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Telecommunications, The Internet, and Wireless Technology

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73 views

Telecommunications, The Internet, and Wireless Technology

xxx

Uploaded by

Aida Natasha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 26

Chapter 7

Telecommunications, the Internet, and


Wireless Technology

6.1 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Educationpublishing as Prentice Hall


Telecommunications and Networking in Today’s Business World

• Networking and Communication Trends


– Convergence:
• Telephone networks and computer networks
converging into single digital network using Internet
standards
– Broadband:
• More than 68% U.S. Internet users have broadband
access
– Broadband wireless:
• Voice, data communication are increasingly taking place
over broadband wireless platforms
Components of a Simple Computer Network

Figure 7-1 Illustrated here is a very simple computer network, consisting of computers, a network operating system
residing on a dedicated server computer, cabling (wiring) connecting the devices, network interface cards
(NIC), switches, and a router.
Corporate Network Infrastructure

Today’s corporate network


infrastructure is a collection of
many different networks from
the public switched telephone
network, to the Internet, to
corporate local area networks
linking workgroups,
departments, or office floors.

Figure 7-2
The Global Internet

• The Internet
– World’s most extensive network
– Internet service providers (ISPs)
• Provide connections
• Types of Internet connections
– Dial-up: 56.6 Kbps
– Digital subscriber line (DSL/FIOS): 385 Kbps–40
Mbps
– Cable Internet connections: 1–50 Mbps
– Satellite
– T1/T3 lines: 1.54–45 Mbps
The Global Internet

• Internet addressing and architecture


– IP addresses

• The Domain name system (DNS)


– Converts IP addresses to domain names
– Hierarchical structure
– Top-level domains

• Internet architecture and governance


– No formal management: IAB, ICANN, W3C
– The future Internet: IPv6 and Internet2
The Domain Name System

The Domain Name System is a


hierarchical system with a root
domain, top-level domains,
second-level domains, and host
computers at the third level.

Figure 7-6
The Global Internet

• Internet services
– E-mail
– Chatting and instant messaging
– Electronic discussion groups / newsgroups
– Telnet
– File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
– World Wide Web
Client/Server Computing on the Internet

Figure 7-8 Client computers running Web browser and other software can access an array of services on servers over the
Internet. These services may all run on a single server or on multiple specialized servers.
The Global Internet

– Voice over IP (VoIP)


• Digital voice communication using IP, packet switching
• Providers
– Cable providers
– Google, Skype
– Unified communications
• Communications systems that integrate voice, data, e-
mail, conferencing
– Virtual private network (VPN)
• Secure, encrypted, private network run over Internet
– PPTP
– Tunneling
The Global Internet

• The Web
– Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
– Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):
• Communications standard used for transferring Web
pages
– Uniform resource locators (URLs):
• Addresses of Web pages
– http://www.megacorp.com/content/features/082602.html
– Web servers
– Software for locating and managing Web pages
The Global Internet

• Search engines
– Started as simpler programs using keyword indexes
– Google improved indexing and created page ranking
system
• Mobile search: 20% of all searches in 2012
• Search engine marketing
– Major source of Internet advertising revenue
• Search engine optimization (SEO)
– Adjusting Web site and traffic to improve rankings in
search engine results
Top U.S. Web Search Engines

Google is the most popular


search engine on the Web,
handling 84 percent of all Web
searches.

Figure 7-11
The Global Internet

• Social search
– Google +1, Facebook Like
• Semantic search
– Anticipating what users are looking for rather than
simply returning millions of links
• Intelligent agent shopping bots
– Use intelligent agent software for searching Internet
for shopping information
How Google Works

Figure 7-12 The Google search engine is continuously crawling the Web, indexing the content of each page, calculating its
popularity, and storing the pages so that it can respond quickly to user requests to see a page. The entire
process takes about one-half second.
The Global Internet

• Web 2.0
– Second-generation services
– Enabling collaboration, sharing information, and
creating new services online
– Features
• Interactivity
• Real-time user control
• Social participation (sharing)
• User-generated content
The Global Internet

– Web 2.0 services and tools


• Blogs: chronological, informal Web sites created by
individuals
– RSS (Really Simple Syndication): syndicates Web content so
aggregator software can pull content for use in another
setting or viewing later
– Blogosphere
– Microblogging
• Wikis: collaborative Web sites where visitors can add,
delete, or modify content on the site
• Social networking sites: enable users to build
communities of friends and share information
The Global Internet

• Web 3.0: The “Semantic Web”


– A collaborative effort led by W3C to add layer of
meaning to the existing Web
– Goal is to reduce human effort in searching for and
processing information
– Making Web more “intelligent” and intuitive
– Increased communication and synchronization with
computing devices, communities
– “Web of things”
– Increased cloud computing, mobile computing
The Wireless Revolution

• Cellular systems
– Competing standards
• CDMA: United States only
• GSM: Rest of world, AT&T, T-Mobile
– Third-generation (3G) networks
• 144 Kbps
• Suitable for e-mail access, Web browsing
– Fourth-generation (4G) networks
• Up to 100 Mbps
• Suitable for Internet video
The Wireless Revolution

• Wireless computer networks and Internet


access
– Bluetooth (802.15)
• Links up to 8 devices in 10-m area using low-power, radio-based
communication
• Useful for personal networking (PANs)
– Wi-Fi (802.11)
• Set of standards: 802.11
• Used for wireless LAN and wireless Internet access
• Use access points: device with radio receiver/transmitter for
connecting wireless devices to a wired LAN
The Wireless Revolution

• Wireless computer networks and Internet


access
– Wi-Fi (cont.)
• Hotspots: one or more access points in public place to
provide maximum wireless coverage for a specific area
• Weak security features
– WiMax (802.16)
• Wireless access range of 31 miles
• Require WiMax antennas
The Wireless Revolution

• Radio frequency identification (RFID)


– RFID tags:
• Tiny tags with embedded microchips contain data about an item
and location
• Transmit radio signals over short distances to RFID readers
– RFID readers:
• Send data over network to computer for processing
– Active RFID:
• Tags have batteries
• Data can be rewritten
• Range is hundreds of feet
The Wireless Revolution

• RFID (cont.)
– Passive RFID:
• Range is shorter
• Smaller, less expensive
• Powered by radio frequency energy
– Common uses:
• Automated toll-collection
• Tracking goods in a supply chain
– Requires companies to have special hardware and
software
– Reduction in cost of tags making RFID viable for
many firms
How RFID Works

Figure 7-15 RFID uses low-powered radio transmitters to read data stored in a tag at distances ranging from 1 inch to 100
feet. The reader captures the data from the tag and sends them over a network to a host computer for
processing.
The Wireless Revolution

• Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)


– Networks of hundreds or thousands of interconnected
wireless devices embedded into physical environment to
provide measurements of many points over large spaces
– Used to monitor building security, detect hazardous
substances in air, monitor environmental changes, traffic,
or military activity
– Devices have built-in processing, storage, and radio
frequency sensors and antennas
– Require low-power, long-lasting batteries and ability to
endure in the field without maintenance
• THANK YOU

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