J'1as Has she./ he not
been reading. been reading. 'ne/hs
been reading? been readinq?
I ney have been I ney nave not flave they been l-lave they not
reading been reading readinq? been readinq?

EXERCISE
. Tabie-S CE"t
q<q (CRt"t ffi{l) Frcu< <i+ferE-tro QCI3-qTE translate sir
TIqf
r

.!4q s? qrd€ g mmn-6 si<'RR <F-{-es c-64 I stilct, .cR tense,t fi"F<
}r{T ues ETss'tT G"tts CI effi I sKf{ fTn
q[Srq I since/{or t{-{ rd{ft <]-{-{'{ s<.rs
ffi T{tf{ exercise fr n-*t reo slEq-{a
Er4 EI 9lltE CETI qE I

) tERiq"TqT'sBt {6R$'i-qFarqqi I {{orj

t. I q'Frfi ft o"rq esrfTi sE <e,qr {sincei
r: r<fuiftqfrFE rt<e'nlrce. r {for}
a r Wfr ft en :iBt qL< <6fB'rgQql? i{or)
a r fufr "iF frfib q'mtBrq r {for)
\9 r qfr 5bbo {l{ csm .t{ica n{ FEft r (since)
Ans.9lC4 CqWS',q'eE {lTlF affirmative, negative, interrogaiive, 4ift
neg-interrogative. g.l-{"r{ Table-S q-s q-{-fief s.q'tn cdtq s;KE q;q I
 Grammar : Tenses 369

E<KSGKfrEqR<qES-TSK S

Inc. I have been eaiing rice for 3 P. *' '

Cor. I p' T' '

I have been eaiing rice since
Inc. They have been working since one hour'
-C;;.
ih;v one hour"
have been working for

5. PAST INDEFIMTE TENSE

(4{<qqqssl'q)
q-B\o crrq rsfq sfq sdRq aaqv"r< FE q"l{
qrd <-fu{ mQ qK'l {4nrq
past tense ET I R'{{ 3 fr tliSTlEI Tfq
verb-€R past indefinite tense 4l simple
fficr a{c{ '$e{I" (go)-
!1.
.1-a5 F. 3;ffi (sls{t) 'ler1-q (qfts) lIGRq | {e--{l(

-
fu{ simple Past terrse RCil
;,ffi;;
I

.,c*EEl{; u'ffirE' u'c<frrE' o'ffift' oc<Rfr;

sR'$lRE, T-r<RE; <fi;gftct{' 4r<&r4l; $*'
"fin"R4", s3t\oTq'
q<&; <Rs' ?-<s; <Rcsq' {<Ks;[l
skcs, $-{F; +Rfu,
mffi3
ffisffisr<Re (ofim'Re) t

ftfi cqrqmmr rrfla-fis-{'(oRcs-{) t

s F;v b"tt);o]
'15q
9dt\ subject 4i el{ verb u{itr past m1 T{C{ I C{:l{ 3

qlfrotsrFo.r<Ren I

,S1Kq subject : I
verb (pasti ': did
obj. the work'
qs-fis<Tsl,tr{ti(*& translation{fl 3 I did the work'
ficu-* t'able-q< {i{Kq I did it '{< Rfu{ sentence-q{
s'l e-{f{ € 3
Table-6
Siegative TileffoseTivA
EfIirmAifia
(qR ft
I did it. (\flft €bl Idla not do it. (etft oia t ao it?
FC-{ffi) dFt$Rfi) 6ismfuq?)
lVe did not do it. Dici we do it?
we did it.
'/or-r did it. You did not do it. Did you do it?
lle/she did nr-:t clo it. Did shey'he do it?
Helshe did it.
They did not do it' -- Did theY do it?
Thev did it.
,9{l{ structure (E{ E

Affirmatlve ,L=:@9
qdlq affirrnatiu* xl eilfil.q$ <lr+i subject 4q "R {4 verb €K past s'l
3I-C{ r Gsl-{ auxiiiary verb dJ€€ Etr< 4l I frT{ 3

I saw the rnan' ($ft FifTFc+ fir{&--<Iq I)

APTEL_24
 370 A Passage to the English Language
Negative : S+did not+V(p."se"tl+O
gdR negative <t aT-C{l*rs
TB-$i ,G;-a< fi did not <qCq €<( q<ef{
verb {IIGI r {{ verb (i past A1 <l-{-q-s RC{ll I
{q
the man. (qft ffi<:iirs chFrfr)
ld'd
Inc. Il?l,see
did not saw the man.
Interrogative ; Did +S+V (present)+OZ
gdls interrogutiu"@rb ,did,,<T{qE
q,u sln
subject 4T( subject qR ef{
Ery verb (i p."r"n, frel T{GT I RT{ 'rd
S
i

Did I see the man? qfr ft mFBm cqr{k{T{?

Inc. Did I saw the man?
Neg-Interrogative : Did+S+not+V(ffien[+o?
Did I not see the man? (qlfr ft ffilsBke
trnc. Did I not saw the man?
cnffi4

frru-< <TcEl <lTl€rER AqmeE*r"ti.r-*m

correct o-ir B
1" I did not it. (q.|fr ,qsTBT $.Rfi
1;
2. I was eat a mango. (q"fr qFF qlq
cqrrRfiq r)
3. Did they came here? (.r-m ft q{54 qrCR{?)
4. I did not saw the bird. (qifr
"flRfts mFrfr,i
Ans. 4. see fis I 3. come Tril€ I Z. was
eat 4( Th.(aI ate
it ,!K qLrl do fil€ r

sRs cRlqi EM? qnffi fifryft< 4t tensefr Ftqco

uter sRrq furR
X.**.TS$g:"rr"
c+n
il t.*G'ffi'**qu
1re8 iqr<& sm q-{-vlrq st { ss.{ T{
I rense Er{{rqrorE
r

iEXEFeisg rable-5 n-cel C%"t firu-{ \l-s}erqlr+ QqrrGiro translate

l53l 3

) r qfr she- crclfrErl r

a. rqfr c{ <tF wo ft*Effi q cc rrvfi

e r TFil q"oorq qfuqnr*fr
r

s I gF F yg qmrr csrsRq?
a rgfrft66F cqrfrr
Ans : Table-6 q<e. El<qC{ {FS structure q-< Cl-{lSI Tls i q6{ C.RC fifT
ofia-s, srfiR ffinq r

Use of the simple past tense :

Past indefinite tense <lifqE q{ g

(i)qqs FI(FK stq {<[rs s We read the letter. She danced.

(ii) Yesterday, ago, since ffi
qff+'cqc
e<( q6-s F]TaK c$.|{ {{rl|< bcq.?t
 377
Grammar : Tenses

(<T{l uls <lls <l&

qfifuE-4 l)
Father came home last night'
She went there YesterdaY'
I saw her long since'
i= i huun not ieen him for a long timer
'*rh'"+;';;; no *rcq *,"1R; 6r<q< c'rs vr< mfqR r)
q{IF qTsft{ qK{ qrcRE r)
He came here seven duy' tgo' (cc

i sr-," tt-""
"ome
home YesterdaY'
yesterday. (1g "f<sfiq)
"J 2. Father has gone tfrere the dai bnforn
{3
Q-?tpast tense <l<-dK
;";;-G; ;;. Erqq qKq; l-'fl( verb I
:ji:;

Ot q"F
{4tlcs e<"f e
r (iii)q€sonm< co-+FgfrsqsJlc<lq1'lq-qHfu
I studied hard in mv bovhood'
(qR <lclorre'+clt< ruTeqt T-<slr l)
q6q 1 orl4
fr-q crF qFKfis g1''* verb €i ETlctt used to {I would
""*
verb €K past {'l qaqs { {C{ present
Ko1 <.l{qs
q{ 3
go out for a walk with mY
In my boyhood, I used to (would)
qrft <r<m fl'QI ffg]Is Gsl{ r)
father. (eF{El <FITs'lFt r-tcs '16T{' alfS-CE
zr*Ft Trt a cqg'.lEt, i"r-n, o-atn-EFilfr fufi"rcq<
*outa + V (Present) <t<'qsq{ I

ffitranslate into English :

ilqrt< Fq-{q ss <1Ersr6 qftc€ iF fl15{ |

a. I qR q< crcq EIr<l {]d1I mrll o<-s'l{ t

Kfl s
f (iv) W.st{{ q1.3lq {ntlF can <l will {l{qs ql qrR {'(q-< past could

would {Jzl-ds {S 3

Could you show me the way to the school?

$ffi fr qlllt-s TtE {l{F Eqfr ffiflm ftfi?)
issue rne a T' C'
I shall be greatiul to you if you would
qwrs 'q+B ql..
"rq Eqtl st34
srqrq qfr qt"rrm ffi 1ss
1ulffi <fr
afl-<r{ t)

6- PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

(xffi{ €s T1")
q-Qs otrn csl{ sM uqfqs q qFqq qr"i T<tIFl verb €K past continuous

tense {S I

ft6ffi qr+ltr etg 3

qtft sts qfr (l am eating rice)
 J/z A passage to the English Language
fi-q e.F{ -flR qE y.TA r++'F present
{n fs qt <TsiF r{66 c'irq fi" ."ku
continuous
-- --'-"-e -nr!ft{
tense 4f l

qfr qE {l&cF (t was ";";_ earing rice}

4Q <f$iF {4 past continuous tense €?t I vf{rq
present continuous tense-
,{< <lsjR Tlq EBR eil? TqrE \ot
past continuous tense_€
<t<qt s"t s sfrrrrREtq, <r<ftq,fq; ofrcsRcq,
"iR"ls qrg sm r

s_<Rrq; ofrooRh, _oeft,

+@, o<fr1ffin1,
ffi{ s qrrnr c.m
ffil ffi ;{'ffi s<Rrqq
'"&.qcq") ,

"th e
f
S-+ wiVwere +l firngl .iOl
9dl9 subiect
irK 'li was,/were, €{( EFtrl{ verb r ing TqftE
vsru + I
qrft ,ssF <f avQsn EC-{ CT5FT s
tfgr-'dm)rd
9116{ subject € s I
slTt{qr{ C
was
verb (R {llrl in$ g reading
object {fl 3 a book.
sfsfE i]sitr{ Ecrf,Q q{ €- I
was reading a book.
q-fi ftfr{ t1]r6T{ <lcsl{ structure
f,erl B

,Affirmative : S+was,/were+V1ing) +O e.g.

I was readin[- book.
.e.9.
I u'as not reading a book. (9lfr qT]r T{
wfut\rf r)
@i .es.
Was i reading a book? (qfi ft €str <g
rufuN?)
Neg-Interrogative:
. e. g.
I not reading a book? 1Wfrft <-+m<qSqqTqarl
Was
€Tr{ person € number 4i fl? was,/were qfrsgr*
<n,'ffi s-{r{ q-di R,u-{
q$m{s
I+ +V(ing) he+ l*";l .V(in*q)
we+ E +V(ing) Ram+ G.vting)
You+ @ +V(ing) Tipi+ Grl-vtins)
she+ @ trd +V(ing) they+ l-ffil+v(ing)
yrv qq6si,
wfu $tr{l cr<,u,
'r<Lvr, arc<T }itql.{t qvit,
qvl{, q<(
it+
d;-*
€<(, Fi{sgk< tense
@*v (ins)
fr fteq qls"g F_{ro Es?
sRre qqcTfr {tT'c< qfil fr6FT n*nr.ir" F ",*;
o-< s
 Grammar : Tenses 373

ffisEl 1. 13't s< ITI

wqr{ 6c{ lts
qt<rE qffi q-cq qs-<t< I

(was'
tal Siua - singing (was, were)'
(.) Motherlcooking rice
(b)
(was,
Rahim
were)
and Ram
- walking
runin).
Z. qvi-g Structure Chl"J dq frr6-{ <lSleIEIf45 RS16-Q1g translation
iF-zl 3
qs'&E
(a) etfi qs r (b)vr$ XFqc c1qRq r (c) ft{q '{-str <E t(
"flfrflr
(")qF ft
sK ft ffier aoefi wQrq al7
3. Correct ihe following : ^
* (a) Did I going there? (9tft f+ rc=flll {Iffi?)
-,fi (Ui Wnrn inny uting rice? (sFI ft
qg^"flfqq?)
(c) Was Rahim wenting titere? t<fu ft o-+trq
ql&Er)

7. PAST PERFECT TENSE

tS
sas-+m)
fiGssqr*,qfir "F ,
I ate rice. (qfr qE crmfrflq 1;

I went to bed. (qffiRRT{l3 6fala 1)

E[tBF<t, E-q{ verb €K tense -t past indefinite tense' fr9 qtT<l {fr EF
<rsl 4x-{sf[< q-€E 4-sF EE CS \ilcg qal5l TMF
qk't {iGrs s:{{ <dfi affs'c{
sRF <l(EI-s frru-{ Es sT< <wfr frqre qr<;
qtRo-ts"fis{r{ 'RfrqRF 6tm{ 1

e=nT{ EE $]q ltTq s sls ?tl€$ s fr{qm sl\€TI I 6q +IqF qlcuf X?Ce \5R
tense6<F{FT Past Perfect tense.
{'l
e B"tc+< <l'siF calrs ffi"lt
qEq' c{ past perfect tense-€K <l(EI <iel
<t(qt
ff-s past indefinite tense -e< Es I s{ eflfsi CE
qR g r+n q6o ffi
€
SrR qrc"l srB r

utf,q c wt< sentence-[F c{'{l {FF 3

I ate rice. (qfr sFo cqtlRqll

I went to bed' ffi e?P lffietq r)
qqlc{ sftof tlct r sR <IaiE< past perfect tense {c{ | \51'{cE q<
"fisTtetqF
fa-q<< c

A. S+had+V(pasiPart).+O
qsq<, I had eaten rice. €3t( "fa+ff <tf+f< verb 4K tense {6{ past

indefinite tense. €3 utbqqc< g

B S+V(past) +O
wq<, I *""t lo bed. (ft{ ce-R<qcs) q<Fcqs<IoiFqK s

@+before+p ffi W
<1, I had eaten rice blfore I went to bed' (eEre {eT'f{\fl?tt
c"RTRqF r) after €fcTm{ <I6s'r.< e$'a qr* a
p+after+@
 374 A passage to the English Language
<f, I went to bed after I had eaten rice. (g]E {t€TI-< "f< ffi etfs
ffiqr11
sf<E Cltall crlE cq before (qkrt)_<KqR <i{.H Ef< \{krt {c{ had +V(p.
p.) q<( after({r{) <i<-qf{ T,<r-{ El-< "tr{ <6ry
qTRq\'tgrf{q {S&rs qmfl+r-s-$F<l(Et<lqir$
translate a-s{ 1 {6Gfi
FIStq-{ t.<Qsrqqtck-{ r

qqfi is*q cfrqn w{

5 r
lE sF qE r

'*:.s.!
Efi {l'l s <lsIF 6s ERfr past indefinite tense-€Bt <fr$l.strl s-rd @dT s
a. elqit d'lrq cfrgqtT r

a. We reached the station.

b.1Eu*qo1
b. the rain started.
ft&* qtt r 6FFt sentence -4K oMm w{ \bE Et c<-?t r-{ I & <ffitr r$
past perfect tense -€i[ rth q-{qffi qfqls s
S+had+V(p.p)+O
{q{I( 3 the rain had started.
^ wfu {t"t e q<R qQ Tr$]fir$ before-€il qk{ c{-FI qi1{aifr;q q< err<
<foscts s

S+had+V(p.p) +O + before + S+V(past)+O

vRcq "ll€TI{l-T s The rutn before we reached the station.
@d
@ qe tq({srfrK R<rsfi translation
q-{k qtT<rt {fr after €fcrl'i $'c{
translation tr +-<re- urt srqc-q firF-{
q{'{"{.t€trrsqtE "i6fu
s

lpast ind;finitel + after + lpast pe.fectl

<1, We reached rhe station after the ,uin hua GrteJl (18 qne qeT.R
I
fiq:l<t fuq
cfr{4Tq r)
e{Rqtr{TtrEctq{.i s

"Rr ffi
\ qElr$ mqf{
I rdrq'Bhq r

q?llt qt't t <lsl6rs qtB past

indefinite tense-(3[ilfOl fr.s\s F-{ s
a. qFffiqlflrs 6a'an
a. The boy saw me.
b. fi'cdmBsrq
b. he cried out.
ftft* qft c{ sentence F< +tq
t qkrt €
=Fq EFr tense past perfect
tense. €GF fuu< SE clqt\e s

S+had+V(p.p) +O
v{1 the boy
 Grammar : Tenses 375

qfr'* vt"r s <l(4 <rslft66 'el{' {after) <r+qr< n-ct Eer-6q I qwctt vllKls vR
<Fsrif I ulfl,l nF <roir+ frI-D-< cs
qf6ls 3

,F- t"i-Jt*l + af ter . l!9

"[u$ Tl{ e They cried out after he (the boy) had seen me'
S6-y
"fS'e.j <l-Fl{R
i-re{ore +'ilcq <lsl Em firE< s\5 s'c(
qlqfts 3 F
fE4--44 + befcre * F'*d"{*q
" ;.;;l sd\ fhn Uoy f
iraa seeni me before he cried out'
:" -Fore before
sr4 'ias|-{ eKH "flK + qr<" qrore after
'{<(
"qr-4 <i td"
<i<Q<qflSfis r

€{r< FrF-{ exercise fr E<, oE tense €K tc<l <fi$<?''e qH-Cg qffi {lC{ I

sq;qq t{6i
ffi after <frL{ fr656 a-< 3

d. llry,4lh"l_t"il+ I l* Lj-l--::l:--
Z g"fa* ruoe",-o*g GhreeStep-r'',I€thocl) TI<RK o'm frru-<

Qr.e<&F qqffi qs I

s. tfg'b=lrql{ fl< m#q]ga I

?t. CtfiqE 4TrT g

'K 6rlF T461 I

{. srrs m1r{ eK qlfr slm iT<frq<-{qF I

s. ffi <,& q4< qlc't \{lTF <lcq 6ftr+I4 <r<RcE.q r

2. (a) He stood up after he had. told the story'. (b) He sat

fo
Ans. -;tn. after I had
nuti.,g iti n"a taLen iiis bath (c) i told him every thing
t-""'rrr*-taj Fuin"t had telephoned me- be{ore he came home'
1. (d) aiter (c) before (b) bnfotn (tqft"t

Past Perfect Tense-qF <KqR 3

q6s <n]rq< <6t cqxt cF cq rrqF qt-c'i qFRE sF tenseF qt past

(i) EQF
periecl tense. (€"i6{11qs't Cq{)
qQs -
otcq< 6fq {4111-{' 's<R' q$ft-{ qlc't wherr' until' once' now
tli)nQtr
th";,'"; soon as lgfift conjunction {FFrq sF (conjunction€<)
olt-d3l verbB{

past per{ect tense {{ I

trnc. I could not do it until ten minutes was over' (8""t fiF? qfuq;tg ql
Es{t1dsqtfr cFt+<1€ "tiRft r)
been over'
cor. I could not do it until ({s$"1 41 "l'ig) ten minutes had
(€rflC{ had + be €{ P' P' = had been)
 376 A Passage to the English Language
Inc- As soon as he saw me, he iaughed aloud. (ql{fco
qlc< c<qBra-q r)
cqrffi rq
cor. As soon as he had seen me, he laughed
aloud. (6A|C.*, -lE ?F,C{)
(EEF TIq B see €R( laush)
Inc. Now that they completed their work, they
siarted for home
(<fi.mrE-g sRr'srq c'rs rl-{RE,
s<q r)
T.<{q.l'ffi'€@.'-;r* str
Cor" Now'that they had cornpleted their work,
home.
they started for
lji."i
't.: ql *r sooner + past perfect tense---elK-Cel <.'fTd.s
{T t o:1-q structure RT
^-
t6ri$n

No sooner n"a *"ffihan the rain started. (El{fl

&"nq cfiwg rt c{lwsQ 6qF {iil etr FrE r)
No.sooner had my uncle touchej the bird than
it flew away (qTR TlTl
"IlflbBs,{c'- l.t trr-q ofi ErV c'fq r)
(iv) hardly + past perfect tense--€{.-C'f
^ <I{qE qR I Efi Structure R{
firqq a

bgqqlal@. cL+ *h*;-S.Vtpa,.) .q

Hardly had my u".i; t";"h.d th" uira *n"r, it flew away (vel
9JI'K{9). ESI RT 3 no sooner
<r{-{eES
-than €R( hardly _when,z Unfo." qffi"f
I

qqc{ €Tt WCd scarcely had -when/before_s

qT <FI.qe I

(v) just €< CfCq past per{ect tense Tl{qs q* qfr qqi verbfti tense E{ past
indefinite tense. CTrFf B
When I came he had
qT\3{l c"l{ S-{q
just finished eating. ({fi qfi €ql{ cc ff+ v*f_nq
t)
s-<k firD-{ exercisefr +-<1E E"n-g< fr{.q erq.r
Rg qc{ {It*< I

!IEI!IS!] 1. Correct thJollo\^rns.

(a) No sooner the bell rang than the teacher entered (EC<.f S_{fE4.) the
class.
(b) No sooner had I finished reading
(c) Hardty had I reached the
the book when he came in.
siaiion'ii;; G" train lefr.
2. {Q exercise €i glcEl eFE structure ,e €ETqnq
6qI{ frcF-< Tf$lsrElr$
Rsrsf,src q1-<tq <o-< r

(s) qq-{Tscfi rlt<s-fisR;srcst cc,ftqq6ir€ I

(.t) sTTt ?,rtstrt cRFTFTtc<$ot t-g<tr csB csB o,m BtE r

(tt) rtqT'sFelt <Ercs{| Tqrs-Q ql cs(q cFanff{

I
(q) ffisT-qtr 6"F Tt<&6-s qEq q.Te cc rc-'R slq qF s{dT r
 Grammar : Tenses Jt I
q<R R&d efsl{ <11-$t tensefi{
e61at orl r

Affirmative : I had done my work before he did his work.

Negative : I had lioil reached the station before the
train left.
Interrogative : Had I reached the station before the train
left'?
Neg-Interrogative : Had I inotl reached the station before the
!!1.
t train left?
:jjrr
'F<-gl exercise-Qi a.q( Ef{< Eg<efql-f+ negative
interrogative € neg-interrogative sentence-q olR"|E' +< t

8. PAST PERFECT CONTiNUOUS TENSE

' qR Tensefr {ssll c{Q
freu< sr$l'E"E "F
'5 q?
TCE Ei <E{ t.v&E
r cq (1ffi{) r

He rvas reading in this school for two years.

q lCCEEioltt+-Aq t

Ile left school.

q{rd }x <l'$itr< tense R{ past continuous tense-qR( q{ <rf,IB{ tense
€ past indefinite tense. Bq{Q past tense-€T r f+q ){ <lcsl-< +rsitr qrcrl
ErfRE, \rKffi x-dRq W qr{l-R otsrfr r ,{fi <t(EK <TsriEc"F qslr{
{w s-fl
<ll r

fr Fq srt't €lr qft{ qE

wE Eq <q{ (t3 ruan (1&-9k{) r

kq qE s[-{ fr"trE cs <Ir+-J-< $rq q('f \tDiAE eR tense ffiffi" ca-T fiTmfl
qc< |

trl!9!::ryYtr"g) .j
qrf1e,, He had been reading in this school Q tenseft R4 past perfect
continuous tense.
gRTE <Et {t$, q€lvorrq cisfr\e-
etB oftq< q"c<] t"{c(sF\o +tefr *u+
q'rRI q'C{ E-{&{ (Ffu:sfrE) ,q$"i {{R-{ verb ({ pait per{ect continuous
tense R I

!ffi !:f"r.", af'.er <'{I[-*RI nFii r

l.r{$c,51 betore, atter {l{qg R{ B

ilgst qg!9lc91! t"l.l + before + Fast i"a"ri"Gl

Fst t"aaffit"l + after r past perfect cont.
{E<t( seiT{{ <T-$Ifi{ Q<m& s1.qm a3< s
He had been reading in this school for two years before he left
school.
a q<R qs$ D-{s$k "i6eF frr5< <f$ifrTs Qsr{-Q-cE translate T-<l qE
qfr qRowFe+$-{kqft'f
I

€sEtl vc<<R "r_s&q]q r

 378 A Passage to the English Language
}{ {I"l (siep-u : Tr4lfrrsntFnroftgEslsllg 3

(a) qtft qR sls,ft :[tr +c<frsl{ r

I started this work.

161 wtfr qs qtl qr{ <q
"lu-tr4T r

mf{-r. eR +tqF qf{ rf&e$ C{CCq 4< tense QQ past perfect continuons
tense. Sfii qR "ts-<ffi" translation €C{ 3

I had been reading a book for an hour.

'- qr {t'i (step-2) : {4K fr6F{ rs 4'G ql$lqt Ffiql\t s
ii;"
.::
,:a9tt;fec*i] + belore + lp"st i"a*.itEl
qqfis, I had been reading a book for an hour before I started this
wc't'i.;.
-l
r:nse8rs 6sq'fi"f qFrs F-{r< q{r'frcb-{ exercisejB r{ 3

LXilRCISE S"rc< fl6fu q-{ql(< 31-6iq5a;6a Q

trarrslate F{ I

i r iiltT cftq|< qlc'f ffi ER lBl q'6 mfr< 1*t'; ,

t I ql{-f,l qsla {Fco emf< "r< ell{'l{ ipolice station)ftc{ cfiW4ln r

e r q{frfib qgs $.lqp c[sF eR FtvF 166n 1* ,

<[c+,t tense fr q'a-* c+qa qr< q cqri s

Table-7
,4ffirmative Neqative Interrogative
I had been doing I had not been doing had I been doing?
we had been doing we had not been had we been doing?
doing
you had been doing you had not been had you been doing?
doing
helshe had been he/she had not been had he/she been
doing doing doing?
they had been doing they had not 6een had they been doing?
doinq
past perfect Continuous Tense-€ S5F Ets Dlrsl s.fqfq {t F' c{
A-
FiiFf[ exercise lu ${
-
I

lEXERCISE exercise-€K 461 sft56 -I'eble--7 <Kqi< '4-.{

L--'__--
affirmative. negative, € interrogative sentence-€ tRqg O-< r

9. FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE

(cI{R"t vRr.o sl{)
sR$F 6sl{stq {(FFEEr{ qm"l {1[fr{ verb-q< future indefinite tense
{{i
 Grammar : Tenses 379

Tt(Et s'l s FR-{, €fi; offi, o-<R; oRc<, o-+rq' sRiF{, s-tt-f$T; aR'{I,
Fil-{l I

R!-{ 3 q1q"fl C{El TiFt I We shall play.

ffi uf+m rIt<l (s<lT{) He willso to Dhaka.
utlq c S +shall/will + V (present) + O
9dl9 subject €3 eRI shalt/w111 q<q El<'f< verb (present K"l, s/es El$-l)
a'qr< frc5-{ Bqf-{<"iB< $$Tq <Iq<A q-{s *t? qF s
* 1

lf! ffiqmr+ qsF<tftT{ |

<l-$Tfrrs Esrf,ftcs translate +-I-CE q6q 1

€:116{ subject Q{ He
E.KflT will
verb give
indirect object me
direct object a book.
sl{F structure q-fll({ <t-{ffr< 6ur'tr12fi6n {{ 3

He will give me a book.

N. B. Direct re Indirect Object llC{ Case 9{fleT fi{ t

EXERaISEI E"n-** tnGrs Frcu< <tom*rc q{'{]rio{ I

) rqiR4ld{wsls${ I

a. r<R{tsts<t$ts-<r< I

shall/will <r+{r+< FRrfr frcFT Table-€ r(rsc1 cq-{t qq s

Teble-8
Shall will
I, We + Shall he, she, they, Rahim + will, it + will
shall/ will €< qil]-di <Kqt{ q{I q's q$r$ qIFiF-{l s-<1qC{ I

q-<KEl-sjsqr{Icsl'f frcrfuT-< rableF flv e

' Table-9
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Neg-
Interrogative
I shall do. I shall not do. shall I do? shall I not do?
(qTRr{<) (qfR q<<rl) (ffiftc-sqe; (qfr ft €-{ rt|
we shall do. we shall not do. shall we do? shall we not do?
you will do. you will not do. will you do? will you not do?
he/the will he/she will not do will helshe do? will she,/he not
do. do?
they will do. They will not do. will thev do? will they not do?
structure structure structure strllcture
5+bhall/will S+Shail,/will+not Shall/will+S Shall,/will+S+not
+V-. +V-. +V-? +V?
380 A Passage to the English Language
frC5-i exerciseF s-<r{ q? tenseF 1|c-<l"iR q|g-s +-trcs ?|Ifc{ I

EXERCISEI 1 Table-8 cqR-s qRFl frc{ frr6-<<t-sjsrET correct Fil I

(ai We will go. (b) He shall come. (c) I will read the book.
2. Table-9 €< cTqFl fi-c< lcnret 6q1?I) FrF{ <f$jqmfr$ ?sr<.-ft'r.9
I ranslate +< 3
(a) c{ wmch-{ <t&ro qfqr< I b)qTfi \olcq< <t&s {R r (c) iot<t+tqF +fts
4 r (a)qT-<l ellca qci fi
(so on foot) R'q <nq sR ql r (e) TI n-+r+q utM
a r (flfu ft qtqr<r (g)<Ktft <r&F ft-*< qrr
3. Correct the following
(a) They will went there. (b) Why will you doing this? (c) I shall never
telling a lie (d) Shuman will not coming to day. (e) Shuma will eating
rice.

10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

(!fu{ sRliro rlq)
.r-R{JIs CSl-{ Tl-sT ESTS cfi"Fr{ q(fl {<fiIE verb {i future continuous
iense-{{ I

<l(ET {el s sfrcg qllfr<, tr-{cs qle<; oR.co eltfrT<, €{cs {loc<; eRco
{Ift-r<{, gfis alfsm{;sRce {tftR, T-<cs elroR 1

c<FlT 3 slfrqE c:tCs {Fp-q r

s]-{l <E cErdrcs eff{Ftrt I

qR.lt c Fnu< firq xn $-< A qE <-6flq

{qE 1 g qq sR-$Tq{ 5q1-a qq-{. 1 qq
q{CT ffil;{ SIq qC{ qKq d3l|CE verb €i future indefinite tense eT I

AB
ftq fieF o'{ I q?ifr* B catr$ c {X\t tfu "1c<t clrr {6( ,irF rtq
frcoR
uE(g <1<fcs qf+r< I B € C 1qr6 {c<i cs c$t{ {ed

Etfts Ec{ 64{K c *rF

i**i<T lqftql I

q{1 T<tft verb €K future continuous tense e,T I

ufbq s S +-shall/will + be + V(ing) + O

9dl\ subject 4R fi shall be/will be rfi( eR'l{ verb + ing Tfl-GI r s-$fr
Eql<{ft-< <nfiiii <Rrl <tn r

wR<?F l-srg etts-< r

q{-[{ subject R{ B I
gRfi: shall
isk1-{ be :
verb(ing) : reading
object : the book.
pnlnoitr<EirrQE{<m{fl s I shall be reading the book.
 Grammar : Tenses

) r <tRl s{{ Ttr<E c{ETcs {fs6 |

\ | (gfq'fi s?F tffl<F-{cq (gossip) qfsi:{ r

s<rs fiIb_{ TableB qailcslt qsoftT etv s

Table-10
Allirmative Negative Interrogative Neg-
lnterroqative
rji t
I.shall be doirrg. I shall not be shall I be doino? shall I not be
(qli{ a$cs aiR<) doing. (qTfi ft i<rs doing?
::]i,
(qtfr '+-rcs qff+-<
ell$-{?) (qtfrft s-{cs {rs-<
TI r) Elr)
we shall be we shall not be shall we be shall rve not be
doing. cioing. doing? doing?
lou will be you will not be will you be will you not be
doing. doingl doing? doing?
she,/he wiil be he will not be will she,/he be will shelhe not be
doing. doing. doing? doing?
they will be they will not be will they be will they not be
doinq. doinq. doinq? doinq?
structure structure structure structure
S+shall,/will+be S+shall,/will+not shall./will+S shall,zwill+ S+not
+V(ine) be+V(inq) be+V(inqI +be+V(inq)?
able-1O q'l]I-e +Trs €Q tensefr Tg Ecr {lr{ | ql{r€
T<l {lr{? fr60-{ exercisefi T<rqq 6n"tr< c{ Table_10 cs]qR
d{ q.4r{ r

P(EICIIII 1. Correct the following (T;ble_10 q{qRjqrTfs}

(ai she will being dancing. (b) I srrail going ihere. (c) Mother will be
cook rice. (d) They will be
went to Khulna.
-<
?,
(a)
Bl={ \rvelf+t:{fnr$C$-{?
qi{ +T'FIt €{C\e-
RcF< <r<Ftscslr$ icrn.ftrs q.{fiq s-{
(b) sf<T T.lFi €s{t <qTs alrs-r<? (c)qlqTt
s

E?F cfrvtrc q-s-{ qr r (d) curx-{r ft';ffiq {rs-r< .rr r"i fr-"r ;l;-*
'ril$r< I "a5g
Ans. (a] whv will-? (b) who (whom) rvili they be telling this to?
or
ru whom
To !/lt they
wuor;l will rney be
oe lellil.lg
telling this?
thisT
NCITE. Interro.qative <i.ryffr :fiq why, lroru, u:hat R.l when, all*r.E ui
auxiliary uerb $i.ll. shali, <lr?, did_fuirfr) €R 9.14{ q(r ,

11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

tTtvBo isR'qiu qrq
sfrTl.* rslo frfib c'{cn-{:i-csl 6s1a ftffi srq c-'r$
E.u q!Tr< €qef T*rF
verb .{3 future perfect tense QF I

:rtsEtS"f s +.REI ql.lft-{, r'm .qtts'E: s-fu ejTfhT<., +'e< {F,c{: T.R{I
s'ra afism.{. sfuli qfrfr, vcn-qr.ft
^ silfiiw"{"
rzn;i s dc Frote ffif( q!-r-uf <?S "frg (qfs6) c{pq6r
,

I
 382 A Passage to the English Language

<qqllrt vt Es sft{ 4'{

qr{{ e €A "Fis ot'e tenseftrs {E FS-{ {c{
I

frc6< fiqtrT EIq1q TIq:T(SF\5

qsTF {r<6ll q? qcs I

fi* A {E<\{rrqx$ r eqesRsrq{ qaG W (x'64s< fron cfi) t

A__-----B )
qrl
6 1xni afr <or qr c{ B q<r6 wr 1fr.os:fr stc'i) qstr s[q eF
I ftKl B TX-6
qK-<aF Tl-q ReT
{rc< sRrE verb €i future pe,{"ct tense Cs
qr{ q<(EK qlc't AB q!(T; qc<r 'asF re.M q{fg qr{ 4{"i {<nrE c{
s.lqfr
*,€e;
cXISS6{El-< tense CiF {FI future perfect tense'
ii' utfq c
+ (by + Poini in time)
S +shall/will+have+V(P.P) + O+ -r Or (before + S+V (Present) + O)
--+ Or ibefore + Point in time)

G'5r-{sqRfr--$lqaEFI.c$'TIafiql'flq'<la?Kqlc't+tqFem+-s<t
<f$rFrs Q(c{qF q{<tq s-{F Er{ |
q"{lF subject 3 I
shall have
verb(p.p) 3 finished
object 3 the work
slSteK 3 by/before 5 P.m.
\51'{TE <Tqfr< tcrsfr q-{<lc Ec< e

I have finished the work by/belore 5 P'm'

siall
qs|r{--ryfl] {'nq EFl <t .fut"- cftcq Fq cl.lTr{
evenlng'
They will have reached home by/betore
qt1.<+FEqr{<q a

\q< qFIl{ qIcsl ffi

q<<F a-c{.csFFt I
t stali tiave done the sum before he come-s'
indefinite (t
qEF e;t t S{rc{ U"tot" i" came {Fl-{s {.{R r eell6;{ present
qF "[(< I qi.i 6Qt{ tense 4]l I C{ll;I 3
future indefinite tense <]:l-qs
our work'
Inc" Mother will have cooked rice before we finished (will finish) our
e;;'M;6;t *irr nuu-n;;;ked rice before we finish

* J3t1. .'^^ft 3r4 ef{{ q\osr6r< d"tt &fr'c afFfil-calfs {cr ql6<
€-dl?[ FlcDql exercisel l, r
r

Eqr<<lG.trre 64crl fr6m 3l+is6qF

qfsC{
iqtffiqsRq< (next morning)qIc't fr r]-sT-ss'r<c{-csfifcr |

I rntfir+< (within two days)rI{i fi +fqtr elRerrs-{ (shall have finished

e[rs-< |

;; ffi dfi q.{ =Fin {l\efi el{ T'cl t

eating.) I ^-- -
r i ut.u erff{ )c \stRFIi qr{ sKt<letr € $r< ffiK
I

"
 Grammar ; Tenses ?4"
s-{k fiTb< TableF qa{fc$'l cqolr{ eN5 I

Table-11
Affirmative Negative
I shall have done. I shall not have done
(qttr<:'cR ?[s-{) - shall I have done?
(ffi+z<g!69 "pg-<ql) (vtfrft+r< ar<r{?)
we shall have done. we shall not have done
you will have done. shail we have done?
you will not have done will you have done?
he,/she will have done he,/she will not have done
they will have done. will she,/he have done?
they will not have done will thev have done?
who will have done?
rrj-r when will +S+have done -
how will+S+have done?
te
Isg <ffs cfil-s Tf qR-e
fi co-<"*"..i.n'*-t--;r*";;r];]T#;;H,H:ffi *,'*
o-trc\o-

bxERCISEi {iFl6l exercise F< <.I+ief{lf+ negative e

I intnrrogutiE
qr{q'sr r q+lrq rable-li-q< clw fic-
'fl{ r TabreF clq,tr. c?rtql $"t I

NOTE. q6-s $]rq verb€ir stq c*F Er{ .<Il$-r{ qRl q{q.F
tenseF<I{doE{ | T_'t_. _E
cslT<t (E{-s) <Iq-tARri<Ttr tslT ell$F r

You will have heard the name of kinq Dahir.

ft--q '?Trsr--ffifr< *q? Erf,q eII".. ,--'- --""
You maylmight have heard the name
of king Dahir
L-.*1::5:j r.rrpsl 1t$rvcqtc$ q(r{q]rE q_{<lq.q{ c
(=q6q qvfrnsr=] ffi,o ltis
I: igRP Tlq[+c< qnoc< r)
rfrfrE{Ft (qvfrF) fi6F c"nrcq-d,.r
s \g.ffl ETrg.t ,{Esr"t
{q;ilT cfrre ftcq qrcr{
I (by now) r

12. FUTURE P.ERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

,-Rrr6,- ccn orq on<€.T
<<-'c{ {<rire fr sJqF
ffiffi'Rg
D-q(" ensl< E-rir verb-(i future perfect
**
continuous
;; -,*.
tense R{ t

ttl*$ s frru.< fiqD< {t<r-rr qffi *l? qr-< r

*-$-1.*_fn,T{6^&t< rsfil rAe Eq ER!KE-{ ffi" ;,8 {*r Grl T-{

i{slo aBt) I B-T{c!t esF FM Btr qr< (u'Rt
Wq6a) I ft-q qR qi"t"a ,U._" u
qfl qsB srq
3y"* D-drE <t \ErE arror< fqn #l , *?;;6
"*;
Elfl q{f< $(s qfr {Ws q{ qF+r<
r .{{tc{ A Cqrs E s ofefr RA\o
qf$CEER tenseRal "rfs
future perfect continuous tense.
 384 A Passage to the English Language

c 5+ unuty*itt *have+been+V(ing)+ O
'fbq eK q-{l c{ rtq$
SE future periect continiious tense €{ {5-q I '!<
.qEtr*f
eF qr< gm <qr< | \5kt tense {f{ future indefinite { preseni indefinite'
pfli
q8 tense-qfrq, qr{ q$tr {r<Fi-< {b{ q6{ s

{uture perfect cont.+ I !:if" | + clauseltime

I ' by etc. I
s'f{(q, sfd qicf{ ql{ fft qft 'qnT(<-<taffiT
translation fix-*zq

S-{Ca- qrq I
:jrn
11,
future perfect qSITS 3 You will have been reading'
3 TheY come or theY willt
clause (Present Tl {uture indefinite)9(1t{
come
st<q B"rcrd "i'-l-*q q{'qlm g
You will have been rea{ing before they come/ will
come'
qllsr<
s-sl'c< s frEra 6fi +fusm "FFF t

They will have been reading untill it is 5 p" m'

or, Thei will have been reading till 5 p'm' elt-<t{
qqlK fr"I|c{ql cft "l-fuE?fiqqr<offiro I

reach there
We will have been walking for two days until we
Translate into English.
qll+c-q
i rcqffiin"qrcqq cfu "l-fu d-grs t

a.tq{fiq-ffq?t<f$<qltl"f'fu5b$c{Rfi65qrtfitE(advance)qlF[{t
9l{s) qR E!-'{ srai qc"lst F{cs eli-€<
e I cc ql'qql qfs (=qlc.F qlE
I

qf i 9irryIm l:(IF
s r FF il qs$ qds (=Ff{ q€{K 'nsTil
q{FfrCE-<'t'able-F 19 r

Table
-72
n ilffi-ailEeenffiall I have been
doing. I.t,otl,s, have
been not
ir"n"-uftutt have I shalf
^we
been
been doing. I dotngr
been yo" u"ilL nit huun been ! urill vou have been
Coing. I Joing.'
been ;;i;i; will noi have I will ir'e.'+'e have beer:
been doing. I dorng?
been in-i' illl' rr"t have I will thev have been
been doing. lqo.t!gi-**--
who will have 0een
doing?
how will,/shall+S+have
been doirrg
whY will,/shall'S+have
 Grammar : Tenses 385
Table-72 qryq[{ <FqR +TCE "11-tT {[6{q future perfect continuous
tenseF tFl"iR qsrx s-<1 rqR cC Tfq Is{ frrF-it exercise F ?q{{-qo[-< S-{K
EI{JCI I EI{CE ql{ fiR qg, q"FIQ fuT-< exercisefr T'6( CTFI s

exercise qn 4fr<|sj6{ negative € interrogative-4

1R$.,= F-{ r (E;rI tabre-1z qFrq c?F{r c<T{ sr cqm Eq|{{ct csr{ rft${I;fis r

Table-13 : Forms of verb "to be" in different tenses in the passive &
active
(fifutense-4 'be'-verb-q? <jTqk)
ense
I Singular t,lural
Present lndetinite am, is are
Past Indefinite was wef e
l-uture lndefinite shall be, will be will be
Presbnt Continuous arn Delng, ls beine are oelnq
rast \-ontlnuous was being were bernq
luture Uontinuous shall be beinq, will be beinq will be beinq
l'resent Pertect has been have been
Pasi Pertect had been had been
Future Perfect snall have been, will have will have been
been
N" B. Perfect continuous Tense-€ pm
EXERCISEI ) r Table-13 ffi'c?t <Er mF Et tense_( be-verb q< T;
singular e plural-€ 4si r

i. I I am angry T!:F-ifr GF singular € plural-€ frfE-{ tense-€T <l1-Sl

n"tffio-< c
(i) Present Indefinite
(ii) Past Indefinite
(iii) Future Indefinite
(iv) Present Continuous
(v) Past Continuous
(vi) Present Perfect
efu 6srq?{6q{flr< Table-13 qryit$q.ql€ I

Table-14 : Forms of verb "to have" in different tenses in the active

Tense Singular PIural
Present Inclefiniie has have
r/ast lndelinite had had
rulure lnciellnite shall have. will have will have
Present Continuous am havinq, is havino are havinq
Past Continuous was havina were havino
Future Continuous shali be having, wili be having
will be havino
APTEL_25
 386 A Passage to the English Language

Tense Singutar -------TFiuriT--

Present Perfect
Past Perfect
nF
_ lhavehad
Future Perfect- sfldlr nave had,
nad
will have had
will have had
has be€n havino have been havinq
P-egtPerfect C ontinuoG f :i -
fldd been harrinn
Future Perfect ContinuoG
shall have been-haGiil will have
will have been havino
beenTavinF
$(('e qrE lil6D-i expm iselQ Gffitc {tr{ I

!$.t
EXERCISEI 1 c€ntense_ci csn;m
(i) had had?
(ii) had been having?
(iii) was having
(iv) will have?-
2. I have many wicked,people in my country.
(Wfi-{ 6qm qfTs, E?
rqr q(q t)
<.l-$iFro singular € plural_€ frcu-<
(i) present Indefinite
tense_efrcs Slffiio +-< a

(ii) Past Indefinite

(iii) past perfect
(iv) Future indefiniie
3. lr+q slg <tsi Qrqlrs negative s interrogtive-q ,fR<fu
o{ i

tN"B. eQ E$rffi <r *€SH"ffifRt"*, Er\s ERrq €t exercise

fr+< r q+Fq1s c{"{ <mlt qn-+ r j

1' Define (c(EI hi\3) thq tense. How ri.any

kinds of tenses are there in
English? Give an example for each
il; .i;;;r".
2. Fillin the blanla.

gor'g
^^,-.!_u),t - horrre. (go)
home now. (e)
(bJ He
- home. (go) (c) They-home.(so) (b) I _
He_ going home' now. (t, ih"y- _"
now. (g) I eaten rice just now (C$O) (h) He*eaten s;i;g,l;;
- rice just now. (i) It
- raining
They-
since the morning. (i) He-r"aii*g the
working since 5 p,mf nouni io. r,' iou, ir.l
3. Give an example for each.
(a)Historical Fact (&lffiE
ffi;
(b)Habitual Fact (Wql{'ls Xtq;
(c).
i
Universal truth (FAw* sr,sf)
What is the tense of the sentences you I
have made? whv?
',."ir-,"'111.l',ot*.,,.,- t
,, uu4;, [1",i"il1J"*"jil[tJnn'.
lun'ina'i* o.ou"
a
{
5. Give the structure of the present continuous
exarnples. tense. Give four I
I
 Grammar : Tenses 387

6. Prove with five examples that present continuous tense can be

- to indicate to the near future-
used
7 . Re-write the following sentences using the present continuous
tense.
(a) I shall come tomorrow.
iUi fnnv will start the work next month'
(c) She will sell her house very soon'
5. Wf,"t are the uses of the present continuous tense? Discuss with
-"---i (Books oPen)
examples.
Wf,"t are the u.e. of the present perfect tense? Discuss with
examples. (Books can be seen.)
:8" 10. Since + a point in time q< Clcel present perfect tense €it {l€FI
')*,.
ml?rc-{ ffi <lT1. {t{ $-?r q<i s|[q-<
qd cqrl r [<t c?fql <l{t c{cs {lc< vr<
firq<<rqEfrqreqr< tl
11. Use since or for in the gaP.
I have been working- 5-a-. m'
(a)
I have been working,- 5 hours'
(b)
12. Give the structu? of the past indefinite tense' Make five
sentences using the structure.
13. Fill in the blanks.
'(a)
tul-vn'tn'auvhe_toschool(go)(b)I-notreadthisbooklastnight.
t.i_'lou go 1i.i. the last nighll Rita a book the day before
-
yesterday (buy).
14. Used to + Verb word c€l{ qd e-slc-K s"$ <Jr-q\e- CS? FF
BqR<"f
q1e t used to €K
'l{ verb €K Csn s'l <[}1?
15. Give the structure of the past continuous tense' Make five
sentences using the structure.
16. Fill in the blanks.
(a) The patient died before ihe doctor came'
iui t ihn l"tt"t-
after I
- read it. (burn)
-
i.j Snn saw me after she had- my mother' (see)
(cl) We reached home after the sun -- set'
17. Past perfect i"nrn q< <KcK ft{
r 4& c*rq qRfr +'cn BqR{"i frt€
{r{t
18. Fili in the blanks.
Gi no toon"r-i reached the gtation - the train- (leave)
ibi ltatdty- we (reach) homb-'ii-slarted raining'
- l- (teli) him about ihls- iie sei-reel'ueeping'
i.j No iJonnr had
19. Translate into English.
(a) qTfl< q.t1 Atm $il q,'T u' wcrse ffiftIt
c'f-{ I (b) urs*
(d) qtfr els
{l{l crlE'sR
r (c) vl$i{ qlcK {ffi {rs? (as soon as) r{lffi Trfl cttE i
c?rcs alf+-{ r (e) c{ R-$TE ffiK rrc$ 31q8 r',G C$Fttrt I